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"Many different groups of people are subject to stereotypes. Positive stereotypes (e.g., "older and wiser") may provide a benefit to the relevant groups. However, negative stereotypes of aging and of disability continue to persist and, in some cases, remain socially acceptable. Research has shown that when exposed to negative images of aging, older persons demonstrate poor physical and cognitive performance and function, while those who are exposed to positive images of aging (or who have positive self-perceptions of aging) demonstrate better performance and function. Furthermore, an individual's expectations about and perceptions of aging can predict future health outcomes. To better understand how stereotypes affect older adults and individuals with disabilities, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, with support from AARP, convened a public workshop on October 10, 2017. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop"--Publisher's description

We model uncertain social prospects as acts mapping states of nature to (social ) outcomes. A social choice function (or SCF ) assigns an act to each profile of subjective expected utility preferences over acts. An SCF is strategyproof if no agent ever has an incentive to misrepresent her beliefs about the states of nature or her valuation of the outcomes. It is unanimous if it picks the feasible act that all agents find best whenever such an act exists. We offer a characterization of the class of strategyproof and unanimous SCFs in two settings. In the setting where all acts are feasible, the chosen act must yield the favorite outcome of some ( possibly different) agent in every state of nature. The set of states in which an agent's favorite outcome is selected may vary with the reported belief profile; it is the union of all states assigned to her by a collection of constant, bilaterally dictatorial, or bilaterally consensual assignment rules. In a setting where each state of nature defines a possibly different subset of available outcomes, bilaterally dictatorial or consensual rules can only be used to assign control rights over states characterized by identical sets of available outcomes. (JEL D71, D81, R53)

The relevance of this work lies in the fact that success is one of the main criteria of life in modern society. With regard to children who are in foster care or under custody, the phenomenon of success acquires increased importance because it is an indicator of how well a child has adapted to society and revealed his/her individual characteristics and talents.The main purpose of our work is to study the factors influencing the successful self-fulfillment of children in foster care or under custody.

ABSTRACTThis study explores rural U.S. crime patterns with a focus on social capital. We use a triangulation of three core theories of crime including social disorganization, anomie/strain, and rational choice theories to develop a formal theory and an empirical framework. The role of four unique measures of social capital is explored in understanding patterns of rural crime using nonmetropolitan U.S. county data. The empirical results generally support the theoretical predictions and conclude that rural communities that pursue economic growth and development must be prepared to address the resulting upward pressures on crime. The results on social capital and crime provide numerous policy insights for rural communities.

I examine three different ways in which the ideals of deliberative democracy have changed in the light of practical concerns about its viability. have changed in the light of practical concerns about its viability, i.e., making increasingly important the problem of how this ideal can approach societies characterized by deep disagreements, social problems of enormous complexity and inoperative instruments in their existing institutions. (1) Theories of deliberative democracy emphasize the process of deliberation rather than its ideal conditions and procedures. (2) Deliberative democrats are increasingly interested in the problems of institutionalization, in making voting, majority rule and representation more deliberative institutions. (3) Deliberativists examine the different scenarios and procedures of deliberation, pointing out obstacles that cannot always be anticipated by resorting only to conceptual arguments ; Examino tres maneras diferentes como los ideales de la democracia deliberativa han cambiado a la luz de las preocupaciones prácticas sobre su viabilidad, es decir, haciendo cada vez más importante el problema de cómo este ideal puede acercarse a sociedades caracterizadas por profundos desacuerdos, problemas sociales de enorme complejidad e instrumentos inoperantes en sus instituciones existentes. (1) Las teorías de la democracia deliberativa enfatizan el proceso de la deliberación y no sus condiciones y procedimientos ideales. (2) Los demócratas deliberativos se interesan cada vez más en los problemas de la institucionalización, en hacer del voto, la regla de mayorías y la representación, instituciones más deliberativas. (3) Los deliberativistas examinan los diferentes escenarios y procedimientos de la deliberación, señalando obstáculos que no siempre pueden anticiparse al recurrir únicamente a argumentos conceptuales

