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The article deals with the philosophical problem of reification in the ontological, gnoseological and axio-logical aspects. The problem of reification was discovered by Patristics, but the theoretical development of this problem was carried out in Marxist philosophy. In the process of historical formation of a human, matter «polarizes», splits into human subject reality and reificated subject reality, which act as objectively existing fictions in relation to each other. Reification of social reality, which excludes a human as a free subject, does not correspond to human essence, and therefore it acts for a human as a non-genuine reality, generating non-genuine values. Reification (together with its «otherness» — fetishism) generates trans-formed social forms, through which the concept of fact is problematized. This allows us to propose the following hypothesis: if conditional statements describing causal relations in genuinely human reality are designated as factual, then conditional statements describing causal relations in reificated subjectivity must be designated as counterfactual, and conversely. The objective existence of two mutually exclusive subject worlds places science in the situation of choosing between alternative — human or anti-human — models of reality. At the same time, a human appears as a «macrocosm» in the non-reificated human worldview model, and his human reality is constituted in this empirically valid model by a special social substratum that makes all human individuals essentially identical to each other. When describing and ex-plaining social processes, it makes sense to specify which of the two mutually exclusive realities — the reificated or the human one — is being considered in each case.

Over the past decade computers and smartphones connected to the internet have become widespread, that is why they are now an inseparable element of all ages people's life, especially young people who do not remember the times when such devices were not used. It is commonly used saying that present-day youth "were born with a smartphone in their hands." In the Network young people lead their social life, search for information on various topics and also watch social networking sites, where so-called influencers i.e. network celebrities run their thematic profiles. Content posted by influencers is not always valuable and it happens that they cross the law line and push the boundaries of good taste. An example can be currently popular "patostreams" i.e. live broadcasts, during which behaviors considered as social deviations are presented such as domestic violence, alcohol libations or vulgar discussions. The goal of influencers is to arouse interest in their profile in social media which translates into the number of followers and in turn is supposed to contribute followers' decisions (e.g. shopping) and opinions on the topics presented. Young people, who have no experience and critical overview and their maturity is just developing, often spend many hours a week in the virtual space watching influencer messages. The article will attempt to answer the questions on how young people approach the content presented by influencers, whether influencers shape followers opinions and decisions in various aspects of life and whether they are authorities to be imitated and trusted.
Keywords: influencer, celebrity, influence, internet, youth

The web 2.0 phenomenon and social media – without question – have reshaped our everyday experiences. These changes that they have generated affect how we consume, communicate and present ourselves, just to name a few aspects of life, and moreover, opened up new perspectives for sociology. Though many social practices persist in a somewhat altered form, brand new types of entities have emerged on different social media platforms: one of them is the video blogger. These actors have gained great visibility through so-called micro-celebrity practices and have become potential large-scale distributors of ideas, values and knowledge. Celebrities, in this case micro-celebrities (video bloggers), may disseminate such cognitive patterns through their constructed discourse which is objectified in the online space through a peculiar digital face (a social media profile) where fans can react, share and comment according to the affordances of the digital space. Most importantly, all of these interactions are accessible for scholars to examine the fan and celebrity practices of our era. This research attempts to reconstruct these discursive interactions on the Facebook pages of ten top Hungarian video bloggers. All findings are based on a large-scale data collection using the Netvizz application. As part of the interpretation of the results, a further consideration was that celebrity discourses may be a sort of disciplinary force in (post)modern society, which normalizes the individual to some extent by providing adequate schemas of attitude, mentality and ways of consumption.

