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The author investigates two problems from political and historic points of view. The 1-st Yamamoto Yudzo's suggestion of the abolition of double spelling the words and the debates that followed afterwards and the 2-nd the Degree of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Japan prohibiting to use small print in literature for children that signified the abolition of double spelling, i.e. and ideological control over the literature for children in fact. ; The author investigates two problems from political and historic points of view. The 1-st Yamamoto Yudzo's suggestion of the abolition of double spelling the words and the debates that followed afterwards and the 2-nd the Degree of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Japan prohibiting to use small print in literature for children that signified the abolition of double spelling, i.e. and ideological control over the literature for children in fact.

В статье исследуется состояние кадрового корпуса священнослужителей Русской православной церкви на территории Западной Сибири в 40-60-е гг. XX в. На богатом и разнообразном источниковом материале анализируется количественный и качественный состав приходского духовенства, выясняются причины «кадрового голода», оценивается роль священников в развитии православных общин, выявляются условия их жизнедеятельности, даются характеристики отдельных клириков. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of the clergy of different rangs of the Russian Orthodox Church in the 40-60-s of the XX-th century. The author of the article cites various interesting facts and uses new, earlier unknown documents. The article deals with the difficulties in the development of the ROC and its clergy of all ranges: a small number of priests, the problems of ages, lack of education and severe government control. The author believes that despite all the difficulties a great part of the Orthodox clergy in Western Siberia remained true to their pastor duty.

SUMMARY:
Among the different peoples of the Western borderlands, Belarusians were "latecomers." This article explores imperial ethno-linguistic policy toward the Belarusians in the context of recent debates on the issue of Russification. The author outlines different perceptions of Russianness (linguistic and confessional) and explores the concept of a three-part Russian nation – Great Russian, Little Russians, Belarusians. The author argues that by the mid-19 th century there was a need for books and press in the Belarusian language, but because Belarusians were considered Russians, the imperial establishment either preferred that they adopt Russian language and customs or, at least, limit the use of Belarusian to folklore. Despite general tendencies toward Russification, imperial policies toward the Belarusians were by no means consequent because the authorities had to tread carefully due to the presence of Poles in Belarusian lands and they occasionally made concessions to the Belarusian language.

AbstractThe English philosopher/theologian Colin Gunton argues that many of the problems besetting the contemporary Western world, including those dealing with the environment, are traceable to a mistaken understanding of the relationship between the One and the Many in practical life. A solution, however, is available in retrieval of the doctrine of the Trinity promoted by the early Greek Fathers, in particular the notion of perichoresis as the dynamic bond of unity among the divine persons. While agreeing with Gunton on this point, the author believes that perichoresis can only be applied to the world of creation in terms of a metaphysics of universal intersubjectivity such as he developed in a recent book. After laying out the basic contours of this new 'relational ontology', the author concludes by calling attention to the work of another process-oriented thinker, Douglas Sturm, with the latter's work on the 'politics of relationality' and an ethic of solidarity.

Describes the development of Ethiopianism, and illustrates its ideological and thematic content and manifestations, especially focusing on Jamaica, while also referring to the US and South Africa. First, the author outlines the content of Ethiopianism, describing how it is pro-black, contests white hegemony, colonialism, poverty and oppression, looks at Africa, and points at black people's redemption. Therefore the Bible is reread, Africa (Ethiopia) the holy land, and God considered black. He discusses Ethiopianism's early origins in the slavery period, and how it could take political as well as non-political, mental forms. Author points at the 1865 Morant Bay Rebellion as the vital link in developing Ethiopianism in Jamaica, and then describes 3 groups/movements embodying the movement: the influence of the preacher Bedward and his teachings against black oppression, Marcus Garvey's teachings and activities for black progress, and the first Rastafarians between 1930 and 1938, who were in part influenced by Bedward and Garvey.

The article deals with the demographic situation in Ukraine at the close of 20th century. Changes in population size and proportions of its forming sources after the last All-Soviet Union general census of the population (1989) are the focus of attention in the article. The author investigates the main features of fertility, mortality, marriages, divorces and demographic development of Ukrainian family for this period of time. There was also examined the contribution of natural increase/decrease of population and its net-migration to the process of depopulation and deepening of the demographic crisis in the country. The author remarked the tendency to growth of the indices of demographic loading per 1000 midyear population of working age and transformations in its structure. There was predicted the further aging of population and lessening of its labour potential in the nearest future. There are no reasons to expect any swift positive changes in the demographic situation now. The demographic crisis is deepening.

This article comprises theoretical background, positioning within the framework of scientific research, methodology, examples in an empirical field with a regional focus, and applications. The subject applies to exchange students and professionals working in multicultural working situations at home or abroad, any mediators between cultures. Typical for these situations is: We cannot limit them just to professional aspects or just to working place situations. Rather they will embrace the total personality, and all manifestations of life, of everyday life. The author sets out with some examples of cultural gaps in German everyday life from the perspective of Russian exchange students. She briefly mentions different approaches of intercultural research - how to analyze these gaps. She introduces her approach of "lacuna analysis". After empirical data, systematics and definitions the author describes the use of lacuna model in preparing intercultural encounters. She closes with some general remarks on the terminology of culture, communication and intercultural communication.

