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The author raises the question of whether secret uses of power by democratic states can form a legitimate exercise of democratic authority. On the face of it, the answer seems negative. First, it is commonplace to think that in a democracy, political decisions are legitimate only if they are authorized by citizens. From this perspective, secret uses of power seem to lack democratic authority because, one argues, people cannot authorize what they are denied knowledge about. Second, the exercise of democratic authority requires that citizens be able to hold officials accountable, and to do that citizens must know what officials are doing and why. Yet how can citizens call their representatives to account for secret political decisions and processes if they are denied knowledge of them? The author analyses each of these two dimensions of democratic governance and argues that secrecy, under certain conditions, may be a legitimate form of democratic governance.

Abstract
The author analyses the scholarship, remembrance, and commemoration of the Holocaust in Macedonia and Bulgaria after 1989. She re-examines interpretive schisms between former communists and anticommunists, explores changes in one of the major lieux de mémoire in Bulgaria, the 'rescue' of its Jews, and juxtaposes it to the killing of those Jews who lived in Bulgarian-occupied territories. She contextualizes the Bulgarian-Macedonian controversies within European and global frameworks, looking at the process of the institutionalization of Holocaust remembrance in the two countries. She then considers the role of international Jewish communities and the effects of a European Union that since the enlargement of 2007 has been moulding a 'European' commemorative landscape from fear of yet another East-West divide. In her conclusion the author outlines an agenda for a transnational social history of anti-Jewish policies and persecutions, and looks at who might be its major actors in Bulgaria and Macedonia.

This article focuses on the training context of private military and security (PMS) contractors. The training they undergo varies considerably, though the majority of training providers offer instruction in how to work in armed close protection (CP) as so-called bodyguards of dignitaries or on convoy protection. Set against this backdrop, the article reports on two periods of ethnographic field research of armed CP training where the author trained as a bodyguard in the first, and played the role of dignitary in the second. The discussion notes the very particular ways in which security is co-constituted between training instructor, author, and student. Here, a form of embodied reflexivity is used to show how security is translated between actors. Acknowledging that security is mediated through time, space, and the body can help to explain the experiences of host populations whose security has at particular moments been jeopardized by these armed actors.

The issue of climate change poses something of a puzzle. For all the attention accorded the issue, climate change/global warming has spawned surprisingly little grassroots activism in the contemporary United States. Drawing on social movement theory, the author seeks to explain this puzzle. The prevailing consensus among movement scholars is that the prospect for movement emergence is facilitated by the confluence of three factors: the expansion of political opportunities, the availability of mobilizing structures, and cognitive and affective mobilization through framing processes. The author then applies each of these factors to the case of climate change, arguing that (a) awareness of the issue developed during an especially inopportune period in American politics, (b) the organizations that arose to address the issue were ill suited to the kind of grassroots mobilization characteristic of successful movements, and (c) the amorphous nature of the issue played havoc with efforts at strategic framing.

The author's clinical experience with the Child Protection and Mental Health Care systems informs this brief practice-focused paper. The author posits that Secondary Traumatic Stress and Vicarious Trauma are central to understanding the impact of relationally traumatic material and the experience of individuals, families, team and the wider ecology of care systems. In particular, the author hypothesises that the tendency of systems to become fragmented in operation, with silos of sub-parts working parallel to each other, may be a natural adaptation to the ways in which traumatic experience ripples across system boundaries. This 'ripple effect' may lead to increasing emotional and relational reactivity, and survival-oriented inward focus of energies and efforts. The metaphor of the brain and nervous system is used to explore ideas of connection and integration in care systems. Trauma-informed leadership by individuals and teams is also touched upon in relation to reducing fear-driven clinical practice.

Contemporary currents of the Polish nationalist thought —an attempt at division in terms of the category of "tradition"This article aims at outlining the method of dividing the Polish political thought. For this purpose the category of "tradition" is used "Tradition" is perceived by the author as a type of conscious and reflective choice of achievements of the past made in the present. Based on "tradition" the author distinguishes the following currents of the Polish nationalist thought: the current of Neo-National Democracy, the current of National Radicalism, the Catholic National current, as well as the Progressive current and the current of Slavonic Neo-Paganism. Apart from political thought the tradition of Polish nationalism also includes political movement issues, literature and art. An important role in the reception and transmission of "tradition" to contemporary times is played by its guardians, which means people who endeavor to pass it on in a form desired by them.

The Nikkeijin in Japan mostly work in unskilled positions in manufacturing, and due to unfavourable terms ofemployment, they have little chance of upward socio-economic mobility. Although many of their children do notperform well in Japanese schools and they drop out, some Nikkei children do continue their education and attenduniversity in Japan. This paper focuses on the small minority who further their education but have received littleattention in the literature. From interviews conducted with young Nikkeijin who are at university or have graduatedfrom university, the author found that they are bicultural and bilingual (or trilingual, in Portuguese, Japanese andEnglish). These talented young people have the potential to contribute to Japan in unique ways because of theirlanguage and cultural skills. The author argues that providing more support for the Nikkeijin's education will not onlyimprove their socio-economic mobility, but also help to alleviate the deficiency of skilled workers caused by therapid aging and decline of the Japanese population.

peer-reviewed ; This article examines the Irish Community Service Order (CSO), from its origins to its present-day operation. It outlines how the Irish CSO differs from community service sanctions in other jurisdictions and highlights why it is important that there is clarity about what the CSO currently is in Ireland. While the legislation that introduced the CSO in Ireland was almost identical to the corresponding legislation in England and Wales, there were substantial differences between the English and Irish CSO. The author seeks to identify the limits and boundaries of the CSO in law and in practice in Ireland. He considers how far the use of the CSO could be expanded without net-widening or it being imposed on offenders for whom it is not appropriate. With the decline in CSO numbers in recent years and increasing knowledge on offenders' problems and needs, the author asks whether the CSO can or should adopt a rehabilitative purpose and approach.

