Suchergebnisse

В статье представлена российская политико-правовая действительность, традиции, связанные с формированием правовой грамотности, правосознания граждан. Потребность современной практики ориентирует нас на качественно иное решение вопросов формирования правового менталитета - системный, сбалансированный подход, учитывающий интересы как общества, так и граждан и устранение тех противоречий, которые могут препятствовать этому. Одна из ярко выраженных тенденций в продвижении и развитии правового менталитета россиян - возвращение значимости и позитивного смысла понятия «пропаганда правовых знаний», которое прежде было нарицательным. ; The paper submitted by the Russian political and legal validity of the traditions associated with the formation of legal awareness, legal awareness of citizens. The need for modern practice orients us to a qualitatively different form of legal issues mentality system, a balanced approach that takes into account the interests of both society and individuals and eliminate the contradictions that may hinder this. One of the clear trends in the promotion and development of the legal mentality of Russians the return value and positive meaning of the concept of «propaganda legal knowledge», which previously was a household word.

Turkey has been receiving foreign law into her legal system for more than a cent. The modern trend toward codification began in 1839 with the promulgation of the Tangimat which set off the enactment of a number of codes between 1839 & 1881. Turkish private law, excepting commercial law, was based principally on Islamic religious principles until 1926 & the adoption of the Swiss Civil Code. The soc structure of Turkey was opposed to this Code based on Romano-Germanic & Christian traditions. A number of difficulties with the Code & its implementation ensued: ambiguities in terminology, mergers of subsections of the Code, unnecessary additions, conflicts between the customs & habits of the people of Turkey & the provisions of the Code concerning marriage form & age, divorce, inheritance, & the transfer of land. There have been no great difficulties in the sphere of contracts. B. J. Keeley.

The business world tends to establish a set of uniform norms for international trade. It works on forms of contracting that produce local and international benefits for commercialization (products, goods, and services); this has been understood by commerce and the law. Nonetheless, there are many obstacles (fiscal, taxes, legal protection of some contractual practices, and limiting clauses, among others) and it is sought for these to disappear, especially those that imply exaggerated protection of national commerce. The States seek mechanisms that help them regulate their relations among the different players and treaties are the main source from which emerge mandates that affect national and world economies, facilitating the creation of companies to explore new market places. It is thus that in the trade treaties or agreements, the objective is for trade to flow freely and for the nations to benefit from commercial exchange. In the private laws of the different nations, there are legal institutions that due to their national protection hinder their application at the international level, as is the case of the commercial agency, a controversial contract since its beginnings, recognizing that it has been an alternative for doing business in Colombia. This article critically analyzes the legal framework of the contract of commercial agency versus the integrationist objectives in free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations that tend to seek flexibility in this contractual form, according to the conditions imposed by the United States of modifying some contract benefits in the Colombian legislation. The aforementioned leads to ponder if with the modifications the Colombian State agreed to, within the framework of the Free Trade Agreement negotiations, the figure of this contract will continue being attractive, as a way of creating commercial representation companies in Colombia. ; En el mundo de los negocios se propende por establecer un conjunto de normas uniforme del comercio internacional. Se trabaja en formas de contratación que produzcan beneficios para la comercialización (productos, bienes y servicios) local e internacionalmente; esto lo ha entendido el comercio y el derecho. No obstante, son muchos los obstáculos (fiscales, arancelarios, protección jurídica de algunas formas contractuales, cláusulas limitativas entre otros) y se propone que desaparezcan, especialmente, aquellos que impliquen una protección exagerada del comercio nacional. Los estados buscan mecanismos que ayuden a regular las relaciones entre los diferentes actores y son los tratados la principal fuente de la cual emanan directrices que repercuten en la economía nacional y mundial, facilitando la creación de empresas para explorar nuevas plazas de mercado.Es así que, en los acuerdos o tratados comerciales, el objetivo es que el comercio pueda fluir libremente y los países se beneficien de los intercambios comerciales. En el derecho privado de los diferentes países existen instituciones jurídicas que por su protección nacional hacen difícil su aplicación a nivel internacional, como es el caso de la agencia comercial, contrato controversial desde sus inicios, sin desconocer que ha sido una alternativa de hacer empresa en Colombia.En este artículo se analiza críticamente el marco jurídico del contrato de agencia comercial frente a los objetivos integracionistas en negociaciones de tratados de libre comercio que propenden por flexibilizar esta forma contractual, acorde con las condicionesimpuestas por Estados Unidos de modificar en la legislación colombiana algunas prestaciones del contrato. Lo anterior conlleva a plantear que si con las modificaciones a las que se comprometió el Estado Colombiano, en el marco de las negociaciones del TLC, la figura de este contrato continuará siendo atractiva, como una manera de conformar empresas de representación comercial en Colombia.

The Austrian Civil Code (ABGB), which was in force in the districts of the courts based in Lvov and Krakow in the Interwar period, stipulated the principle of freedom of testing by the testator. That freedom, however, could harm the inheritance rights of the persons who were the nearest to the testator. The institution protecting the rights of these persons was the legitimate share which they were entitled to as heirs-at-law. The basis to assess the height of the legitim was the size of inheritance. However, while estimating thelegitimate share, donations which the heirs-at-law (persons entitled to the legitim), heirs and legatees had received from testators were taken into consideration as well. The ABGB provided that in the case where the legitim which the heirs-at-law were entitled to was depleted (not at full height) they could demand completion of it. Questions concerning which donations were taken into account and which were not while estimating the height of the legitim due to different practices in this respect were the subject of many courts' adjudgments. The jurisprudence in this sphere was not uniform. It stipulated compensation of the depleted legitimate share both in kind (in the form of proportional part of the donation) and as a financial benefit, with time evolving towards the latter to a greater and greater extent.