Recent research indicates that centralized collective bargaining institutions are more resilient than predicted by the conventional wisdom, which viewed them as incompatible with new competitive conditions and newproduction strategies. Drawing on a case study of Norway, the author argues that one reason for this resilience is that centralized wage setting may be actively supported by employers because it serves important employer interests. It has helped moderate wage growth, reduced transaction costs, contributed to stable industrial relations, and provided political leverage for employer organizations. The author also argues that institutional change must be viewed in terms of its economic and institutional context. There has been some formal devolution of bargaining capacity to the level of the individual firm in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. However, these changes have been accompanied by institutional changes, instigated by employers, that have increased the coordinating capacity of labor market actors. Labor markets in all three countries remain highly institutionalized.

After more than a decade of legislative activity on hate crimes, a growing number of people are challenging the validity of hate crimes as a separate crime category with separate punishments. The question that begs to be answered is whether hate crimes are deserving of a separate and unique policy response. The author argues that they are by addressing a number of key factors including: the long-standing existence of crime hierarchies; the historical role of the federal government to protect individuals from harm; the increased impact of hate crimes on the victim; how hate crimes serve to intimidate entire communities, are widespread and underreported, and not impossible to determine motive. The author also provides a historical perspective on hate crimes as a crime category and a summary of federal and state hate crime legislation. She lists legitimate concerns of hate crime policy and urges a focus on prevention.

This article analyzes the images of sexual minorities in the Lithuanian press during the period of January, 2000 - June, 2001. Arguing that the mass media plays a critical role in the construction of representations of the sexual minorities, the author attempts to determine whether Lithuanian press makes the issues of homosexuality and homosexual people a part of public agenda. The analysis demonstrates that sexual minorities remain a difficult topic and an extremelly sensitive issue in Lithuania. Homosexuality is frequently described as a scandal, and homosexuals are still portrayed as an underworld unfamiliar to mass population.
At the end of the article, the author concludes that to correct the prejudices and misrepresentations offered by the mainstream Lithuanian press, one needs to develop alternative interpretations of homosexuality. However, to move towards non-phobic representations of lesbians and gays, it is necessary to struggle for legitimate, affirming, non-phobic inclusion of lesbians and gay men in the public sphere.

The article evaluates and attempts to draw some lessons from the recent initiatives aimed at stimulating regional cooperation among transition economies in Northern, Central, and South-Eastern Europe. Although these initiatives varied significantly in their scope, objectives, and domain of activity, the author highlights the common elements and discusses both their major achievements and greatest weaknesses. The author then relates these initiatives to the recent theoretical debate on regionalism, the main conclusions in the empirical literature, and the most important policy issues concerning current integration processes and eu enlargement. The role of subregional economic cooperation among transition economies is examined within the context of the problems posed by the variable speed integration policies of the European Union. The general conclusion is that the overall experience of regional cooperation among European transition economies has, on balance, been positive, though clear limitations and many unresolved questions remain. (For acronyms see page 323.)

Reading the Communist Manifesto against the contemporary background of massive unemployment, the author argues that Marx's theory of work is no longer adequate to tackle the problem of `workers without work' and suggests that it has to be reformulated in such a way that its normative intuitions and its critical impulses can be maintained. In the first part, he presents a philosophical critique of Marxism that is inspired by Jürgen Habermas and Hannah Arendt. In the second part, he presents a sociological critique of Marxism and argues that the theory of the alienation of work implies a justification of work and the work society. Finally, in the last part, the author presents an ideological critique of Marxism that is inspired by Marcel Mauss' sociology of the gift. Criticising the contractualist assumptions of workfare solutions, he proposes a package solution for a radical decommodification of the labour market by means of a disjunction of income and work.

Relationships between service providers and customers are important for achieving high levels of customer satisfaction and loyalty, service management scholars have shown. Building from existing theories, the author proposes that relationships between service providers are another important contributor to customer outcomes. When service processes are highly interdependent, uncertain, and time constrained, relationships between service providers are integral to the process of coordination and therefore are an important contributor to customer outcomes. In a study of postsurgical care in nine hospitals, the author finds that strong provider-provider relationships directly increase customer satisfaction and loyalty because the overall service experience is more effectively coordinated. Second, strong provider-provider relationships help service providers to develop more effective relationships with their customers, which further increases customer satisfaction and loyalty. Managers should therefore select, train, and reward service providers in a way that supports the formation of strong working relationships between them.

Urban universities and colleges have increasingly been investing in partnerships with their local communities. As this burgeoning movement emerges from its infancy stages, numerous questions about assessing and funding these efforts arise. The author relies on his experiences as a participant observer, evaluator, and researcher to address the following questions: What are effective measurements of progress in higher education community partnerships? What is the significance of this movement's stage in development regarding the availability of resources and the appropriateness of assessment? The author also relies on his observations of the field of corporate social responsibility to see if it sheds any light on how one should think about resources and assessment of higher education-community partnerships. Although measurable outcomes of these efforts are essential, process is a major factor, given the significance of relationships to success. For example, if trust and communication do not exist between partners, effective outcomes will remain elusive.

The author analyzes the dynamics of European integration of Cyprus & the impact of this process on the long lasting ethnic conflict between Cypriot Greeks & Turks & in particular inquires whether it can serve as a model for the resolution of similar ethic conflicts. He first describes the historical roots of the unresolved Cyprus question & the unsuccessful political-diplomatic approaches under UN mediation. The historical analysis of why all international arbitration attempts have failed to resolve the Cyprus problem provides a basis for the discussion of new conflict resolution methods. Furthermore, the author explores the role of the EU concerning the more recent attempts at conflict management & resolution. Finally, the question is addressed as to what kind of potential exists for the solution of the Cyprus question under the common umbrella of the EU given the recent easing of tensions between both ethnic groups. 54 References. Adapted from the source document.