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The basis of a methodology determines whether a research method can fit the core characteristics of a particular academic tradition, and thus, it is crucial to explore this foundation. Keeping in mind the controversy and progress of the philosophy of social sciences, this paper aims to elaborate on four aspects including the cognitive model, the view of causality, research methods, and analysis techniques, and to establish a more solid methodological basis for historical political science. With respect to the "upstream knowledge" of methodology, both positivism and critical realism underestimate the tremendous difference between the natural world and the social world. This leads to inherent flaws in controlled comparison and causal mechanism analysis. Given the constructiveness of social categories and the complexity of historical circumstances, the cognitive model of constructivism makes it more suitable for researchers to engage in macro-political and social analysis. From the perspective of constructivism, the causality in "storytelling," i.e., the traditional narrative analysis, is placed as the basis of the regularity theory of causality in this paper, thus forming the historical–causal narrative. The historical–causal narrative focuses on how a research object is shaped and self-shaped in the ontological historical process, and thus ideally suits the disciplinary characteristics of historical political science. Researchers can complete theoretical dialogues, test hypotheses, and further explore the law of causality in logic and evidence, thereby achieving the purpose of "learning from history" in historical political science.

Access to information becomes an important of achieving success in various aspects of life. Thus, it is considered the rights of every citizen without being impeded by physical or mental limitations. This study aims to analyze access to information that supports students with visual impairments (blind) in conducting learning activities at the university. This paper uses an interpretive paradigm, which aims to analyze a social reality and how that reality is formed. This research uses a qualitative type that seeks to understand social or human problems, based on the creation of a complete holistic picture that is formed with words, reports the views of informants in detail, and arranged in a natural setting. This research was conducted at the Social and Political Sciences Faculty of Universitas Airlangga (Unair) Surabaya, engaged 11 informants, three of whom were visually impaired students (blind). The supporting informants were 3 lecturers from the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of Unair who teach visually impaired students, 3 friends of the main informant, 1 university representative, and 1 faculty representative. The study indicated that the assistive technologies have supported learning processes, such as mobile phones, laptops, scanners, and recording devices, were provided independently. The technology was very helpful to obtain information validly and quickly, as well as to understand the contents of the information more easily and assist to share the information with other colleagues.

Abstract: Religion is a force under which we understand the framework of social exclusion or integration across the world. The growing impact of religion on peoples' lives globally has seen a massive resurgence of newly imposed guidelines, rules, and regulations in societies. It has been a great impact on social conditioning, both demographically and psychographically. For an increasing majority of the global population, religion has powerfully anchored forms of identity, meaning, community, and purpose. And the same religion, through cultural roots, has created newer forms of marginalization across the societies and nations. All over the world nowadays people are discussing the problems of marginalized groups -their social, ethnic, economic, and cultural problems. Marginality with all aspects is indeed a major problem to be reckoned with in the world. By and large, most of the marginalized groups constitute minorities religious, ethnic, linguistic, or otherwise- in different countries. There are sub-cultures in mainstream cultures or religions. Invariably they are impoverished people constituting o minority groups. They suffer from economic, social, or political impoverishment and find themselves estranged from this mainstream. Their marginality may vary in degree, extent, or intensity. Most countries and cultures have empowered groups at one pole and impoverished groups at the other and between the two, there are graded levels of power and poverty. This paper discusses the correlation between religion, culture, and the process of marginalization.

While STS scholars generally point out that radioactive waste management (RWM) is a sociotechnical issue, in practice the social and technical aspects are still treated separately. European nuclear regulatory bodies and their technical support organizations (SITEX network) are aware of this issue and are looking for innovative ways to address it. Recently, they created the "Pathways Evolution Process (PEP) Serious Game" dedicated to RWM. With the support of social experts, this foresight game initially aims at challenging RWM strategies and fostering interactions with civil society (SITEX project, 2021). Concretely, PEP Serious Game creates and imposes shared wicked problems that participants must solve together within a specific timeframe. Based on document analysis, semi-structured interviews, participatory observations and ethnographic fieldnotes, this presentation compares two recent national experiences of the Pep Serious Game applied to RWM in France (2019) and Belgium (2021). Both participatory exercises were designed to target young participants with multidisciplinary background and were jointly organized by technical and social experts, with the support of French and Belgian nuclear regulatory bodies and their technical support organizations. Our results highlight how this tool creates, perpetuates or temporarily challenges relationships between technical and social experts (from universities and relevant public administrations) and stakeholders of the future generation. A central question we ask is: what if playing seriously was a way to collectively challenge nuclear waste policies? ; Peer reviewed

