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The author discusses the increased importance of Islam in religious and social life in the Sudan, exemplified by a discussion of the interplay between an indigenous, non-Arab, non-Islamized Sudanese people, the Lafofa Nuba, and their interaction with the Arab and Islamic traditions of Sudanese society at large. An understanding of this interaction will require types of analysis that deal with issues of belief as well as broader issues of identity management. People do not take over Islam as one unified system and in one process of conversion; rather they take up Muslim customs and practices that become symbols of such a conversion. The process of conversion must therefore be linked to the socio-economic and political status of the people involved. The author points out that theoretical contributions by Talal Asad on Islam as a "discursive tradition" and Robert Launay on Muslim communities as "moral communities" provide interesting avenues for exploring this complexity.

Kaum ein anderes Instrument des Internationalen Privatrechts ist für den grenzübergreifenden Rechtsverkehr von so großer Bedeutung wie das Prinzip der Rechtswahlfreiheit. Rechtswahlklauseln gehören zum Standardrepertoire der internationalen Vertragspraxis und werden auch in anderen Bereichen immer beliebter. Während die Rechtswahl früher im nationalen Recht in erster Linie ein Instrument des Internationalen Vertragsrechts war, wurde sie im Zuge der Europäisierung des IPR rechtsgebietsübergreifend zum vorrangigen Anknüpfungsprinzip. -- Die Verteilung der einzelnen Rechtswahlnormen auf verschiedene Rechtsakte lässt allerdings die Sorge um die Kohärenz der Regelungen aufkommen. Die Arbeit widmet sich daher schwerpunktmäßig der Analyse der Rechtswahltatbestände der Rom I, Rom II, Rom III und der EuErb-VO und prüft kritisch, ob sich einzelne Aspekte der Rechtswahl vereinheitlichen lassen. Daneben enthält die Arbeit Überlegungen zur historischen und rechtstheoretischen Bedeutung der Parteiautonomie in Europa. / »Party Autonomy in European Private International Law« -- The author analyses the principle of party autonomy and the coherence of the different choice of law rules contained in the numerous existing EU regulations on Private International Law (Rome I-III Regulations and the Succession Regulation). Besides that, the author examines critically whether certain aspects of the choice of law rules shall be unified in the future and reflects on the new role of the principle of party autonomy in Europe

The Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act 41 of 2003 provides, amongst others matters, for the recognition of kings and queens and the establishment of a Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims to decide on disputes and claims relating to traditional leadership, including kings and queens. The author examines the criteria and procedure for the creation of kingdoms and for identifying the rightful incumbents. During the apartheid years the traditional leadership was manipulated for political purposes. The Act goes a long way towards restoring it to conform to precepts of customary law and custom. The author argues, in essence, that this is easier said than done. It would, he submits, be difficult to dismantle the apartheid structures. It would likewise be difficult to identify the rightful incumbents and to resolve new claims. He suggests that the relevant provisions of the Act be revised to provide more clarity on fundamental principles.

The article is about innovation in the language. The main idea is to consider word formation in socio-political discourse that are occured in the media during last period; to determine their innovative role for increasing of dictionary of the Ukrainian language. The author researched neologisms formed by metaphorical and metonymical rethinking, separated the basic emergence models of new meanings. The article gives detailed analysis of some word formation categories. There are analyzed word formation categories in socio-political discourse in the article. The author of the article identified the influence factors over occurring of word formation categories of new words and role of associations as the basis for the creation of new words. There are pointed out the groups of innovative words, which have association during their formation. The article is dedicated to associative-group comparative political neologisms that headline cognitive approach and importance of metaphor, metonymy in the process of word forming.

The principle of the division of power and checks and balance is considered to be one of the most important features of democracy. The article shows an analysis implementation of the principle of division of power in Ukraine. The author presents and verifies the implementation of the principle of division of power in the Constitution of Ukraine. After studies author come to the conclusion that the implementation of the principle of the division of powers in Ukraine was greatly shaken (mainly under of the Constitution of 1996). ; Реалізація принципу поділу влади та її взаємного гальмування вважається однією з найбільш важливих особливостей демократії. У статті представлений аналіз реалізації принципу поділу влади в Україні. Авторзосередився на превентації механізмів взаємної регуляції між органами влади записаних в Конституції України. Дослідження дозволило авторові прийти до висновку, що реалізація принципу поділ влади в Україні не задоволенa в повному обсязі (в основному під впливом Конституції з 1996).

The author considers some approaches to interpreting the term "deviant behavior". The article describes the preconditions of children and adolescents' inclination to the deviant behavior, lays the accent on the statistics of L'viv region. The author attempts to analyze the realization of some legislative acts, which regulate the educational process as well as the social-legal defense of its participants. One of the practical ways of social and educational work with adolescents who tend to deviant behavior is proposed.Key words: deviant behavior, deviations, social and educational activity. ; Розглянуто деякі з підходів до тлумачення поняття "девіантна поведінка". Наведено передумови схильності дітей та підлітків до девіантної поведінки, закцентовано на статистиці по Львівській області. Здійснено спробу аналізу реалізації положень деяких законодавчих актів, що регламентують виховний процес та соціально-правовий захист його учасників. Розглянуто один із шляхів практичної соціально-педагогічної діяльності з неповнолітніми, схильними до дівіатної поведінки.Ключові слова: девіантна поведінка, девіації, соціально-педагогічна діяльність.

