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The article emphasizes that the urgent need today is to create the necessary conditions for meeting the needs of each child, regardless of its capabilities and other factors in realizing its potential, bringing benefits to society, and feeling that it is a full citizen. The author analyzes the main problems concerning the implementation of inclusive education at the present stage, examines the state of the problem's coverage in scientific works and normative-legal documents. The author focuses on a special place in the process of creating a comfortable environment for teaching children with special needs of psycho-diagnostic tools and correctional programs that need to be adapted. The article emphasizes that compliance with a number of requirements can increase the efficiency of the process of inclusive education in a comprehensive educational institution; outlines the main conditions for improving the quality of provision of educational services for children with special needs

The article investigates the political views of one of the most prominent representatives of the so-called second generation of Modern Confucianism, Xu Fuguan. It reveals his unique position within this intellectual movement. Even though all other adherents of Modern Confucianism were focused upon metaphysics and ontology rather than political theory, Xu believed that these lines of thought could not contribute enough to solving the various urgent social and political problems of modern China. In this regard, the present article focuses upon a critical analysis of Xu's critique of the Chinese Communist Party. The author presents and evaluates his critique mainly with regard to his search for a resolution of the problematic and chaotic political and social situation of China during the first half of the 20th century. In conclusion, the author provides a critical evaluation of Xu's social democratic thought and particularly of his attitude towards the Chinese Communist Party.

As frontline workers on the healthcare team, nurses are positioned to witness and identify challenges faced by patients and families, challenges that might otherwise go unnoticed or be under represented. Ideas for innovative solutions to such challenges are sometimes conceived as: "If only someone could make….," or "If I were in charge, I would…," or "We could make this better by …." This article describes one such situation in which the heart-wrenching issue of suboptimal pediatric pain management was tackled with the creation of a timing device for use at home by parents caring for children with postoperative pain. The author begins this article by describing the background and idea for the innovation. Next the implementation of the innovation is presented and the process and choices for the innovator are described. The author concludes that nurses are well positioned to develop solutions to patient and family care problems and have a responsibility to do so.

In this paper, the author has analysed the perspectives of Macedonia's new foreign policy concept regarding its neighbours since the second half of 2017. Therefore, he points to Macedonia's numerous bilateral issues, primarily about its name with neighbouring Greece. The paper also includes a review of otheropen issues with Bulgaria and Albania, which jeopardize its path towards the EU and NATO membership. The signing of two crucial bilateral agreements with Bulgaria (2017) and Greece (2018) has significantly changed its foreign policy position and accelerated the realization of its Euro-Atlantic perspective. Additionally, Macedonia has improved relations with Albania and Kosovo. Although the relations with Serbia have oscillated, they cannot, in general, be labelled as bad. The author concludes that the determination of the new Macedonian political elite to resolve the accumulated bilateral issues with its neighbours is very significant in the broader regional context. It also represents a stimulus for the rest of the Western Balkans.

The aim of this paper is to analyze notions of common good and of the state in late 19th century British social liberalism and their relation to collective action of the citizens. The author shows that British social liberals argued for a type of state that uses top down strategy to encourage collective action in order to transform individuals into a socially responsible groups, i.e. good citizens. The paper focuses on philosophical works of F. H. Bradley, ethics of T. H. Green and political philosophy of B. Bosanquet. analyzing their efforts to reconceptualize ideas of classical liberalism and utilitarian doctrine of the individual, society and the state in light of emerging influence of leftist social movements. The author argues that the works of British social liberals are a foundation of the state and society which will dominate liberalism in the second half of 20th century, i.e. the idea of the welfare state.