Toward a Sustainable Water Future: Visions for 2050 showcases the opinions of more than 50 experts who draw an optimistic picture of environmental and water resource conditions and issues midway through the 21st century. These authorities—distinguished professionals in environmental and water resources engineering, ecology, economics, and law—describe the pathways that could transform today's visions into future reality. Each chapter addresses a specific issue in water resources planning and policy, education, or science and technology and identifies the steps to shape a future of water security and sustainability. This collection of essays challenges readers to consider how society can manage natural and cultural resources to benefit present and future generations. It will be of particular interest to students, educators and practitioners in water resource engineering, as well as planners, environmental managers, and government officials at all levels. ; https://digitalcommons.law.uidaho.edu/facw_bkcntri/1071/thumbnail.jpg

SECTION 1: THE FORENSIC EXAMINER Chapter 1 Forensic Science W. Jerry Chisum and Brent E. Turvey Chapter 2 A History of Crime Reconstruction W. Jerry Chisum and Brent E. Turvey Chapter 3 Crime Reconstruction: Ethos and Ethics John I. Thornton Chapter 4 Observer Effects and Examiner Bias: Psychological Influences on the Forensic Examiner Craig Cooley and Brent E. Turvey Chapter 5 Practice Standards for the Reconstruction of Crime W. Jerry Chisum and Brent E. Turvey SECTION 2: THE CRIME SCENE Chapter 6 Evidence Dynamics W. Jerry Chisum and Brent E. Turvey Chapter 7 Crime Scene Investigation W. Jerry Chisum, Brent E. Turvey, and Jodi Freeman Chapter 8 Methods of Crime Reconstruction W. Jerry Chisum and Brent E. Turvey Chapter 9 Staged Crime Scenes Brent E. Turvey and W. Jerry Chisum SECTION 3: THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Chapter 10 Trace Evidence in Crime Reconstruction Meagan B. Gallagher and John I. Thornton Chapter 11 Wound Pattern Analysis Brent E. Turvey Chapter 12 Reconstruction Using Bloodstain Evidence W. Jerry Chisum Chapter 13 Shooting Incident Reconstruction, Part I Bruce R. Moran Chapter 14 Shooting Incident Reconstruction, Part II Bruce R. Moran Chapter 15 Fire Scene Reconstruction John D. DeHaan Chapter 16 Sexual Assault: Issues in Evidence Examination and Interpretation Brent E. Turvey and Charla Jamerson Chapter 17 Reconstructing Digital Evidence Eoghan Casey SECTION 4: THE COURTROOM Chapter 18 Crime Reconstruction: Expert Testimony and the Law Craig M. Cooley Chapter 19 Forensic Examination Reports W. Jerry Chisum, Brent E. Turvey and Jodi Freeman Chapter 20 Reconstruction Court Presentation and Testimony W. Jerry Chisum and Brent E. Turvey, and Jodi Freeman Appendix I: Crime Reconstruction Report -- Sharp Force Homicide -- Brent E. Turvey Appendix II: Bloodstain Pattern Case Study -- W. Jerry Chisum Appendix III: Staged Crime Scene Analysis -- Brent E. Turvey

TREATY ON THE EXECUTION OF PENAL SENTENCES--Federal Court is not Precluded from Using Mexican Conviction as Evidence of Prior Conduct in Enhancing Subsequent Sentence, United States v. Fleishman, 684 F.2d1329 (9th Cir. 1982). The instant decision examines for the first time two significant issues surrounding the repatriation of United States prisoners from Mexico under TEPS: the legality of prisoner challenges to the collateral effects of a Mexican conviction and the use of a Mexican conviction to enhance a subsequent sentence. By refusing to extend the Rosado holding to preclude "collateral effects" challenges, the instant court wisely recognized the importance of preserving prisoner access to the United States federal courts, at least in the absence of the compelling diplomatic and humanitarian considerations confronting the Rosado court. ================== DEPORTATION--Aliens in Deportation Proceedings have Liberty or Property Right to Seek Political Asylum which is protected by Due Process, Haitian Refugee Center v. Smith, 676 F.2d 1023 (5th Cir. 1982) Over time, the balance between the Government's power to regulate the entry of aliens and the due process rights accorded those aliens has increasingly shifted in favor of due process. Historically, Congress sought to protect alien rights under United States immigration law through the passage of the INA, the adoption of the Protocol, and most recently with the incorporation of the 1980 Refugee Act into the INA. Despite these indications from Congress, however, the INS and its regulations have lagged behind the legislature in the recognition of these increased due process rights, and this divergence has caused inconsistencies between the two government branches. The courts thus have been forced to decide which of the conflicting laws or regulations apply and the extent to which they create due process rights.