The purpose of this paper is to develop an ontological reading of the ethical and epistemic phenomenon that Miranda Fricker (2017) describes as testimonial injustice. In order to do this, we will resort to the ideas put forward by Ian Hacking (2001, 2002, 2006) concerning the relations between social classifications and social kinds. On the one hand, we will deal with the processes that Hacking terms "making up people", namely, processes in which the articulation of certain classifications make possible to existence of certain types of people. We will argue that episodes of testimonial injustice, that express the effects of stereotypical classifications, can be construed as part of the social processes of making up people because those episodes contribute to fabricate the epistemic attributes, such as credibility, of certain types or kinds of people. On the other hand, in order to conceptualize the ontological setting under which the phenomenon of testimonial injustice becomes recognizable and reproachable, we will draw on Hacking's idea of "interactive kinds". We contend that the concept of "interactive kinds" underlines the fundamentally unstable nature of human kinds and that emphasizing this dynamic aspect can illuminate the social conditions that make testimonial injustice ethically blameworthy. In this sense, we will argue that testimonial injustice can become the object of a normative point of view only insofar as the kinds whose existence is made possible by stereotypical classification are already undergoing a process of change.

ObjectiveTo identify situations and behaviors occurring during contact visits that are likely to have an impact on a foster child's well‐being.BackgroundIt has been argued that contact visits between foster children and birth parents can help to maintain attachment bonds and support the child's development. However, contact continues to be a subject of controversy, and evidence of both benefits and drawbacks has been reported in the literature. Few studies have examined what actually occurs during such visits, how parents and children interact, and what role is played by those involved.MethodWe conducted an in‐depth qualitative observational analysis of the behavior of participants in contact visits (birth parent, child, and social worker), as well as of the characteristics of the venue. Participants were 20 children in nonkinship foster care and their birth parents. Information regarding the characteristics of visits was provided by the child protection services and the fostering agencies involved.ResultsThe analysis revealed a large number of positive behaviors among parents, children, and social workers, but also the need for improvement in several areas (e.g., family relationships, social/communication skills, and presents).ConclusionsThis study highlights the need to improve contact visits by developing intervention strategies targeting all those involved. Notably, the support and supervision provided by social workers was not always adequate.ImplicationsThe results of this study could be used to develop an instrument for assessing the quality of contact visits and identifying aspects that need to be improved.

As the world has become dependent on digital solutions for development in social, economic and political contexts, countries are categorised regarding the level of digitalisation. In this regard, Internet is an essential element, where digital solutions are reliant on connecting citizens. In Myanmar the transition towards digitalisation has occurred only in recent years. The country has seen a huge change from being one of the least digitalised countries before 2010, to becoming one of the most digitalised developing countries today (Calderaro, 2016; Telenor, 2018). The digital development has contributed to many opportunities, but also several challenges and risks. Internet and social media can contribute to business opportunities, where especially women are becoming more social and economic empowered, but it has also resulted in the spreading of hate speech. In economic terms, Internet access has contributed to economic growth, increased trade and digital financial solutions, but the lack of cyber capabilities and regulations restrict the effectiveness of these improvements. Statistically, Internet access demonstrates a digital progress in Myanmar, with number of Internet users and mobile phone owners continuously rising. Nonetheless, digital divides provide a huge challenge in ensuring universal and affordable access to Internet, where gender, demography and skills are relevant elements. This thesis will discuss how social, economic and political aspects are affected by increased access to Internet in Myanmar, and assess the current situation of Internet, both in relation to the sociotechnical transitions approach. ; submittedVersion ; M-DS

