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Anthony King's "The Word of Command: Communication and Cohesion in the Military" formed part of an ongoing debate in this journal on military group cohesion. For him, the main vector for cohesion is collective military practice in training and operations, which he sees as a precursor to social relationships. In his critique, Guy Siebold drew attention to social psychology's approach through the "standard model." In this article, the author suggests that all approaches to military group cohesion would be enriched by an understanding of the organizational culture in which the soldiers are embedded. The author seeks to demonstrate this point by providing an outline of a model of British Army culture at the unit level, and showing how it adds value to military cohesion analysis by applying it to one of King's ethnographic examples and by briefly showing how it would provide a richer context for the use of social psychology's standard model.

How the relationship between status and divorce shifts over historical time among industrialized countries remains largely unknown. A socioeconomic growth hypothesis posits that a more recent marriage cohort (relative to a previous cohort) in an industrialized country exhibits (1) larger divorce-suppressive effects of husbands' and wives' higher level of education and (2) a shift from a pattern in which only husbands' education substantially influences the couples' likelihood of divorce to a pattern in which both spouses' education influences that likelihood. The author tests the need to modify this hypothesis to reflect the intervening influences of cultural-institutional arrangements using the United States and Japan. The author applies event history regressions to the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Japanese General Social Survey. Results from both countries suggest the needs for modifications and imply that divorce is increasingly tied to socioeconomic inequality in both industrialized countries, but in contrasting ways.

The author argues that over the past few months, the political centre-right has become the most credible option in regards to future economic reforms. The proposed framework which balances competitiveness with rules to protect European citizens, while at the same time maintaining the core values of freedom and responsibility, is the best recipe for an effective economic recovery. The author underlines the importance of facing this first global economic crisis by adapting our values to the new era, suggesting that although faced by difficult times, the world has been offered powerful incentives to change. He argues that the single market is part of the solution and not the problem in this financial crisis. Only by working together, yet respecting the rules of subsidiarity at all times and avoiding protectionism at all costs, will the EU both overcome the recession and ensure that a similar situation will never happen again.

Simulation techniques are being used today in a variety of programs designed to enhance the skills of healthcare providers. The aim of this article is to describe simulation techniques currently being used in healthcare education and identify future directions for the use of simulation in healthcare. The author will describe various types of simulators and simulated experiences, including role playing, standardized patients, partial task trainers, complex task trainers, integrated simulators, and full mission simulation. Next, the use of simulation in undergraduate nursing programs, continuing education programs, interdisciplinary team training, and competency assessment will be presented. Resources for simulation faculty and costs associated with simulation will be discussed. The author will conclude by noting that next steps in using simulation to strengthen the provision of healthcare include providing healthcare educators with the motivation and competencies needed to create and use meaningful simulation learning experiences and initiating more research regarding the benefits of simulation in healthcare education.

Analyses of the criminal justice system have revealed the racialized nature of crime and punishment in the United States. We know little, however, about how race, crime, and punishment are also experienced as gendered phenomena by marginalized adolescent males. Drawing from ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews, the author proposes that important insights about crime, race, and gender are gained by analyzing the experiences of adolescent males as they navigate through the criminal justice pipeline. Thus, the author examines how policing, incarceration, and probation offer masculinity-making resources that young men use to develop a sense of manhood. This study shows that one of the consequences of enhanced policing, surveillance, and punitive treatment of youth of color is the development of a specific set of gendered practices. One outcome of pervasive criminal justice contact for young black and Latino men is the production of a hypermasculinity that obstructs desistance and social mobility.

The article lays down the broad strokes of an interpretive approach to social criticism. In developing this approach, the author stresses the importance of both a pluralistic notion of social justice and a rich ideal of personal growth. While objecting to one-dimensional conceptions of social justice centering on legal equality, the author develops the idea of there being multiple "spheres of justice", including the spheres of "care" and "merit". Each of these spheres, he argues, is subject to historical interpretation. He furthers this view by arguing that the social basis for these different spheres is best understood against the canvas of an ideal of self-fulfillment and individuality. Based on the elaboration of these two sets of premises—a pluralistic conception of social justice and a collective ideal of personal self-fulfillment—the article outlines the basis for and challenges inherent to the practice of interpretive social criticism.

SummaryThis comment reviews the Supreme Court of Canada's May 2008 decision inCanada (Justice) v. Khadr, in which the Court announced an exception to its June 2007 holding inR. v. Hape. Hapeheld, on international legal grounds, that application of theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsto the acts of Canadian officials abroad is "impossible."Khadrheld that this was not so if the acts of Canadian officials abroad amount to participation in a process that violates Canada's international legal obligations. The author welcomes this partial retrenchment of theHapeprinciple, which, it is argued, is ill-founded in international law. However, the author is also critical of the Court's failure to engage directly withHape's many flaws or to justify in any way the seemingly arbitrary exception to it propounded inKhadr. These failures, it is argued, serve only to deepen the legal and logical incoherencies that currently characterize, in the name of respect for Canada's international legal obligations, the rules governing the extraterritorial applicability of theCharter.