Introduction: Increasing the life expectancy of the elderly raises complex problems concerning the life aspects of the elderly, family, community, and government. A well-being indicator for the elderly is needed as a measurement tool to facilitate Indonesian elderly individuals to becoming more prosperous. The purpose of this study was to develop well-being indicators and to formulate the elderly well-being Index.Methods: This study used an explanatory research design with a quantitative approach. In total, 400 respondents were collected using multistage random sampling. The physical well-being variable used the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) instrument, Barthel's index, and the Disease Complaint questionnaire. In addition, a psychology and social well-being instrument, social well-being instrument, and spiritual instrument were employed. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to verify the factor structure of all of the observed variables.Results: The results showed that the indicators for elderly well-being are demographic with the following factor loading: (λ) 0.32, social environment (λ)=0.51, health services (λ)=0.55, physical well-being (λ=0.36 psychological well-being (λ)=0.46, social well-being (λ)=0.45 and spiritual well-being (λ)=0.50. The indicators and index can be used as an effort to drive the program, so then the elderly can become productive, prosperous, and meaningful.Conclusion: The elderly well-being index is expected to be a programmatic instrument that can measure and evaluate the welfare of the elderly. This will increase the elderly health program that is available to achieve more holistic well-being and an age-friendly city.

In diesem Aufsatz analysieren wir aus kommunikationstheoretischer und empirisch-datenbasierter Sicht ein Phänomen der Netzkultur, das wir mit dem Begriff des "konnektiven Zynismus" beschreiben. Damit verweisen wir auf ein sowohl medientechnologisches ("phatische" Konnektivität auf Sozialen Medien) als auch ideologisches (zynischer rechter Populismus/Neue Rechte) Phänomen. Beide Aspekte haben zwar einen unterschiedlichen Ursprung, sind jedoch in Sozialen Medien eng miteinander verschränkt. Denn der in die Plattformarchitektur der Sozialen Medien integrierte operatorbasierte (Likes, Favs usw.) oder sich dort ausbreitendende sprachliche phatische Kommunikationsstil eignet sich sowohl zum ironischen Spiel mit rechtem Vokabular (wie im Fall des Protagonisten unserer YouTube-Analysen) als auch zur bewusst-propagandistischen Affirmation des Jargons rechter und rechtspopulistischer Milieus. Neben einer theoretischen Diskussion des Begriffs des konnektiven Zynismus zeigen wir unter Einsatz eines von uns entwickelten Tools anhand einer Reihe von datenbasierten Experimenten, wie sich auf Sozialen Medienplattformen (YouTube) die Neue Rechte konnektiv-zynisch über Vlogs und dazugehörige Kommentare sehr erfolgreich mit einem bestimmten Spektrum von rechtsaffinen aber sich als unpolitisch bezeichnenden YouTube-Influencern (in unserem Fall der Dresdner YouTuber Adlersson) algorithmisch und phatisch vernetzen. ; In this article we look into a phenomenon on social media that we describe as "connective cynicism" from a theoretical and a data-analytical perspective. Connective cynicism has a media technological (i.e. "phatic" connectivity) and an ideological (i.e. the cynical stance of right-wing populism) dimension. Although both aspects have different origins, they are closely intertwined on social media. We argue that social media have integrated the operator-based (likes, favs, etc.) and the phatic communicative style employed by right-wingers and social media users alike into their platform architectures. In addition to a theoretical discussion of the concept of connective cynicism, we present results from data-based inquiries on the algorithmic and phatic connective relationship between actors of the New Right and Dresden-based YouTuber Adlersson, using a tool developed by members of our research team.

This research exercise problematizes the control, use and distribution of the water system in the municipality of Gámbita, Santander, based on the participatory analysis of political, ecological, cultural and economic aspects present in the territory, taking into account the importance of this in the production and reproduction of gambitre social life. Currently, water sources show deterioration in the quality and quantity of water resulting from agricultural practices that are predominant in the use of land. Although peasants and agribusinesses are those who maintain agricultural and agroforestry practices, it is social relations immersed in capitalist logic that configure political scenarios in which water inequality and the dispossession of water respond to geopolitical strategies of hoarding of natural resources and privatization of goods and services. ; El presente ejercicio de investigación problematiza el control, uso y distribución del sistema hídrico en el municipio de Gámbita, Santander a partir del análisis participativo de aspectos políticos, ecológicos, culturales y económicos presentes en el territorio, teniendo en cuenta la importancia de este en la producción y reproducción de la vida social gambitera. Actualmente las fuentes hídricas presentan deterioro de la calidad y cantidad del agua resultado de las prácticas agrícolas predominantes en el uso del suelo. Aunque los campesinos y agroempresarios son quienes mantienen prácticas agropecuarias y agroforestales, son las relaciones sociales inmersas en la lógica capitalista las que configuran escenarios políticos en el que la desigualdad hídrica y el despojo del agua responden a estrategias geopolíticas de acaparamiento de los recursos naturales y privatización de bienes y servicios.