Este artículo desarrolla algunos aspectos elementales del concepto de Estado como relación social de Nicos Poulantzas (Atenas, 1936 – París, 1979) bajo la premisa de que esta conceptualización está íntimamente vinculada con una reflexión acerca de la democracia, a la luz de ciertos eventos políticos de los años setenta. Se propone aquí un recorrido teórico e histórico a la vez, en el que la perspectiva de Poulantzas es puesta a dialogar con las posturas de dos pensadores contemporáneos, Louis Althusser y Michel Foucault, a propósito del lugar del Estado en las transformaciones sociales y su relación con las luchas populares. Asimismo, se sugieren ciertas claves de lectura para revitalizar la teoría poulantziana en nuestro propio contexto histórico. ; This article develops some elementary aspects of Nicos Poulantzas's (Athens, 1936 – Paris, 1979) concept of state as a social relation under the premise that this conceptualization is intimately linked with a reflection on democracy, in light of certain political events of the seventies. A theoretical and historical route is proposed here, in which the perspective of Poulantzas is put in dialogue with the positions of two contemporary thinkers, Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault, on the place of the state in the social transformations and its relation with the popular struggles. Furthermore, some keys are suggested to revitalize the poulantzian theory in our own historical context. ; Fil: Gorriti, Jacinta. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

This article discusses the impact of participatory photography as a tool for community development. In recent decades, participatory arts and media initiatives are increasingly agency rather than community led; their value assessed using linear evaluative models and framed in terms of short term, measurable, results. It is argued that these tendencies impede the potential critical contribution of participatory photography to social change processes and fail to capture important aspects of the psychosocial, political and subjective impact of projects. As a result projects struggle to prove their worth: the evidence base is weak and learning about the social reality of practice is hindered. This article presents research on Los Talleres de Fotografia Social (TAFOS), a pioneering Peruvian community photography project, which demonstrates the enduring long-term impact that community led participatory photography projects can have on the critical consciousness of participants. Participatory photography is understood as an emergent process whose effects cannot be planned or predetermined but that rather needs to be understood in context, over time and from the subjective perspectives of participants. Discussing both the potential and the limitations of participatory photography, its uncertain contribution and the value of its open-ended effects within processes of nurtured emergent community development, this research contributes to literature pushing for a re-configuration in how we understand, capture and attribute the impact of participatory photography, and participatory arts and media more broadly, as a tools for social change.

Alors qu'un nombre croissant d'études s'intéressent à l'agriculture urbaine, l'élevage urbain de porcs reste méconnu. Pourtant, il est présent dans de nom¬breuses villes du Sud et procure un revenu à de nombreuses familles. Cette étude visait à dépasser les analyses centrées sur des aspects techniques de ce type d'élevage pour s'intéresser plus largement au cadre social et spatial dans lequel des éleveurs élèvent des porcs en ville. Elle reposait sur une démarche empirique qui a permis de saisir les conditions du développement et du main¬tien de l'élevage de porcs dans la deuxième ville du Burkina Faso, Bobo-Diou¬lasso. Dans cet article, il est question des pratiques des éleveurs à petit effectif, et plus particulièrement du rôle que jouent les arrangements entre acteurs dans la mobilisation des ressources à la fois techniques et sociales qui sont néces¬saires à la conduite et au maintien de ce type d'élevage. Les résultats soulignent que les éleveurs de porcs ont une logique de mobilité réduite : les arrangements qu'ils développent avec d'autres acteurs se basent sur une mise en invisibilité de l'élevage à la fois politique, spatiale et sociale, et les liens qu'ils développent pour accéder à des ressources externes sont ancrés dans le temps et dans un voisinage proche. L'environnement social et spatial au sein duquel ils évoluent est central pour la conduite quotidienne des élevages autant que pour leur pérennité à court et moyen terme.

This research was conducted to describe and analyze the ideology and the structure of the text of advertising discourse in Tempo magazine which is in tone with Van Dijk's theory in the form of three structures (1) macro analysis, (2) superstructure, and (3) microanalysis. In this study, the analysis model used was the Van Dijk model. There are three dimensions in the discourse described by Van Dijk namely, text, social cognition, and social context. Critical discourse analysis of Van Dijk's model is not merely analyzing the text but also looking at the social structure existing in society. The ideology in the text of the advertising discourse in Tempo magazine is as follows: first, the ideology built-in messages delivery to the text of the Tempo magazine advertisement discourse; secondly, the explanation in the text is more accurate and detailed in the schematic section considered influential, third, the ideology of the text of the advertising discourse in Tempo magazine is a part of element of syntax, semantic, and rhetorical. Ideology in the text of the advertising discourse in Tempo magazine is very dependent and influential in the social, political, economic, and other contexts. In this study, there are study aspects that can be relevant to the study of discourse analysis in higher education, namely a model for analyzing texts based on the CDA approach. The results of this study can be used as references to analyze written texts and in linguistic analysis.