India's transformation to modernize its military, obtain "strategic partnerships" with the United States and other nations, and expand its influence in the Indian Ocean and beyond includes a shift from an emphasis on the former Soviet Union as the primary supplier of defense articles to a western base of supply and an increasing emphasis on bilateral exercises and training with many of the global powers. The author explores the nature of this transformation, offers insights into the history of Indian defense relations, and suggests implications to U.S. foreign and defense policy. Much has been written regarding India's relations with its neighbors, especially Pakistan and China. The author adds a new perspective by taking a global view of India's rise as a regional and future global military power through its bilateral defense relations and the potential conflict this creates with India's legacy as a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1350/thumbnail.jpg

В статье автор характеризует особенности российской демократии, указывая на то, что большое влияние на ее формирование и сущность оказывает политическая ментальность российского общества. Политическая ментальность связана с опытом, повседневной жизнью и включает в себя представления о политической реальности; ценностные политические ориентации, носящие как осознанный, так и неосознанный характер; политические установки, стихийную предрасположенность особым образом реагировать на политическую ситуацию. Далее автор отмечает отличительные черты российского политического менталитета. ; In the article the author describes the features of Russian democracy t, specifying that a large influence on its formation and essence is rendered with the political mentality of the Russian society. Political mentality is connected with the experience of everyday life and also includes a picture of political reality; the value of political orientation carrying both realized and non realized character; political directions, spontaneous predispositions in the special image of responding to the political situation. Furthermore, the author marks the distinctive features of Russian political mentality.

Economic considerations, identity related considerations and cueing theory are used for explaining citizens' attitudes towards the European Union. Yet, all of this research has failed to show how elite cues on interests and identities actually reach the citizens. As a consequence, the author argues that domestic mass media as the most widely used source for citizens' information about the European Union has the potential to fill this missing link. Mass media actively construct reality by promoting ideas (agenda-setting and framing) and thereby shaping processes of socialization and persuasion. In this article the author discusses theoretical concepts of how mass media might affect citizens' attitudes, summarizes what we know about the role of domestic mass media in the course of EU integration, derives research desiderates and finally shows why knowledge on the link between mass media and citizens is paramount to understand the future of EU integration.

This article examines the political geography of state building in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. The absence of interstate war has produced a unique situation for contemporary state builders in Africa - they have inherited states with relatively fixed borders encapsulating a variety of environmental and geographic conditions, compounded by varying distributions of population densities. The author examines the effects of a variety of strategies that African rulers have employed to enhance their state-building efforts given the type of national design they inhabit. These strategies include the allocation of citizenship, interventions in land tenure patterns, and the adoption and management of national currencies. The author tests the effects of these strategies on several dimensions of state capacity in sub-Saharan Africa from 1960 to 2004 using a variety of statistical analyses. The results indicate that the strategies currently adopted by african rulers have generally failed to substantially augment their capacity. (World Politics / SWP)

Neoliberal discourses and the assumptions they reproduce have, more successfully than other forms of economic rationality, monopolized the politics of global governance and development in recent years. So often accepted as 'common sense', the constructedness of the neoliberal faith in marketization, flexibilization, deregulation and privatization have frequently been overlooked. Gendering the World Bank refuses to see the world of economic policy-making and development 'common sense' as value neutral. Rethinking the meaning/s, processes and effects of neoliberalism in the contemporary politics of development and global governance, the author focuses on revealing how gender matters in and to the global political economy. Recognising that governance is practiced and studied in a variety of ways and through diverse forms, the author examines the reproduction of tacitly, but crucially, gendered assumptions of economic endeavour, meaning and behaviour, assumptions that are presented as universal and neutral but that are highly ethnocentric, sexed and gendered.

В статье говорится о проблемах судебной экспертизы применительно к залоговому кредитованию в период мирового финансового кризиса. Автор отмечает, что единых рекомендаций, касающихся методик экспертных исследований соответствующих признаков экономических преступлений со стороны заемщика пока еще не принято. В статье также поднимается вопрос, касающийся падения цен на недвижимость в условиях кризиса, возможность необеспеченности кредита по этой причине, что требует проведения дополнительных мер по разработке правового регулирования со стороны государства.The issue is devoted to the legal expertise problems in the field of the mortgage loan in the financial crisis effects. The author indicates the lack of common recommendations in the procedures of the expert researches of the corresponding sings of the economic crimes. The author also rises the problem of the declining the real estate prices in the financial crisis effects, that leads the possibility of the failure of the mortgage security and claims action conducting in working out legal regulation by the Government.

France will probably announce its reintegration into the NATO's military command at the coming NATO summit of Strasbourg-Kehl, 3-4 April 2009. The author analyses the present debate in France on the reintegration of France into NATO's military command. Is it the end of Gaullism and the end of French efforts to build a European defence, as opponents from the left and the right pretend? According to the author, Sarkozy's move is less gaulliste than gaullien: he acts as the General did, taking daring initiatives when he deems them necessary. Far from giving up this objective, building a European defence is at the centre of his initiative. By bringing France back into NATO, Sarkozy wants to woo Britain, who has always been suspicious of French anti-Atlanticist tendencies. Cooperation with Britain, 'the indispensable nation' for European defence, will become easier when France becomes a fully-fledged member of the Alliance.

В работе автор рассматривает проблемы понятия организации прокурорского надзора в стадии возбуждения уголовного дела. Раскрывая тему, автор обращается не только к работам ведущих российских криминалистов и процессуалистов, но и исследует работы филологов, философов, представителей западных школ права. Не останавливаясь на анализе действующего законодательства, автор последовательно прослеживает формирование проблем организации прокурорского надзора в стадии возбуждения уголовного дела, получая и обосновывая промежуточный вывод своего исследования. ; The author considers the problems of organizing procuratorial supervision at the stage of opening a criminal case. Analysing the subject he makes references to the works of not only the leading Russian specialists in criminal law and pre-trial process but also to those of philologists, philosophers, representatives of Western schools of law. Alongside with studying the running legislation, the author an alyses consecutively the problems of organizing procuratorial supervision at the stage of opening a criminal case and grounds the intermediary conclusion of the investigation.