602Human rights — Access to justice — External confiscation order — Confiscation order of US court issued against appellant resident in England — Right of appeal against order — Fugitive disentitlement doctrine — Denial by US Court of Appeals of right of appeal to terms of order under fugitive disentitlement doctrine — Enforcement of external confiscation order in England — Criminal Justice Act 1988, Section 97 — Whether enforcement of order contrary to interests of justice — Whether operation of fugitive disentitlement doctrine by Convention State would constitute a violation of Article 6 of the Convention — Territorial limitations — Whether Article 6 of Convention capable of being directly or indirectly engaged in respect of a non-contracting State — Exceptional nature of circumstances required for indirect engagement of Article 6 rights — Whether giving effect to provisions of external confiscation order by enforcement in English court a breach of Article 6 of the Convention — The law of England

The process of constitutional appeals in nine countries in Eastern Europe is reviewed in order to fill the gaps in specific legal-constitutional analysis in this area. The regulations covering appeals consider prerequisite conditions, timing, presentation, relevant entities involved, & sentencing. Problems with a declaration of unconstitutionality for the law under which the original charges were brought are discussed. M. Pflum

В целях анализа опыта противодействия служебным (должностным) подлогам за рубежом в статье рассмотрены нормы уголовных законов Австрии, Азербайджана, Бельгии, Испании, Латвии, Белоруссии, Узбекистана, ФРГ. Не всегда субъектами этих преступлений признаются только должностные лица, а, например, лица, наделенные специальными правомочиями, как в государственной, так и в экономической сфере. В статье предпринята попытка на основе изучения положений зарубежного права сформулировать предложения отечественному законодателю в целях повышения эффективности противодействия служебным подлогам. ; Forgery by an official provided for in clause 292 of the Penal code of RF is a corruption-related crime. However measures of criminally legal counteraction to office forgeries significantly differ from the Russian legislation in acts of the international and foreign law. The article states an attempt to formulate offers to the domestic legislator for efficiency increase of the clause 292 of the Penal code of RF in counteraction to office forgeries on the basis of studying of provisions of the international and foreign law. Criminal law measures of some countries (like Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Spain, Latvia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Germany) in the forgery sphere differ significantly from the Russian legislation. For example, if the forgery committed socially dangerous authorized entities recognized in many foreign mills, in most advanced economies conduct relating to fraud are covered, as a rule, standards regarding the responsibility for the various types of fraud. The article attempts to explore the basis of the provisions of the foreign law to formulate proposals to the domestic legislator in order to improve the effectiveness of countering forgery.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Constitutionalism Beyond the State -- 2.1 Supranationality as a Womb of Post-Westphalian Deconstructions -- 2.2 The Complex Story of EU Constitutionalization -- 2.3 The Democratic Arrangement of the Internal Functioning of the EU -- 2.4 Coven of Lawyers and Its Child-Emancipated and Dominant EU Law -- 2.4.1 New Legal System Shaped by Judges and Lawyers -- 2.4.2 Autonomous Legal System -- 2.4.3 Dominant Legal System -- 2.4.3.1 The Cohabitation of Colliding Legal Worlds-The Principle of Primacy of the European Union Law -- 2.4.3.2 Indirect Dominance of Supranational Rules. An EU-Consistent Interpretation of National Law -- 2.4.3.3 The Price for the Non-conformity-State Liability for Damages Caused by Breaches of EU Law -- 2.5 'Cerberus' Guarding the Fundamental Rights -- 2.5.1 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union-Internal Pillar -- 2.5.2 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms-External Pillar -- 2.5.3 Unwritten General Principles-Eternal Pillar -- 2.5.4 Autopoietic Role of Fundamental Rights -- References -- 3 Shared Entitlement to Legitimate Violence in the EU and Its Theoretical Outcomes -- 3.1 Heterarchy of Sovereigns -- 3.2 The Area of Darkness? -- 3.3 Sovereignty Still Matters, but It Is not the Same -- References -- 4 Sovereignty Vis-á-Vis Moloch of European Integration -- 4.1 Two Perspectives on the Meaning of State Sovereignty -- 4.1.1 Static Perception -- 4.1.2 Dynamic Approach -- 4.1.3 Reshaped but Still Present-Preserving Sovereignty in the Ideal World of Concepts -- References -- 5 Practical Sovereignty in a Real World-Relationship Between EU Law and National Law (The Czech Perspective) -- 5.1 Constitutional Limits of Normative Influence of EU Law -- 5.2 Constitutional Limits to the Indirect Effect of EU Law.

The purpose of an entrepreneurship is to build and scale a sustainable business model through an enterprise. The lack of tangible and intangible resources is often at this very early stage. According to previous studies, new ventures could overcome the lack of resources -key to their success- forming relationships with partners (networking) through open innovation (OI) processes. However, the structure of each network affects their own processes and outcomes; the innovation processes and the network structure mutually shape each other. Opening up the innovation process implies the involvement of startups in relationships with different typologies of actors: Incubators, Large corporations, Higher education institutions, among others. Understanding the role, relation, position and power of each actor in the ecosystem allow us identify its network position which is critical for resource access. In order to determine the level of ecosystem maturity and its interactions is necessarily to analyze the entrepreneurship context. According to the Ecuadorian Entrepreneurship Profile (GEM, 2019) Ecuador has a strong position related to physical infrastructure, cultural and social norms and entrepreneurial education at post-school stage comparing with the media of the World. However, indicators like entrepreneurial finances, taxes and bureaucracy, government support, R&D transfer and entrepreneurship programs are quite far from the global average. Utilizing the newly publish Ecuadorian Organic Law for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (Official Registry No. 151, 2020) which aims to provide a normative framework that encourages the entrepreneurship, innovation and technological development this article analyzes startup's network centrality elements focusing on: Main actors and the nature of these relations; Institutions which hold the central position in the