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This article is focussed on the problem of economic-statistical calculations and includes an economic-statistical research of economic fluctuations. The author also discusses the rules for statistical identification of economic welfare, economic development features of Lithuania after it became a member of the European Union. The notion of specific economic indicators, their classification issues, and the role and place of economic indicators presenting a systemic view of the country's economy through identification of economic activities and their development are also discussed. The article deals also with the methodologies based on various statistical methods and offers a methodology for revealing the components of economic fluctuations. A common notion is that the methodologies using analytical time series smoothed with the least squares method for revealing economic fluctuation components are best. The author proposes a methodology for calculating and evaluating the components of economic fluctuations, based on gross domestic product data.

The author of the paper presents some critical opinions (including her own) on Habermas'
conception of language and discourse. At the same time she strives to explain the main
controversies which arise from Habermas' key categories. For example Habermas seems to
compare the structure of society with the structure of language, underlining the importance of
common practice of speech acts. But is there still any room for such communicative activity in the
modern postindustrial world? And, first of all, must we really concentrate all our efforts on
promoting the communicative rationality? The results of universalization principle, as well as the
interrelations between communicative action and discourse (both highlighted in the paper) belong
to other problems of Habermas' philosophy. The paper discusses weak points or even
inconsistencies which can be noticed in these conceptions. Finally the author reflects on
Habermas' ideal speech situation and on "the utopia touch" in Habermas' seemingly practical
concepts.

Автором статьи анализируются проблемы толкования такого условия освобождения от уголовной ответственности за преступления, предусмотренные статьями 222, 223 УК РФ, как отсутствие в действиях виновного лица иного состава преступления. По результатам проведенного исследования делается вывод о необходимости внесения изменений в действующее уголовное законодательство в порядке его совершенствования, в частности предлагается новая редакция примечаний к статьям 222 и 223 УК РФ. ; The author of this article studies the problems of interpretation of such a condition of the relief from criminal responsibility for the crimes under Sections 222, 223 of the Russian Criminal Code as the absence the other crime in the actions of the perpetrator. As a result of this research the author comes to the conclusion of the necessity to change the current criminal legislation for its improvement. In particular the new version of the notes to the Sections 222, 223 of the Russian Criminal Code is suggested.

Рассматривается время возникновения и дальнейшее формирование, развитие российского уголовного законодательства о принудительных мерах медицинского характера, применяемых к психически больным лицам, совершившим уголовно наказуемые деяния в дореволюционной России, а также формулируются основные этапы его становления. Кроме того, анализируются труды ученых (учебные пособия по уголовному праву, диссертации, монографии и т.п.), посвященные изучению историографии российского уголовного законодательства о принудительных мерах медицинского характера, и приводятся результаты собственных исследований автора. ; In article time of occurrence both the further formation, and development of the Russian criminal legislation on the forced measures of medical character applied to mentally sick persons, made penal acts in pre-revolutionary Russia is considered, and also the basic stages of its formation are formulated. Besides, in article the author analyzes works of scientists (manuals on criminal law, dissertations, monographies, etc.) the historiographies of the Russian criminal legislation devoted to studying about forced measures of medical character and results of own researches of the author are resulted.

The financial intermediation system has been characterized by the emergence of new subjects and instruments modifying its organization. The development of the shadow banking system parallel to the traditional one has led to the demand, during the recent period of financial crisis, for a more efficient control to weather the growing systemic risk. This changing context leads the Author to consider some essential profiles of the monetary nature of the capitalist economy. Specifically, a need is perceived to reinterpret recent events in the light of the credit nature of money and the endogenous character of its supply, aspects on which scholars of the Keynesian school have long focused their attention. The Author considers particularly useful the indications deriving from the monetary production theory, especially with reference to the distinction among the various forms of financing, to understand such changes and adopt suitable strategies to handle them.

"To build an argument for the supervening importance of agenda, the author locates the digital humanities within the context of a central human predicament: the anxiety of identity stemming from the problematic relation of human to non-human, both animal and machine. He identifies modeling as the fundamental activity of the digital humanities and draws a parallel between it and our developing confrontation with the not-us. The author then goes on to argue that the demographics of infrastructure within the digital humanities, therefore in part its emphasis, is historically due to the socially inferior role assigned to those who in the early years found para-academic employment in service to the humanities. He does not specify an agenda, rather conclude that modeling, pursued within its humane context, offers a cornucopia of agenda if only the 'mind-forged manacles' of servitude' s mind-set can be broken." (author's abstract)

The collapse of communism has had an enormous influence on the development of Central and Eastern European states. Although, the transition period in these countries was accompanied by several distinctive features, all these states had a general orientation to the west. This was the case in Romania too, which saw transition to democracy as a "return to Europe", and specifically accession to the European Union. The author strongly believes that the leitmotif of democratic transformations in Romania is its orientation and accession to the European Union, which is why the author will investigate its impact on constitutional reforms in the country. However, it is beyond the framework of this article to cover all areas of social, political and economic life of Romania, where there have been significant changes as a result of the EU's influence, so I have focused only on minority rights, as this issue is very important for maintaining stability and democracy in the region.

This article analyses the reasons behind
the restoration of diplomatic relations
between Russia and Germany after
World War I, as well as the fundamental
differences in the performance of Russian
imperial and Soviet consular missions
in East Prussia. On the basis of the
earlier unknown documents from the
Central Russian archives and the Political
archive of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs of Germany, the author describes
the establishment of the Soviet Consulate
in Königsberg in 1923 and the contribution
of the first Consul of the USSR in
East Prussia, Yulian Boshkovich, to the
development of bilateral relations in
1923-1925. The author considers the
adverse political conditions under which
Soviet diplomats were compelled to operate
in Germany. The conclusion is that
the principal line of Yu. S. Boshkovich's
activity concerned preparations for the
opening of the USSR trade mission in
Königsberg, as well as ensuring strong
representation of Soviet foreign trade
associations at the Eastern Fair.