Indonesia as a multicultural country, has a diversity consisting cultural, ethnic and language. To observe, Yogyakarta is the one of Indonesian province displayed that diversity. Thus Yogyakarta often called as 'Indonesian miniature', while the diversity can lead to horizontal conflicts in Yogyakarta. IKPMDI-Y established as a communicative forum to reduce horizontal conflicts. Therefore, in this research, the author observe the role of IKPMDI-Y involved in Yogyakarta Government Policies for building spirit of multiculturalism.The author uses quantitative method case study which use descriptive approach and theory as a research tool. While unit analize is IKPMDI-Y organization, and the research scope in Yogyakarta city.The researcher found the IKPMDI-Y involved in Yogyakarta Government Policie which delivering the spirit of multiculturalism. Where IKPMDI-Y is forum which unify the students/ regional organization from various ethnic groups and languages in Yogyakarta. Therfore IKPMDI-Y leads the active role in realizing the spirit of multiculturalism in Yogyakarta city.

In this essay, the author offers an international overview ofmediation developments in the 21st century and identifiescontemporary influences such as artificial intelligence andthird-party funding. With a focus on mediation ofcross-border disputes, the author identifies ten trends ininternational mediation. These include the changing profileof cross-border disputants and corresponding developmentsin international mediation practice and law. The role ofmediators and lawyers is analysed in the context of theprofessionalisation of the field through credentiallinginitiatives and the new specialisation of mediation advocacy.With the growing internationalisation of mediation, there hasbeen greater appreciation of diverse practice models and thecultural assumptions underpinning them. These developmentsare explored along with the increasing and differentiated useof mediation in mixed mode procedures and a considerationof how technology is challenging conventional understandingsof face-to-face mediation. Finally, two topics not traditionallyassociated with mediation, namely apology legislation andthird-party funding, are examined with a view to how theymay influence the future of mediation.

The article presents the analysis of selected aspects of the activity of new parties in ten countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the period from 1991 to 2018. The author focuses primarily on the support that the newcomers garnered in their first elections to the lower chambers of national parliaments. The election results are treated as indicators as to the openness of political markets. Furthermore, the author examines the number and scale of new entities that gained parliamentary representation. ; Celem artykułu była analiza wybranych aspektów aktywności partii nowych na scenach politycznych dziesięciu państw Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej w latach 1991–2018. Autor skupił uwagę przede wszystkim na skali poparcia wyborczego, uzyskiwanego przez partie nowe w wyborach do izby niższej parlamentów, jako jednej z przesłanek decydujących o otwartości rynków politycznych. Analizie poddano także liczbę i wielkość (mierzoną skalą poparcia wyborczego) partii nowych, które uzyskały reprezentację parlamentarną w państwach regionu.

"Ultimacy," it is argued, is not an area that academic studies in theology nor the study of religion can properly investigate; nevertheless, it is also illegitimate to argue therefore that claims to it are simply linguistic power plays. Using an autobiographical methodology, the author explores how their own "imagined" "mystical" experience and scholarly studies may shed light on approaching the study of religious experience, noting particularly work by Rudolf Otto, Robert Sharf, Gregory Shushan, and Ann Taves. Reflections are offered on studying religious experience, approaching ultimacy, and the relationship of theological and religious studies. Moreover, some critical and decolonial perspectives are brought to bear both on the author's own work, academic studies, and contemporary debates around studying what may be termed "mysticism" or religious experience. The author also argues that the autobiographical and reflexive model offered herein may be a useful perspective for scholarship in the study of religion. ; Published version

This literature review seeks to answer the question: What is the role of historical narratives in constructing the post-conflict citizen? The author explores some of the sociopolitical implications of telling a particular narrative as a tool for making sense of the past, the present, and the future, as well as a key element in the subjectification of the post-conflict citizenry. This is, the creation of new subjectivities, roles, expectations, and codes of conduct consistent with the goal of national reconstruction. The author delves into three main areas: 1) the normative post-conflict citizen 2) the different types of historical narratives and their deployment for citizenship formation 3) youth's engagement and responses to historical narratives and civic subjectification. Conclusions point to some of the challenges and opportunities that Colombia –as one of the most recent cases of political transition– might face in relation to historical narratives, post-conflict citizenship, and peacebuilding efforts.