network; Partnerships and networks to support innovation processes and outcomes;Financial mechanisms to support entrepreneurship and innovation; and, Education to carry out partnerships.As a consecuence, the main actor determined by law is CONEIN as a ruling body and the Entrepreneurship Advisory Council. The presence of individual entrepreneurs is scarce. Although, CONEIN holds the central position in the network, in that aspect is a vast opportunity for Entrepreneurship Advisory Council to boost participation among private sector members and be a higher influence in the public policy making. By law, partnerships and networks to support innovation processes and outcomes are not clear, but entrepreneurs acquire greater centrality in the ecosystem than before, which could privilege their access to resources and knowledge especially from Higher education institutions. Financial mechanisms to support entrepreneurship and innovation are established, but will be necessary to allocate budget for this instrument, as well as for the entrepreneurship national strategy. The private investment is mentioned, nevertheless deep legal reforms are demanded in order to incentive its presence. Education regulation is incorporated in the law to carry out entrepreneurship and innovation. In the hereafter, will be necessary to incorporate partnership and financial education programs.The conception of adequate articulated programs for entrepreneurship, management, research and development, transfer, R&D funding, networking and human capital strengthen could favor open innovation. However, other instruments are necessary in terms of information release, taxability, bureaucracy, labor and direct investment that allows open innovation appear. The purpose of the Government is key to ensure governance, rule of law, and accountability of itself and entrepreneurship actors to ensure stability and economic prosperity. KEY WORDS: Entrepreneurship, open innovation, networking, networking structures, performance, rule of law. JEL CODE: K, L25, L 26 ; ABSTRACTThe purpose of an entrepreneurship is to build and scale a sustainable business model through an enterprise. The lack of tangible and intangible resources is often at this very early stage. According to previous studies, new ventures could overcome the lack of resources -key to their success- forming relationships with partners (networking) through open innovation (OI) processes. However, the structure of each network affects their own processes and outcomes; the innovation processes and the network structure mutually shape each other. Opening up the innovation process implies the involvement of startups in relationships with different typologies of actors: Incubators, Large corporations, Higher education institutions, among others. Understanding the role, relation, position and power of each actor in the ecosystem allow us identify its network position which is critical for resource access. In order to determine the level of ecosystem maturity and its interactions is necessarily to analyze the entrepreneurship context. According to the Ecuadorian Entrepreneurship Profile (GEM, 2019) Ecuador has a strong position related to physical infrastructure, cultural and social norms and entrepreneurial education at post-school stage comparing with the media of the World. However, indicators like entrepreneurial finances, taxes and bureaucracy, government support, R&D transfer and entrepreneurship programs are quite far from the global average. Utilizing the newly publish Ecuadorian Organic Law for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (Official Registry No. 151, 2020) which aims to provide a normative framework that encourages the entrepreneurship, innovation and technological development this article analyzes startup's network centrality elements focusing on: Main actors and the nature of these relations; Institutions which hold the central position in the network; Partnerships and networks to support innovation processes and outcomes;Financial mechanisms to support entrepreneurship and innovation; and, Education to carry out partnerships.As a consecuence, the main actor determined by law is CONEIN as a ruling body and the Entrepreneurship Advisory Council. The presence of individual entrepreneurs is scarce. Although, CONEIN holds the central position in the network, in that aspect is a vast opportunity for Entrepreneurship Advisory Council to boost participation among private sector members and be a higher influence in the public policy making. By law, partnerships and networks to support innovation processes and outcomes are not clear, but entrepreneurs acquire greater centrality in the ecosystem than before, which could privilege their access to resources and knowledge especially from Higher education institutions. Financial mechanisms to support entrepreneurship and innovation are established, but will be necessary to allocate budget for this instrument, as well as for the entrepreneurship national strategy. The private investment is mentioned, nevertheless deep legal reforms are demanded in order to incentive its presence. Education regulation is incorporated in the law to carry out entrepreneurship and innovation. In the hereafter, will be necessary to incorporate partnership and financial education programs.The conception of adequate articulated programs for entrepreneurship, management, research and development, transfer, R&D funding, networking and human capital strengthen could favor open innovation. However, other instruments are necessary in terms of information release, taxability, bureaucracy, labor and direct investment that allows open innovation appear. The purpose of the Government is key to ensure governance, rule of law, and accountability of itself and entrepreneurship actors to ensure stability and economic prosperity. KEY WORDS: Entrepreneurship, open innovation, networking, networking structures, performance, rule of law. RESUMEN:El propósito de un espíritu empresarial es construir y escalar un modelo de negocio sostenible a través de una empresa. La falta de recursos tangibles e intangibles se encuentran a menudo en esta etapa muy temprana. Según estudios previos, los nuevos emprendimientos podrían superar la falta de recursos, clave para su éxito, formando relaciones con socios (networking) a través de procesos de innovación abierta (OI). Sin embargo, la estructura de cada red afecta sus propios procesos y resultados; los procesos de innovación y la estructura de la red se moldean mutuamente. Abrir el proceso de innovación implica involucrar a las startups en relaciones con diferentes tipologías de actores: Incubadoras, Grandes corporaciones, Instituciones de educación superior, entre otros. Comprender el papel, la relación, la posición y el poder de cada actor en el ecosistema nos permite identificar la posición de su red que es fundamental para el acceso a los recursos.Para determinar el nivel de madurez del ecosistema y sus