The arts have fulfilled a major historical role as mediums of expressivity for people of African descent during the 1960s. It is during this important decade that a number of political and artistic movements came to rise—like a pot waiting to boil over—as a result of decades of sociopolitical precedents that came to a head, sparking revolutionary responses by grassroots communities worldwide. This body of writing is an excerpt of a larger study the author conducted on the role of West African dance as performed by Black women dancers in New York City–based dance companies. Because of the techniques of djembe and sabar dance within traditional West African contexts for both dancers and drummers alike, the author closely examines these styles as leading examples of the types of physical movement within political movements of the 1960s era—movements that empowered and liberated oppressed peoples during moments of high tension.

In Kenya, as elsewhere in Africa, it is common for caregivers to live alongside patients who are admitted to hospital. Ethnographic material from the wards of a district hospital in western Kenya shows that in this context proper care for patients required the mobilization of the extended family and the care and attention of hospital staff. Caring practices created biomedical and domestic ward spaces, with patients the objects of two divergent models of care, which the author calls "familial" and "biomedical," aligned to these spaces. Caregivers and hospital staff emphasized the boundary between these models of care to comment on and (re)produce concepts of responsibility and obligation to others and to legitimate restrictions that they placed on the care they gave. The author argues that it is helpful to think about this hospital as an institutional space produced through a composite of mobile spatial practices, including both biomedical and domestic practice.

Cross-national comparison increases the complexity of data collection and analysis but offers the promise of innovative new knowledge; it is hard to know what is noteworthy about an outcome or process without a comparative reference point. Juxtaposing Canada and the United States, two countries more similar to each other than to any other, allows researchers to probe how particular variations can produce consequential differences. The article outlines key historic and contemporary similarities and differences that can affect immigrant political incorporation in North America, including different foundational minority conflicts and variations in current migrant flows. The author discusses the importance of specifying outcomes and how these outcomes can be approached from different levels of analysis. Finally, the author identifies several understudied questions, including cross-national variation in local political responses to immigration—significant in the United States, more muted in Canada—and the differential use of law and rights framing to advance immigrant causes.

Despite academic findings that performance information seldom is used in appropriations decisions, many professional organizations and governments continue to press for integrating performance information into local public management, planning, and budgeting processes. Is it possible to reconcile such inconsistencies? Looking beyond the executive–legislative relationship and departmental appropriations, the author examines the budget implications of applying performance information at the subdepartmental program level. Case analysis of Indianapolis's IndyStat initiative underscores that performance measurement application is positively related to intradepartmental program budget changes. Hence, performance‐based budgeting (PBB) can improve local budgeting despite severe political constraints. Still, successful use of PBB requires strong executive leadership, and its effects remain less visible at the departmental level or within the wider political arena of legislative bargaining. The author concludes by recommending some rethinking of the current analytical focus of PBB both in future research as well as recommended practice.

Thus far researchers have focused on computing average differences in student achievement between smaller and larger classes. In this study, the author focus on the distribution of the small class effects at the school level and compute the inconsistency of the small class effects across schools. The author use data from Project STAR to estimate small class effects for each school on mathematics and reading scores from kindergarten through third grade. Then, all school estimates were combined to calculate an overall weighted average. The results revealed that a large proportion of the school-specific small class effects are positive, while a smaller proportion of the estimates are negative. Although students benefit considerably from being in small classes in many schools, in other schools being in small classes is either not beneficial or is a disadvantage. Small class effects were inconsistent and varied significantly across schools in all grades indicating a small class by school interaction.

This paper presents an early Ming companion on Chinese calligraphy, the Comprehensive Explanations on Calligraphy (Fashu tongshi 法書通釋) as well as the life of its author Zhang Shen 張紳 (fl. half of the fourteenth century). By analysing the content and the quotations included therein, the present article traces the history and outlines the structure of Zhang's compendium, while providing also a preliminary translation of the introductory sections of the ten chapters which constitute the entire work. Also, at the same time, through the analysis of biographical materials about the author, Zhang's life, his official career, personality, and literary works are elucidated. It is concluded that Zhang Shen, an expert classicist as well as a Confucian scholar, whose purpose in his Explanations is to expose and clarify a series of fundamental questions related to the study and practice of calligraphy, which are pertinent to the analysis and interpretation of classical treatises of calligraphy.

В данной статье определяется понятие «условия усыновления», анализируются определенные условия международного усыновления. Автором на основании сопоставления точек зрений ряда отечественных и зарубежных авторов (юристов Таджикистана, России, Кыргызстана, Белоруссии и др.) проведён анализ законодательства отдельных государств, определяющий условия международного усыновления. Автор ставил целью подчеркнуть актуальность темы, определить основные условия и правовые основы осуществления международного усыновления, выявить проблемы и перспективы данного института в Республике Таджикистан. ; In the given article the concept of "an adoption condition» is defined, certain conditions of the international adoption are analyzed. The author on the basis of comparison of points of some domestic and foreign authors (lawyers of Tajikistan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, etc.) analysis legislation of separate states, defining conditions of international adoption. The author aims to underline actuality of the topic, to define the basic conditions and legal basis of international adoption realization, to reveal problems and prospects of the given institute in Republic of Tajikistan.