Autorka w artykule poddaje analizie trzy lata rządów lewicowej SYRIZY w Grecji. Omawia podłoże historycznego zwycięstwa partii pod wodzą Aleksisa Tsiprasa w wyborach parlamentarnych w 2015 r. Ponadto analizuje przebieg negocjacji z greckimi wierzycielami dotyczącymi III programu pomocowego. Zwraca też uwagę na konieczność stopniowego odchodzenia od sprzeciwu wobec polityki oszczędności oraz reakcje społeczne na wprowadzane reformy. W końcowej części, autorka pracy wskazuje na bieżące wyzwania rządu greckiego. ; In the paper, the author analyses three years of the rule of the left-wing SYRIZA in Greece. She discusses the basis of the party's historical victory in the parliamentary elections in 2015. In addition, she analyses the course of negotiations with Greek creditors regarding the third economic adjustment programme for Greece. She also points out the necessity of gradual resignation from anti-austerity agenda and social reactions against introduced reforms. In the final part, the author of the paper outlines the current challenges of the Greek government.

Autor omawia przykłady aktualnego stanu kulturalno-literackiej współpracy narodu polskiego i uzbeckiego. Jego zdaniem w dobie globalizacji elity twórcze czują potrzebę stałego dialogu i wzajemnych powiązań różnych państw i całego świata w ogóle, czego przykładem są stosunki między Polską i Uzbekistanem, a przejawem między innymi przekłady literatury. Autor zwraca uwagę, że przekład poezji wymaga od tłumacza dużej wiedzy ogólnej, powinien on także dysponować wiedzą w zakresie ogólnego kontekstu kulturowego. ; The author discusses the examples of the current status of cultural and literary cooperation between the Polish and Uzbek nations. In his opinion, in the period of globalization, creative elites feel a need for a permanent dialogue and mutual links, between different states and on a global scale, as exemplified by Polish-Uzbekistani relations expressed in terms of translations of literature, among other things. The author emphasises that translating poetry calls for the translator's comprehensive general knowledge, encompassing also the awareness of the general cultural context.

Earning the Rockies by Robert Kaplan is a narrative and account of America and its geographical and physical aspects which make it significant in the conduction of its foreign policy and domestic affairs. The book is a result of travels undertaken by the author inside his country and observations made throughout the journey which inspire a perspective from him on what defines America and the American dream. The author has found knowledge and inspiration from certain ideals of his father- Philip Alexander Kaplan who was an ordinary citizen of America but with values that hold the country in high regard. His father was a truck driver and traveled throughout the country exploring the vast terrain and Kaplan too undertook the cross-country journey imbibing the meaning and significance of America's vast land expanse and natural resources and what that means of the people of the country. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3874147

Prior research shows that the effect of partisanship on social expenditure declined over time in Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries. In this article, the author argues that the 2007/2008 recession resulted in the reemergence of partisan policy making in social spending. This was a result of mainstream parties needing to respond to the growing challenge from nonmainstream parties as well as demonstrating that they responded to the economic crisis by offering different policy solutions. Using a panel of 23 OECD countries, the author shows that since the Great Recession, partisan effects on social spending are once again significant. These effects are more likely to be observed where the salience of the Left–Right dimension is higher. In accordance with classic theories of economic policy making, left‐wing governments are more likely to increase social spending when unemployment is higher and right‐wing governments restrain social expenditure when the budget deficit is greater.

In a context of political conflict, the practice of vengeance, the paying back of harm in exchange for harm suffered, is obviously an ethical problem. The practice of forgiveness is equally though differently problematic when applied to political conflict despite the fact that it is a moral ideal. A third approach, the practice of moral accountability, is more ethically justifiable, yet it remains unclear what it is conceptually and what it would involve practically in a particular context. In this essay, the author develops a conceptual framework for moral accountability, grounded in a broader understanding of justice as responsibility to conflictual and unchosen relationships. Drawing on contemporary sources in Christian ethics, as well as insights from anti-racism community organizing, the author argues that practices of moral accountability restructure the pattern of these relationships, such that perpetrators and guilty bystanders are more likely to assume, rather than avoid, responsibility for causing structured racial harm.