interacciones es necesario analizar el contexto del emprendimiento. Según el Perfil de Emprendimiento Ecuatoriano (GEM, 2019) Ecuador tiene una posición fuerte relacionada con la infraestructura física, las normas culturales y sociales y la educación emprendedora en la etapa post-escolar en comparación con los medios del mundo. Sin embargo, indicadores como las finanzas empresariales, los impuestos y la burocracia, el apoyo gubernamental, la transferencia de I + D y los programas de iniciativa empresarial están bastante lejos del promedio mundial.Utilizando la recién publicada Ley Orgánica de Emprendimiento e Innovación (Registro Oficial No. 151, 2020) que tiene como objetivo proporcionar un marco normativo que fomente el emprendimiento, la innovación y el desarrollo tecnológico, este artículo analiza los elementos de centralidad de la red de startups enfocándose en:Principales actores y naturaleza de estas relaciones;Instituciones que ocupan una posición central en la red;Alianzas y redes para apoyar los procesos y resultados de innovación;Mecanismos financieros para apoyar el espíritu empresarial y la innovación; y, educación para realizar alianzasEn consecuencia, el actor principal que determina la ley es el CONEIN como órgano rector y el Consejo Asesor de Emprendimiento. La presencia de empresarios individuales es escasa. Si bien el CONEIN ocupa la posición central en la red, se presenta una gran oportunidad para que el Consejo Asesor de Emprendimiento impulse la participación de los miembros del sector privado y tenga una mayor influencia en la formulación de políticas públicas. Por ley, las alianzas y redes para apoyar procesos y resultados de innovación no son claras, pero los emprendedores adquieren una mayor centralidad en el ecosistema que antes, lo que podría privilegiar su acceso a recursos y conocimientos, especialmente de las instituciones de educación superior.Se establecen mecanismos financieros de apoyo al emprendimiento y la innovación, pero será necesario asignar presupuesto para este instrumento, así como para la estrategia nacional de emprendimiento. Se menciona la inversión privada; sin embargo, se demandan profundas reformas legales para incentivar su presencia. La regulación educativa está incorporada en la ley para llevar a cabo el emprendimiento y la innovación. En lo sucesivo, será necesario incorporar programas de asociación y educación financiera.La concepción de programas articulados adecuados de emprendimiento, gestión, investigación y desarrollo, transferencia, financiamiento de I+D, networking y fortalecimiento del capital humano podría favorecer la innovación abierta. Sin embargo, son necesarias otros instrumentos en términos de divulgación de información, tributación, burocracia, mano de obra e inversión directa que permitan que surja la innovación abierta. El propósito del Gobierno es clave para garantizar la gobernanza, el estado de derecho y la rendición de cuentas de sí mismo y de los actores empresariales para garantizar la estabilidad y la prosperidad económica. CÓDIGO JEL: K, L25, L26 ; Le but d'un entrepreneuriat est de construire et de faire évoluer un modèle commercial durable à travers une entreprise. Le manque de ressources matérielles et immatérielles est souvent à ce stade très précoce. Selon des études antérieures, les nouvelles entreprises pourraient surmonter le manque de ressources, clé de leur succès, en établissant des relations avec des partenaires (mise en réseau) grâce à des processus d'innovation ouverte (IO). Cependant, la structure de chaque réseau affecte leurs propres processus et résultats ; les processus d'innovation et la structure du réseau se forment mutuellement. L'ouverture du processus d'innovation implique l'implication des startups dans des relations avec différentes typologies d'acteurs : Incubateurs, Grandes entreprises, Établissements d'enseignement supérieur, entre autres. Comprendre le rôle, la relation, la position et le pouvoir de chaque acteur dans l'écosystème nous permet d'identifier sa position dans le réseau qui est critique pour l'accès aux ressources.Déterminer le niveau de maturité de l'écosystème et ses interactions passe nécessairement par l'analyse du contexte entrepreneurial. Selon le Profil de l'entrepreneuriat équatorien (GEM, 2019), l'Équateur a une position forte en ce qui concerne les infrastructures physiques, les normes culturelles et sociales et l'éducation entrepreneuriale au stade post-scolaire par rapport aux médias du monde. Cependant, des indicateurs tels que les finances entrepreneuriales, les impôts et la bureaucratie, le soutien gouvernemental, les transferts de R&D et les programmes d'entrepreneuriat sont assez éloignés de la moyenne mondiale.En utilisant la nouvelle loi organique équatorienne pour l'entrepreneuriat et l'innovation (registre officiel n° 151, 2020) qui vise à fournir un cadre normatif qui encourage l'entrepreneuriat, l'innovation et le développement technologique, cet article analyse les éléments de centralité du réseau de startups en se concentrant sur:Acteurs principaux et nature de ces relations ;Les institutions qui occupent la position centrale dans le réseau;Partenariats et réseaux pour soutenir les processus et les résultats d'innovation;Mécanismes financiers pour soutenir l'entrepreneuriat et l'innovation; et,L'éducation pour réaliser des partenariats.En conséquence, le principal acteur déterminé par la loi est le CONEIN en tant qu'organe dirigeant et le Conseil consultatif de l'entrepreneuriat. La présence d'entrepreneurs individuels est rare. Bien que CONEIN occupe la position centrale dans le réseau, dans cet aspect, il s'agit d'une vaste opportunité pour le Conseil consultatif sur l'entrepreneuriat de stimuler la participation des membres du secteur privé et d'avoir une plus grande influence dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques. Selon la loi, les partenariats et les réseaux pour soutenir les processus et les résultats de l'innovation ne sont pas clairs, mais les entrepreneurs acquièrent une plus grande centralité dans l'écosystème qu'auparavant, ce qui pourrait privilégier leur accès aux ressources et aux connaissances, en particulier des établissements d'enseignement supérieur.Des mécanismes financiers pour soutenir l'esprit d'entreprise et l'innovation sont mis en place, mais seront nécessaires pour allouer un budget à cet instrument, ainsi qu'à la stratégie nationale pour l'esprit d'entreprise. L'investissement privé est évoqué, néanmoins de profondes réformes juridiques sont demandées afin d'encourager sa présence. La réglementation de l'éducation est incorporée dans la loi pour mener à bien l'entrepreneuriat et l'innovation. Dans l'au-delà, il faudra intégrer des programmes de partenariat et d'éducation financière.La conception de programmes articulés adéquats pour l'entrepreneuriat, la gestion, la recherche et le développement, le transfert, le financement de la R&D, la mise en réseau et le renforcement du capital