The increasing number of new organizations appearing as a result of the freedom of expression, association and assembly, triggers the expression of dissent. It manifests aspects of democracy in the life of the nation and state. Freedom of association followed by anarchist actions taken by several organizations serves as a real answer due to the existence of legal mechanisms that do not work well. So, rather than not working, the organization is better to take action by walking alone. Such behavior is unconsciously an act against the law. The problem examined in this study relates to the regulation of criminal acts advocating social organizations and criminal liability against perpetrators of violence in the advocacy of such social organizations. This type of research is normative legal research with a statutory approach. Analysis of legal material is done by descriptive method. The regulation of criminal acts advocating social organizations set forth in Articles 55 and 56 of the Criminal Code. The form of offense or the element of inclusion in article 5 of the Criminal Law Code consists of four types of offenses, including: pleger, doenpleger, uitlokker and mediepleger. The criminal liability of perpetrators of violent acts advocated by social organizations is manifested in a rule requiring the makers and perpetrators to be equally punished; however, supporters can be sentenced lighter than the maker, which is reduced by one third of the maximum criminal offense threatened with capital punishment or life imprisonment, the assistant is sentenced to a maximum of 15 years in prison

It is shown that participation in hostilities affects a person's psychological state. Being in a combat zone can dramatically change the personality and often - negatively. Mental injuries received during combat operations lead to a number of complex disorders in the physical and emotional spheres of man. This leads to various conflict situations in society. The destructive effects of war are manifested not only in physical losses, but also in social disorientation, loss of social contacts, the integrity of the "I" and theс personal identity of both servicemen and civilians. The consequences of combat mental trauma in various manifestations can be seen even after many years. Without proper psychological rehabilitation, it is difficult for such people to return to a peaceful life and to their social role in society. Therefore, art therapy can come to the rescue here, which in a set of rehabilitation measures can relieve a person of negative feelings, encourage him and help build new life patterns.
It is indicated that art therapy was formed as a specific activity that includes art, psychology and psychotherapy. Usually art therapy is part of a set of rehabilitation measures; she has certain advantages in diagnosis. Important aspects of the art therapist's work are his professional contacts with colleagues – psychiatrists, nurses, social workers and others. Attempts to use art therapy techniques without close contact with healthcare professionals are often considered unethical and can be harmful to patients. It is proved that art therapy helps to reduce depressive symptoms and aggression, helps to correct behavior, improve communication skills and integration into society.

This paper analyzes key aspects of Marx's theory of money in order to reassert its continued relevance for understanding monetary developments in contemporary capitalism. Unlike theorists who become preoccupied with particular functions and forms of money, Marx develops a comprehensive concept of money integrating its various functions and emphasizing the socio-economic basis of its existence. Money performs different functions including a measure of value, a means of purchase/exchange, a means of payment, and a means of hoarding, which are independent of money's concrete forms. The functions of money as a means of purchase and means of payment relate to each other as money (income) and credit (money), which are fundamentally different. The quantity and availability of credit (money) may be influenced by the activities of the central bank and the private banking system. Credit (money), however, can only become money (income) if and when it enters the domain of social production as an embodiment of the value of social labor and social purchasing power. This inextricable link between money and social production sets natural limits to the ability of monetary policy to influence both monetary and non-monetary developments in contemporary capitalism. An analysis grounded in Marx's theory of money can provide insights into a range of contemporary monetary phenomena including hoarding, the rush to liquidity during financial crises, the scramble for government debt as a source of ultimate liquidity, and the limits to conventional and unconventional monetary policy. JEL Classification: E4, E5, B51, E6