As a new type of evidence, electronic data has been fully confirmed in the legislative aspects of the three major procedural laws. However, there are still some problems in the judicial level, such as the lack of unity of meaning, the uncertainty of attribution and the lack of certification standards. The lack of certification standards is the most intractable problem. In this paper, the author uses the method of theoretical research and empirical research to analyze the judicial application of electronic data evidence, the existing problems, the causes and the corresponding solutions. The author suggests that the electronic data authentication specification should be set up as soon as possible, and the concrete practical work of the judges should be guided from two aspects of principles and rules, so that the concept of judicial standardization and the concept of free heart proof of judges are fully played in the field of electronic data evidence application.

The overarching theme of the present paperwork lies in casting some light to the historic Brazilian character of Anita Garibaldi (1821–1849) in order to draw the public's attention to distinct perspectives other than the official one. So as to achieve these goals, the romance studied was written by Dorothy Bryant in 1993 and it is called Anita, Anita. With a flowing language, the author was able to present Anita herself, the idealist, the wife, the lover, and the mother. In this literary work she is not shown as a simple shadow of Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882), her husband, anymore, she is a sensible and political woman who wants to follow what she considers to be fair. Thus, this study consists in a brief discussion concerning possibilities for the historical novel writing and how the preferences chosen by the author might affect the perception of the characters and the historical past itself in the course of History.

The article is devoted to the processes of mobility in the context of the study of global security problems. The author indicates that the unstable situation of the globalized world, in the conditions of high uncertainty and complex predictability requires attention of the social and political structures on the processes of mobility. Several factors determine the direction and features of mobility in a space of social and political interaction. The author puts forward a classification of the main types of mobility intrinsic to the modern social and political systems. ; Рассмотрены процессы мобильности в контексте исследования проблем глобальной безопасности. Отмечено, что нестабильная ситуация в глобальном мире, в условиях высокой степени неопределенности и сложной прогнозируемости, требует концентрации внимания общественно-политических структур на процессах мобильности. Выделены несколько факторов детерминирующих направление и особенности мобильности в пространстве социально-политического взаимодействия. Предложена классификация основных типов мобильностей присущих современному периоду развития социальных и политических систем.

The author discusses the increased importance of Islam in religious and social life in the Sudan, exemplified by a discussion of the interplay between an indigenous, non-Arab, non-Islamized Sudanese people, the Lafofa Nuba, and their interaction with the Arab and Islamic traditions of Sudanese society at large. An understanding of this interaction will require types of analysis that deal with issues of belief as well as broader issues of identity management. People do not take over Islam as one unified system and in one process of conversion; rather they take up Muslim customs and practices that become symbols of such a conversion. The process of conversion must therefore be linked to the socio-economic and political status of the people involved. The author points out that theoretical contributions by Talal Asad on Islam as a "discursive tradition" and Robert Launay on Muslim communities as "moral communities" provide interesting avenues for exploring this complexity.

The Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act 41 of 2003 provides, amongst others matters, for the recognition of kings and queens and the establishment of a Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims to decide on disputes and claims relating to traditional leadership, including kings and queens. The author examines the criteria and procedure for the creation of kingdoms and for identifying the rightful incumbents. During the apartheid years the traditional leadership was manipulated for political purposes. The Act goes a long way towards restoring it to conform to precepts of customary law and custom. The author argues, in essence, that this is easier said than done. It would, he submits, be difficult to dismantle the apartheid structures. It would likewise be difficult to identify the rightful incumbents and to resolve new claims. He suggests that the relevant provisions of the Act be revised to provide more clarity on fundamental principles.

The article is about innovation in the language. The main idea is to consider word formation in socio-political discourse that are occured in the media during last period; to determine their innovative role for increasing of dictionary of the Ukrainian language. The author researched neologisms formed by metaphorical and metonymical rethinking, separated the basic emergence models of new meanings. The article gives detailed analysis of some word formation categories. There are analyzed word formation categories in socio-political discourse in the article. The author of the article identified the influence factors over occurring of word formation categories of new words and role of associations as the basis for the creation of new words. There are pointed out the groups of innovative words, which have association during their formation. The article is dedicated to associative-group comparative political neologisms that headline cognitive approach and importance of metaphor, metonymy in the process of word forming.

The principle of the division of power and checks and balance is considered to be one of the most important features of democracy. The article shows an analysis implementation of the principle of division of power in Ukraine. The author presents and verifies the implementation of the principle of division of power in the Constitution of Ukraine. After studies author come to the conclusion that the implementation of the principle of the division of powers in Ukraine was greatly shaken (mainly under of the Constitution of 1996). ; Реалізація принципу поділу влади та її взаємного гальмування вважається однією з найбільш важливих особливостей демократії. У статті представлений аналіз реалізації принципу поділу влади в Україні. Авторзосередився на превентації механізмів взаємної регуляції між органами влади записаних в Конституції України. Дослідження дозволило авторові прийти до висновку, що реалізація принципу поділ влади в Україні не задоволенa в повному обсязі (в основному під впливом Конституції з 1996).