humain pourrait favoriser l'innovation ouverte. Cependant, d'autres instruments sont nécessaires en termes de diffusion d'informations, de fiscalité, de bureaucratie, de main-d'œuvre et d'investissements directs qui permettent l'innovation ouverte. L'objectif du gouvernement est essentiel pour assurer la gouvernance, l'état de droit et la responsabilité de lui-même et des acteurs de l'entrepreneuriat afin d'assurer la stabilité et la prospérité économique. MOTS CLÉS: Entrepreneuriat, innovation ouverte, mise en réseau, structures de mise en réseau, performance, État de droit. CODE JEL: K, L25, L26 ; Lo scopo di un'imprenditorialità è costruire e scalare un modello di business sostenibile attraverso un'impresa. La mancanza di risorse materiali e immateriali è spesso in questa fase molto precoce. Secondo studi precedenti, nuove iniziative potrebbero superare la mancanza di risorse -chiave per il loro successo- formando relazioni con i partner (networking) attraverso processi di innovazione aperta (OI). Tuttavia, la struttura di ciascuna rete influisce sui propri processi e risultati; i processi di innovazione e la struttura di rete si plasmano reciprocamente. L'apertura del processo di innovazione implica il coinvolgimento delle startup nelle relazioni con diverse tipologie di attori: incubatori, grandi imprese, istituti di istruzione superiore, tra gli altri. Comprendere il ruolo, la relazione, la posizione e il potere di ciascun attore nell'ecosistema ci consente di identificare la sua posizione di rete che è fondamentale per l'accesso alle risorse.Per determinare il livello di maturità dell'ecosistema e le sue interazioni è necessario analizzare il contesto imprenditoriale. Secondo l'Ecuadorian Entrepreneurship Profile (GEM, 2019) l'Ecuador ha una posizione forte in relazione alle infrastrutture fisiche, alle norme culturali e sociali e all'educazione imprenditoriale nella fase post-scolastica rispetto ai media del mondo. Tuttavia, indicatori come le finanze imprenditoriali, le tasse e la burocrazia, il sostegno del governo, il trasferimento di ricerca e sviluppo e i programmi di imprenditorialità sono piuttosto lontani dalla media globale.Utilizzando la Legge organica ecuadoriana per l'imprenditorialità e l'innovazione di recente pubblicazione (Registro ufficiale n. 151, 2020) che mira a fornire un quadro normativo che incoraggi l'imprenditorialità, l'innovazione e lo sviluppo tecnologico, questo articolo analizza gli elementi di centralità della rete di startup concentrandosi su:Attori principali e natura di queste relazioni;Istituzioni che detengono la posizione centrale nella rete;Partnership e reti a supporto dei processi e dei risultati dell'innovazione;Meccanismi finanziari per sostenere l'imprenditorialità e l'innovazione; e,Educazione alla realizzazione di partenariati.Di conseguenza, l'attore principale determinato dalla legge è il CONEIN come organo di governo e il Consiglio consultivo per l'imprenditoria. Scarsa la presenza di imprenditori individuali. Sebbene CONEIN ricopra la posizione centrale nella rete, in questo aspetto rappresenta una vasta opportunità per il Consiglio consultivo per l'imprenditorialità per aumentare la partecipazione tra i membri del settore privato e avere una maggiore influenza nell'elaborazione delle politiche pubbliche. Per legge non sono chiari partenariati e reti a supporto dei processi e degli esiti dell'innovazione, ma gli imprenditori acquisiscono maggiore centralità nell'ecosistema rispetto a prima, che potrebbe privilegiare il loro accesso a risorse e conoscenze soprattutto da parte degli Istituti di istruzione superiore.Sono stati istituiti meccanismi finanziari per sostenere l'imprenditorialità e l'innovazione, ma sarà necessario stanziare budget per questo strumento, nonché per la strategia nazionale per l'imprenditorialità. Si parla dell'investimento privato, tuttavia si richiedono profonde riforme giuridiche per incentivarne la presenza. La regolamentazione dell'istruzione è incorporata nella legge per esercitare l'imprenditorialità e l'innovazione. In seguito, sarà necessario incorporare programmi di partenariato e di educazione finanziaria.La concezione di adeguati programmi articolati per l'imprenditorialità, la gestione, la ricerca e sviluppo, il trasferimento, il finanziamento di R&S, il networking e il rafforzamento del capitale umano potrebbe favorire l'innovazione aperta. Tuttavia, sono necessari altri strumenti in termini di rilascio di informazioni, tassazione, burocrazia, lavoro e investimenti diretti che consentono l'innovazione aperta. Lo scopo del governo è fondamentale per garantire la governance, lo stato di diritto e la responsabilità di se stesso e degli attori imprenditoriali per garantire stabilità e prosperità economica. PAROLE CHIAVE: Imprenditorialità, innovazione aperta, networking, strutture di rete, performance, stato di diritto. CODICE JEL: K, L25, L26 ; O objetivo de um empreendedorismo é construir e dimensionar um modelo de negócios sustentável por meio de uma empresa. A falta de recursos tangíveis e intangíveis costuma ocorrer nesse estágio inicial. De acordo com estudos anteriores, novos empreendimentos poderiam superar a falta de recursos-chave para seu sucesso- formando relacionamentos com parceiros (networking) por meio de processos de inovação aberta (OI). No entanto, a estrutura de cada rede afeta seus próprios processos e resultados; os processos de inovação e a estrutura da rede se moldam mutuamente. A abertura do processo de inovação implica o envolvimento das startups nas relações com diferentes tipologias de atores: Incubadoras, Grandes empresas, Instituições de Ensino Superior, entre outros. Compreender o papel, a relação, a posição e o poder de cada ator no ecossistema nos permite identificar sua posição na rede que é crítica para o acesso aos recursos.Para determinar o nível de maturidade do ecossistema e suas interações é necessário analisar o contexto do empreendedorismo. De acordo com o Perfil de Empreendedorismo Equatoriano (GEM, 2019), o Equador tem uma posição forte em relação à infraestrutura física, normas culturais e sociais e educação empreendedora na fase pós-escolar em comparação com a mídia do mundo. No entanto, indicadores como finanças empresariais, impostos e burocracia, apoio governamental, transferência de P&D e programas de empreendedorismo estão muito longe da média global.Utilizando a recém-publicada Lei Orgânica de Empreendedorismo e Inovação do Equador (Registro Oficial No. 151, 2020), que visa fornecer uma estrutura normativa que incentiva o empreendedorismo, a inovação e o desenvolvimento tecnológico, este artigo analisa os elementos de centralidade da rede de startups com foco em:Principais atores e a natureza dessas relações;Instituições que ocupam a posição central na rede;Parcerias e redes para apoiar processos e resultados de inovação;Mecanismos financeiros de apoio ao empreendedorismo e à inovação; e,Educação para realizar parcerias.Como conseqüência, o