UNAIDS aimed to reach 90% antiretroviral therapy uptake among people living with HIV by 2015. Despite free provision of antiretroviral therapy to pregnant women living with HIV, the uptake remains low. This study describes views of pregnant women about low uptake of antiretroviral therapy among pregnant women living with HIV in Mbeya City Council.The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and applied mixed research approaches. 44 pregnant women on antiretroviral therapy and 12 health providers were conveniently selected. Four key informants were purposively selected. In-depth interviews with pregnant women and key informants; exit interviews with pregnant women; and observation of health providers were conducted. Audio tape recording from in-depth interviews was transcribed into Swahili to English. Social ecological framework was used in data coding based on individual, social and health service aspects then analysed using Atlas. ti 7. Quantitative data was analyzed in Excel spreadsheet, and presented using tables.The findings from interviews and observations showed that the main individual factors (like treatment-related side effects and religious faith); social factors (like traditional medicine and lack of partner/husband support) and health service factors (like long waiting time and discrepancy in information given to clients during adherence counseling on antiretroviral therapy) were more likely to be associated with low uptake of antiretroviral therapy.This study indicates that various factors at individual, social and health service levels were more likely to cause low uptake of ART. Reasons for discrepant information during counseling by providers remain a question which needs further research.

This monograph will address the following questions: "What was the perspective of Turkic peoples on wrestling branch of sports and what was the cultural aspect of wrestling for social structures and lifestyles of Turkic peoples? What type of a transformation did wrestle experience? What is its current state at national level?" Problem: The problem of this research pertains to the fact that the richness of traditional wrestling which is known to possess a deep-seated reputation in Turkish history of sports and occupy an affluent position in Turkish sports tradition is not well-reflected in the literature at national and international levels, its traditional cultural elements are lost along with globalization and it is likely to end up being almost erased from national memories. Objective: This modest study sought to find an answer to the question as to how Turkic peoples perceived traditional wrestling in religious, national, political, military, economic and social domains of life and aimed to incorporate the finding into the literature rightly. Methodology: From among qualitative research methods, descriptive and comparative research techniques were implemented in this study. Result: It was deduced that wrestling which was one of the primary activities in socio-cultural structures and lifestyles of ancient Turkic peoples was viewed as a social value and even as a social norm beyond being just a branch of sports, possessed embedded and rich rituals, but began to lose its meaning along with the disappearance of most of these rituals, and even if it was affected adversely by globalization, there still existed affection towards wrestling and the wrestler.

BACKGROUND: Telemedicine may help women comply with onerous legislative requirements for accessing abortion services. In Utah, there are three mandatory steps: a state-mandated information visit, a 72-h waiting period, and finally the abortion procedure itself. We explored women's experiences of using telemedicine for the first step: the information visit. METHODS: We conducted 20 in-depth interviews with women recruited from Planned Parenthood Association of Utah in 2017 and analyzed them using iterative thematic techniques, using a framework based on Massey's conceptualization of space as comprising temporal, material and social dimensions. RESULTS: Temporal, material and social dimensions of women's access to abortion services intertwined to reduce access and cause discomfort and inconvenience among women in our sample. The 72-h waiting period and travel distance were the key temporal and material barriers, while social dimensions included fear of social judgement, religious influence, and negative stereotyping about people who have abortions. Women described traveling long distances alone and risking excessive pain (e.g. denying pain medication in order to drive immediately after the procedure) to try to overcome these barriers. CONCLUSION: Using telemedicine helped patients reduce burdens created by policies requiring attendance at multiple appointments in a state with limited abortion services. Attending to spatial aspects of abortion provision helps identify how these different dimensions of abortion access interact to reduce access and impose undue burdens. Telemedicine can improve privacy, reduce travel expenses, and reduce other burdens for women seeking abortion care.