In sociology, the concept of "generation" is usually applied to a wide variety of social categories. This is a cohort of peers, and a cohort of several years of birth — as in studies of social mobility, as well as a community of those who share acceptable values, simultaneously experienced significant events, is a bearer of similar experiences and memories. Theoretical reflection in modern literature continues to excite the fundamental essay of K. Mannheim "The Problem of Generations". The cognitive intuitions it contains have a priority status, but the published reviews state that the empirical potential of the concept outlined there is minimal, and new times require new approaches to analyzing the role of generations in the intensification of social dynamics and the movement of history. Sociology of the social structure of a generation is mainly a way of observing, fixing and describing the transformations of the morphological structure of a community. The heterogeneity of the age cohort is prescribed by origin from different types of families and birth in a particular region and type of settlement. In the course of primary socialization, general patterns of worldview and worldview are formed, an attitude to the past, present and future on the basis of internalized values, standards and norms of behavior. The degree of stratification of life chances and opportunities given by birth is subsequently corrected or fixed by institutions of secondary and higher education, which is monitored in studies of professional and status mobility. Events are capable of elevating an age cohort to the status of a generation, constructing an identity ("we," shared ways of feeling, thinking, acting) and, almost synchronously, differentiating peers, establishing differences and distances.

Intro -- FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL INQUIRY: A BRIEF EXCURSION -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 2: OBJECTIVITY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH -- Chapter 3: INDUCTION AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH -- INDUCTIVE RESEARCH -- AN EVALUATION OF INDUCTION -- SEMINAR QUESTIONS -- Chapter 4: DEDUCTION AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH -- PROBLEMS OF DEDUCTION -- Chapter 5: CRITICAL THEORY AND SOCIAL INQUIRY -- FROM MARX TO CRITICAL THEORY: SITUATING KNOWLEDGE AND SOCIAL CHANGE -- FROM CRITICAL THEORY TO FEMINISM: COMMONALITIES AND DIFFERENCES -- Chapter 6: ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESEARCH -- ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH -- ETHICAL DILEMMAS -- Chapter 7: ONTOLOGY AND EPISTEMOLOGY IN RESEARCH -- 1. WHAT IS EPISTEMOLOGY? -- 2. WHAT IS ONTOLOGY? -- 3. EXAMPLE OF ONTOLOGY WITHIN PARTICULAR THEORIES -- Chapter 8: POSTMODERNISM AND SOCIAL INQUIRY -- WHAT IS POSTMODERNISM? -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Socially desirable responding (SDR) is an often-reported source of bias in survey interviews. It describes the tendency of a respondent to answer in a way that is socially desirable rather than to answer truthfully. This response bias also threatens the reliability and validity of survey-based environmental valuation techniques such as the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Therefore, the study deals with the assessment of the conditions for the occurrence of SDR in CVM interviews. A behavioral model is devised to take into account a set of factors triggering SDR responses. The impact of these factors of SDR on willingness to pay (WTP) responses is tested. The results reveal that the relevant factors do not affect WTP statements simultaneously but rather influence them in an independent manner. These findings can improve future CVM studies by identifying respondents who are prone to be influenced by SDR.

Abstract The popular version of social exclusion has given rise to various forms of welfare‐to‐work initiatives in most developed capitalist nations. Social inclusion, therefore, is commonly assumed to be achieved through paid work. The delivery of social welfare through employment activation programmes is consequential, as it necessitates an unusual cooperation between the welfare state and the labour market. With a focus on Ontario Works, a relatively mature example of Canada's residualized social welfare services, this article is an empirical analysis of the social space in which the state and the market merge – by design – and the resulting processes and outcomes of social exclusion that operate for women who parent alone. I begin with a brief review of the most popular concept of social exclusion, and the pre‐eminent place of paid work in related social policy responses, followed by a consideration of the ideological context producing and reinforced by work‐first programmes. Our attention is turned to a reconfigured notion of social exclusion as process and outcome, spontaneously set in motion and self‐perpetuating in the fused market–state social field. Through a case study of lone mother experiences of Ontario Works, the specific ideological practices through which welfare‐to‐work strategies operate to keep women in their place are described. I argue that the analysis of the market‐state as a unified social field – ordered according to the paired ideologies of market neo‐liberalism and conservative 'family values'– is necessary for conceiving policy responses that are effective in interrupting the dynamic process–outcome iterations of social exclusion.

Despite the ubiquity of disaster and the increasing toll in human lives and financial costs, much research and policy remain focused on physical infrastructure–centered approaches to such events. Governmental organizations such as the Department of Homeland Security, United States Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States Agency for International Development, and United Kingdom's Department for International Development continue to spend heavily on hardening levees, raising existing homes, and repairing damaged facilities despite evidence that social, not physical, infrastructure drives resilience. This article highlights the critical role of social capital and networks in disaster survival and recovery and lays out recent literature and evidence on the topic. We look at definitions of social capital, measurement and proxies, types of social capital, and mechanisms and application. The article concludes with concrete policy recommendations for disaster managers, government decision makers, and nongovernmental organizations for increasing resilience to catastrophe through strengthening social infrastructure at the community level.