principal ator determinado por lei é o CONEIN como órgão regulador e o Conselho Consultivo de Empreendedorismo. A presença de empreendedores individuais é escassa. Embora o CONEIN detenha posição central na rede, nesse aspecto é uma grande oportunidade para o Conselho Consultivo de Empreendedorismo aumentar a participação dos membros do setor privado e ter maior influência na formulação de políticas públicas. Por lei, as parcerias e redes de apoio a processos e resultados de inovação não são claras, mas os empreendedores adquirem maior centralidade no ecossistema do que antes, o que poderia privilegiar seu acesso a recursos e conhecimentos, especialmente de instituições de ensino superior.Estão estabelecidos mecanismos financeiros de apoio ao empreendedorismo e inovação, mas serão necessários para alocar orçamento para este instrumento, bem como para a estratégia nacional de empreendedorismo. O investimento privado é mencionado, mas profundas reformas legais são exigidas de forma a incentivar a sua presença. A regulamentação da educação está incorporada na lei para realizar o empreendedorismo e a inovação. No futuro, será necessário incorporar programas de parceria e educação financeira.A concepção de programas articulados adequados para o empreendedorismo, gestão, pesquisa e desenvolvimento, transferência, financiamento de P&D, networking e fortalecimento do capital humano poderia favorecer a inovação aberta. No entanto, outros instrumentos são necessários em termos de divulgação de informações, tributação, burocracia, mão de obra e investimento direto que possibilitem a inovação aberta. O objetivo do Governo é fundamental para garantir a governança, o Estado de Direito e a responsabilidade de si mesmo e dos atores do empreendedorismo para garantir estabilidade e prosperidade econômica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Empreendedorismo, inovação aberta, networking, estruturas de networking, desempenho, Estado de Direito. CÓDIGO JEL: K, L25, L26

ABSTRAKJudul tesis ini adalah Implementasi Pemberian Bantuan Hukum Kepada masyarakat MiskinDalam Rangka Mencari Keadilan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011tentang Bantuan Hukum (Studi di Kabupaten Bengkayang). Adapun latar belakangnyaadalah bahwa pelaksanaan bantuan hukum di Kabupaten Bengkayang belum dilaksanakandengan baik. Adanya pembahuruan secara normatif tentang Bantuan Hukum, tentumembawa perubahan dalam implementasinya, hal inilah yang menjadikan penelitian inimenarik untuk diteliti. Maka, perlu diketahui lebih lanjut mengenai implementasi bantuanhukum, kepada masyarakat miskin dalam mencari keadilan di Kabupaten Bengkayang.Pemberian bantuan hukum secara Cuma-Cuma bagi masyarakat tidak mampu di KabupatenBengkayang mengalami banyak kendala yang ada, yaitu terbatasnya advokat ataupenasehat hukum yang ada di Kabupaten Bengkayang dan belum adanya LembagaBantuan Hukum yang terakreditasi oleh Kementerian Hukum dan HAM Republik Indonesia.Mengingat pentingnya bantuan hukum dalam menciptakan keadilan, menegakkan HAM danequality before the law, serta dalam mencapai due process of law, tentu menjadikankewajiban pemberian bantuan hukum menjadi hal yang penting untuk dapat dilaksanakansecara efektif. Penelitian ini sangatlah penting, mengingat manfaat yang sangat besar yangakan didapatkan ketika pelaksanaan bantuan hukum kepada masyarakat tidak mampu diKabupaten Bengkayang, dapat dilaksanakan secara efektif, selain itu juga memberikanbentuk upaya reformasi hukum dalam aspek pemerataan keadilan. Masalah adalah (1) tidakada Lembaga Bantuan Hukum di Kabupaten Bengkayang yang diakreditasi OlehKementerian Hukum dn HAM Republik Indonesia (2) Tidak ada Advokat yang terdaftar diPeradi (3) bagaimana kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bengkayang mengatasimasalah tersebut ?Hasil penelitian tesis dapat disimpulkan, bahwa pertama, Implementasi Pemberian BantuanHukum Kepada Masyarakat Miskin Dalam Rangka Mencari Keadilan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011 Tentang Bantuan Hukum (Studi Di Kabupaten Bengkayang)belum dapat diimplementasikan dengan baik karena adanya penyimpangan-penyimpangan2dalam prakteknya. Seperti, belum adanya masyarakat yang mengajukan PermohonanBantuan Hukum karena belum memahami sepenuhnya tentang Pemahaman Hukum, danbingung untuk mengajukan kepada siapa ketika hendak memperoleh Bantuan Hukum,pelaksanaan bantuan hukum melalui pendampingan advokat baru dapat dinikmati apabilamasyarakat miskin melakukan tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana mati atau 5 (lima)tahun atau lebih tersangka dan proses persidangan tetap berlanjut walaupun tanpa hadirnyaadvokat, walaupun advokat tidak ada yang menolak secara lansung memberikan bantuanhukum, tetapi advokat dinilai kurang profesional dan diskriminatif. Tidak adanya ketentuandan tidak diberikannya bantuan hukum kepada tersangka dan terdakwa yang melakukantindak pidana dengan ancaman pidana di bawah 5 (lima) tahun ketika mengikutipersidangan sehingga banyak masyarakat miskin yang mengikuti persidangan tanpa diwakiliAdvokat, Kedua : Kendala-kendala yang dihadapi dalam Implementasi Pemberian BantuanHukum Kepada Masyarakat Miskin Dalam Rangka Mencari Keadilan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011 Tentang Bantuan Hukum (Studi Di Kabupaten Bengkayang)didapat diklasifikasi dan dibedakan menjadi 3 faktor yakni, faktor substansi hukum (legalsubstance), struktur hukum (legal structure), dan budaya hukum (legal culture). Faktorsubstansi hukum yang menghambat salah satunya adalah kekurangan atau kelemahandalam substansi Pasal 56 ayat (1) KUHAP yang mengatur mengenai pembatasan penerimabantuan hukum berdasarkan kwalifikasi ancaman hukuman. Faktor struktur hukum yangmenghambat yakni, faktor penegak hukum dari segi internal dan eksternal yang jugameliputi sarana atau fasilitas. Faktor penegak hukum dari segi internal yang menghambatseperti, kurangnya integritas, moralitas, idealisme dan profesionalitas advokat. Faktorpenegak hukum dari segi eksternal dan sarana atau fasilitas yang menghambat sepertiTidak ada Lembaga Bantuan Hukum di Kabupaten Bengkayang yang di akreditasi olehKementerian Hukum dan HAM dan Tidak ada Advokat yang terdaftar di Peradi, kurangnyapendanaan atau anggaran dari Pemerintah Daerah, kurangnya kontrol dan pengawasan,Faktor budaya hukum yang menghambat meliputi faktor budaya hukum atau faktorkebudayaan dan faktor masyarakat. Faktor budaya hukum atau kebudayaan dalam hal inimeliputi faktor budaya hukum atau kebudayaan dari masyarakat dan penegak hukum(penyidik dan advokat). Seperti, kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat terhadap hak atasbantuan hukum mengacu pada ketidakpercayaan, sikap pesimisme, serta sikap skeptisterhadap pelaksanaan bantuan hukum, dan elemen sikap, nilai-nilai, cara bertindak danberpikir advokat dan penyidik, yang terjadi secara berulang-ulang sehingga mengarah padasikap atau tindakan penyimpangan. Faktor masyarakat yang menghambat