This research was conducted to describe and analyze the ideology and the structure of the text of advertising discourse in Tempo magazine which is in tone with Van Dijk's theory in the form of three structures (1) macro analysis, (2) superstructure, and (3) microanalysis. In this study, the analysis model used was the Van Dijk model. There are three dimensions in the discourse described by Van Dijk namely, text, social cognition, and social context. Critical discourse analysis of Van Dijk's model is not merely analyzing the text but also looking at the social structure existing in society. The ideology in the text of the advertising discourse in Tempo magazine is as follows: first, the ideology built-in messages delivery to the text of the Tempo magazine advertisement discourse; secondly, the explanation in the text is more accurate and detailed in the schematic section considered influential, third, the ideology of the text of the advertising discourse in Tempo magazine is a part of element of syntax, semantic, and rhetorical. Ideology in the text of the advertising discourse in Tempo magazine is very dependent and influential in the social, political, economic, and other contexts. In this study, there are study aspects that can be relevant to the study of discourse analysis in higher education, namely a model for analyzing texts based on the CDA approach. The results of this study can be used as references to analyze written texts and in linguistic analysis.

This research was conducted to describe and analyze the ideology and the structure of the text of advertising discourse in Tempo magazine which is in tone with Van Dijk's theory in the form of three structures (1) macro analysis, (2) superstructure, and (3) microanalysis. In this study, the analysis model used was the Van Dijk model. There are three dimensions in the discourse described by Van Dijk namely, text, social cognition, and social context. Critical discourse analysis of Van Dijk's model is not merely analyzing the text but also looking at the social structure existing in society. The ideology in the text of the advertising discourse in Tempo magazine is as follows: first, the ideology built-in messages delivery to the text of the Tempo magazine advertisement discourse; secondly, the explanation in the text is more accurate and detailed in the schematic section considered influential, third, the ideology of the text of the advertising discourse in Tempo magazine is a part of element of syntax, semantic, and rhetorical. Ideology in the text of the advertising discourse in Tempo magazine is very dependent and influential in the social, political, economic, and other contexts. In this study, there are study aspects that can be relevant to the study of discourse analysis in higher education, namely a model for analyzing texts based on the CDA approach. The results of this study can be used as references to analyze written texts and in linguistic analysis.

The paper examines the phenomena of «inscription» and «readiness-to-hand» in the «lifeworld». The author uses the basic definition of the «lifeworld» as the world of the natural attitude of consciousness, the cumulative characteristic of the individual's being. The material of the research is the lifeworld of military service. Three social levels of military communication are identified and linked with background practices. The process of the phenomenological designing of the intersubjective lifeworld of military service, emanating from the three basic definitions of the lifeworld, is described. It is possible to perceive new aspects of the culture of military service in the context of intersubjectivity as the most important conceptual innovation of social phenomenology. The concept of intentionality is considered in relation to the concept of intersubjectivity. The communicative-semantic approach to the analysis of the social world within the framework of social phenomenology is presented. Special attention is paid to characteristic features of objectivity and intentionality. The designing of the lifeworld of military service is performed with three main factors, such as consistency, a stable chain of basic values, and diachronic-synchronous maintenance of basic values, being considered. The values employed to sustain the integral structure of the lifeworld of military service have been determined. The connection between the phenomenon «culture of military service» and culture and profession is analyzed.

The paper aims to discuss some aspects of the recreational policy of Manchester authorities in the Victorian period as an integrating instrument for the city's diasporas. Throughout the period, industrialisation and urban growth continued to attract to the city migrants from different parts of the United Kingdom as well as overseas. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Irish, Germans, Armenians, Italians, Polish, Russian and German Jews settled in different parts of Manchester, often forming isolated communities. This uprooted, ethnically, religiously, politically and socially diversified population lacked cohesion and a sense of community which contributed to the city's mounting social problems. Therefore, the municipal authorities and enlightened members of the city bourgeoisie sought ways to integrate this diversified populace by instilling in them a sense of community. They envisaged leisure and recreation as a sphere in which the English middle-class cultural model based on certain moral and social principles could be extended to the lower social classes and minority groups. In order to achieve this aim different kinds of leisure activities were actively promoted and cultural and recreational facilities were established. Particularly important among those were free public amenities, such as public libraries and parks where different social and ethnic groups could come in contact. Thus in Victorian Manchester leisure and recreation apart from having entertaining and recuperative powers also played an important role in building a sense of belonging to the place and cohesive hierarchical community.