Chaos theory resulted in great part from natural scientists' outcomes in non-linear dynamics area. The prominence of associated models has increased in the last decades, due the non-linear systems temporal evolution study. Consequently, chaos is one of the concepts that most quickly have been expanded in what research topics concerns. In case of unstable relationships in non-linear systems, chaos theory aims to understand and explain this kind of unpredictable aspects of nature, social life, the uncertainties, the nonlinearities, the disorders and confusions. Scientifically it represents a disarray connection, but basically it involves much more. The close association between change and time seems essential to understand what happens in the fundamentals of chaos theory. This theory got a central role in the explanation of a lot of phenomena. The relevance of these theories has been well recognized in the clarification of social phenomena and has permitted new advances in the study of social systems. Chaos theory has also been applied, particularly in the context of politics, in this area. This work goal is to make a reflection on chaos theory – and also on dynamical systems and theory of complexity – in terms of the understanding of political issues, considering some events in the political context and also considering the macro-strategic ideas of states positioning in the international stage. In this line of reasoning the "Drop of Honey Effect" metaphor is presented, somewhat analogous to that of "Butterfly Effect", and the idea that it is better suited to portray social phenomena, in particular political phenomena, is defended. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

AbstractThis article investigates the dynamic ways that people communicate, assess, and respond as a weather threat evolves. It uses social media data, which offer unique records of what people convey about their real-world risk contexts. Twitter narratives from 53 people who were in a mandatory evacuation zone in a New York City neighborhood during Hurricane Sandy in 2012 were qualitatively analyzed. The study provides rich insight into the complex, dynamic information behaviors and risk assessments of people at risk, and it illustrates how social media data can be collected, sampled, and analyzed to help provide this understanding. Results show that this sample of people at significant risk attended to forecast information and evacuation orders as well as multiple types of social and environmental cues. Although many tweeted explicitly about the mandatory evacuation order, forecast information was usually referenced only implicitly. Social and environmental cues grew more important as the threat approached and often triggered heightened risk perceptions or protective actions. The results also reveal the importance of different aspects of people's cognitive and affective risk perceptions as well as specific emotions (e.g., fear, anger) for understanding risk assessments. People discussed a variety of preparatory and protective behavioral responses and exhibited multiple types of coping responses (e.g., humor) as the threat evolved. People's risk assessments and responses were closely intertwined, and their risk perceptions were not continuously elevated as the hurricane approached; they exhibited different ways of interpreting, coping, and responding as they accessed and processed evolving information about the threat.

RESUMEN En el marco del reconocimiento del legado de Francisco Delich, el presente artículo ofrece un encuadre sociológico e histórico de la práctica intelectual del cientista social argentino. Junto a ello analiza los rasgos centrales del método sociológico clásico que emplea el autor para explicar los procesos de mutación social en América Latina, así como el modo en que tales coordenadas metodológicas inspiran y van modificando su concepción de la democracia desde fines de los 70 hasta su partida en 2016. El texto permite observar como Delich, desafiando el escepticismo científico y político imperante, mantuvo viva hasta el final la creencia en el desarrollo de una razón sociológica que posibilite la reforma intelectual, moral y política de las sociedades latinoamericanas.ABSTRACT In the context of the recognition of Francisco Delich´s legacy, this article offers a sociological and historical framework of the intellectual practice of the Argentinian social scientist. It also analyzes the central features of the classical sociological method used by the author to explain the processes of social mutation in Latin America, as well as the way in which such methodological coordinates inspire and modify his conception of democracy from the late 1970s to his decease in 2016. Among other aspects, the text allows to observe how Delich, defying the prevailing scientific and political skepticism, kept alive until the end the belief in the development of a sociological reason that makes possible the intellectual, moral and political reform of Latin American societies.