adalahpandangan masyarakat yang negatif tentang pelaksanaan bantuan hukum sertakekhawatiran dalam menggunakan bantuan hukum. Saran,(1) Sebaiknya di dalampersidangan pada pengadilan, bantuan hukum melalui pendampingan advokat dapat3dinikmati masyarakat pada saat tahapan awal bukan pada saat pemeriksaan tambahan dansebaiknya pemeriksaan tidak dilakukan sebelum hadirnya advokat. Integritas, moralitas,idealisme, dan profesionalitas aparat penegak hukum harus lebih ditingkatkan lagi. Perluadanya ketentuan untuk memberikan bantuan hukum kepada masyarakat yang menjaditersangka dan terdakwa yang disangka dan didakwa melakukan tindak pidana denganancaman pidana di bawah 5 (lima) tahun tanpa harus menunggu permohonan bantuan darimasyarakat miskin tersebut. (2) Agar Pemerintah Daerah Perlu untuk membentuk LembagaBantuan Hukum di Kabupaten Bengkayang, membuat Peraturan Daerah tentang BantuanHukum kepada masyarakat Miskin, dan juga perlu melakukan kerjasama dengan LembagaBantuan Hukum yang telah ada di Kalimantan Barat sehingga Bantuan Hukum kepadaMasyarakat miskin dapat segera diberikan sebelum terbentuknya Lembaga Bantuan Hukumdi Kabupaten Bengkayang.Kata Kunci: Lembaga Bantuan Hukum, Advokat, Peraturan Perundang-Undangan,Peraturan Daerah.ABSTRACTThe title of this thesis is the implementation of the public administration of the Legal Aid ToPoor In Order for Justice pursuant to Act No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid (Studies inBengkayang District). The background is that the implementation of legal aid in Bengkayangnot been implemented properly. Pembahuruan their normative on Legal Aid, certainlybrought changes in implementation, this is what makes this study interesting to study. So,you need to know more about the implementation of legal aid to the poor in seeking justice inBengkayang.The provision of legal assistance free of charge to the community can not afford inBengkayang encounter many obstacles that exist, namely the lack of an advocate or legalcounsel in Bengkayang and the absence of Legal Aid which is accredited by the Ministry ofJustice and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia.Given the importance of legal aid in creating justice, uphold human rights and equality beforethe law, as well as in achieving the due process of law, would make the obligation to providelegal assistance becomes important to be implemented effectively. This study is important,given the enormous benefits to be gained when the implementation of legal assistance to theunderprivileged in Bengkayang, can be carried out effectively, but it also provides forms oflegal reforms in the aspect of distributive justice. The problem is (1) no Legal Aid inBengkayang accredited by the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Indonesia Human Rights4dn (2) No Advocate registered in Peradi (3) how the Government policy Bengkayangovercome these problems?The results of the research thesis can be concluded, that the first, Implementation ProvidingLegal Aid To Poor People In Order for Justice Under Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid(Study In Bengkayang District) can not be implemented properly for their deviations inpractice. Such as, the lack of people who file the Application of Legal Aid because it has notfully understood about Understanding the Law, and confused to apply to anyone when tryingto obtain legal aid, execution of legal assistance through mentoring advocate can only beenjoyed if the poor committing a crime punishable by the death penalty or 5 (five) years ormore suspects and the court process continues even without the presence of lawyers, eventhough there is no denying advocate in directly providing legal aid, but advocates consideredless professional and discriminatory. The absence of provision and not given legalassistance to suspects and accused of committing criminal offenses punishable under 5(five) years when following the trial so many poor people who followed the trial without therepresented Advocate, Second: The obstacles encountered in the implementation of GivingLegal aid To Poor People In Order for Justice Under Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal aid (StudyIn Bengkayang District) obtained classified and divided into three factors namely, the factorof legal substances (legal substance), legal structure (legal structure), and legal culture(legal culture). Factors legal substances that inhibit one of which is the lack or weakness inthe substance of Article 56 paragraph (1) Criminal Code concerning restrictions on legal aidrecipients based on the qualifications of the threat of punishment. Factors that inhibit thelegal structures, law enforcement apparatus in terms of internal and external which alsoincludes facility or facilities. Factors law enforcement in terms of internal inhibits such as,lack of integrity, morality, idealism and professionalism advocates. Factors law enforcementin terms of external and facilities or facilities that inhibits such as No Legal Aid inBengkayang which is accredited by the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights and NoAdvocate registered in Peradi, lack of funding or budgets of local governments, lack ofcontrol and supervision , cultural factors that inhibit law covering cultural factors of law orcultural factors and community factors. Legal culture or cultural factors in this regard includecultural factors of law or culture of the community and law enforcement officers (investigatorsand lawyers). Such as, the lack of public understanding of the right to legal aid refers tomistrust, pessimism and skepticism towards the implementation of legal aid, and elements ofattitudes, values, way of acting and thinking advocates and investigators, which occursrepeatedly leading to the attitudes or actions irregularities. Factors that inhibit community isnegative community views on the implementation of legal aid as well as concerns in the useof legal assistance. Suggestions: (1) We recommend that in the hearing at the court, legal5assistance through mentoring advocates can be enjoyed by people during the early stagesrather than when additional screening and examination should not be performed before thepresence of an advocate. Integrity, morality, idealism and professionalism of lawenforcement officers should be further enhanced. The need for provisions to provide legalassistance to people who become suspects and defendants are suspected of and chargedwith a criminal offense punishable under 5 (five) years without having to wait for assistancefrom poor communities. (2) For Local Governments Need to establish Legal Aid inBengkayang, create a Local Regulation on Legal Aid to the community of Poor, and alsoneed to cooperate with the Legal Aid Society who has been in West Kalimantan that LegalAid to Poor people may soon be given before the establishment of the Legal Aid Institute inBengkayang.Keywords: Legal Aid Society , Advocates , Laws and Regulations, Regional Regulation