This paper provides a brief overview of U.S. Navy policy, strategy, plans and operations. It discusses some basic fundamentals and the Navy's three major operational activities: peacetime engagement, crisis response, and wartime combat. It concludes with a general discussion of U.S. naval forces. It was originally written as a contribution to an international conference on maritime strategy and security, and originally published as a chapter in a Routledge handbook in 2015. The author is a longtime contributor to, advisor on, and observer of US Navy strategy and policy, and the paper represents his personal but well-informed views. The paper was written while the Navy (and Marine Corps and Coast Guard) were revising their triservice strategy document A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower, finally signed and published in March 2015, and includes suggestions made by the author to the drafters during that time. ; This work was performed under Federal Government Contract No. N00014-16-D-5003.

Structural socio-economic transformation of company town supposes the complex process of planning and implementing on the basis of development of complex investment plan of company town modernization. The analysis of investments into company towns for the recent 5 years shows its concentration mainly in infrastructural projects. The government took the deliberate decision to create the conditions for further diversification missing the complex approach for the company town development. The author considers a diversification infrastructure as complex term defining conditions of company town development. In this paper it is derived the concept and the basic elements of company town diversification infrastructure including social, productive and financial elements of infrastructure and its differences in stakeholders, institutions, resources and networks. The author conducts the research of investments into the infrastructure for company town diversification in Yurga, Kemerovo region and concludes that the plan is reaching the emerging goals of local authority avoiding complex restructuration of company town.

Abstract
The intergenerational learning within various types of social environment and in relation to different target groups has long covered a wide range of uses. The professional literature mostly describes its benefits for children and young people, however, the intergenerational education also contributes to the development of personality and the saturation of the educational and psycho-social needs of both adults and seniors. The paper represents the authors' output of the VEGA research project No. 1/0176/15 and it is structured into three chapters. In the first chapter, the author deals with the opportunities of the foreign language education for (not only) disabled seniors. The second chapter focuses on the intergenerational programmes that can be used in the language education of (not only) disabled seniors who are clients of social residential facilities. In the third chapter, the author elaborates the psychological aspects of the foreign language education of seniors.

Modern constitutional and political concepts, in a broad sense, represent an expressed codification of the elements of value that structure the relevant society or the particular group that tries to project or channel them through the existing order. The secularism vs. Islamism dichotomy is a part of such a conceptual framework. The author elaborates and compares both ultimate constitutional and political designs, specifying them through the example of Turkey and Iran, as well as to shows the basic characteristics through the prism of their political legitimacy, the organization of power, the human rights and freedoms, as well as the possibility of political activism. The thesis that the author notes develops in the direction of a warning that the extremes contained in the constitutional provisions in the vividly ideologically divided societies can be a source of a conflict and/or can generate instability or suffocation of the pluralism in the political arena.

The aim of the article is to deepen the discussion on the conceptualisation of migration policy as a specific public policy. The author analyzes the definitions of this policy formulated by Polish researchers and points out that their characteristic features are: the concentration on activities of state institutions and the reference to the functional and technical level of policy appropriate for public policy. At the same time, she observes that particular areas of public activity, including immigration, emigration and often also integration policies, are included in the scope of migration policy. The author proposes her own definition of migration policy as the totality of instruments, political actions and decisions designed and/or undertaken by the state authorities in relation to migration processes and their participants. She argues that migration policy should be distinguished from migration management, the term which was coined in order to name the (ostensibly) depoliticized, global migration control system.

In legal practice, consumers increasingly enter into consumer loan agreements linked to residual debt insurance contracts. In the majority of the cases, these contracts are linked contracts in terms of section 358 of the German Civil Code (contracts linked to the contract from which the consumer has withdrawn).The dissertation addresses issues about the right of withdrawal in consumer contracts in case of linked contracts. On the one hand, the author examines if the consumer is obliged to the consumer loan agreement after he has effectively withdrawn his declaration of intent to enter into a residual debt insurance contract. On the other hand, the author takes a look at the questions concerning the withdrawal of a contract for the supply of goods or for the provision of a service by a trader which is linked to a consumer loan agreement while the loan contract is otherwise linked to a residual debt insurance contract.

Abstract
This article employs Bruno Latour's notion of "translation" to examine the ways by which anglophone discourses of transsexuality are deployed in the Brazilian context. The author argues that transsexuality is utilized by the medical class in ways that refuse to medicalize the bodies of travestis, delegitimize their access to health care, portray them as inauthentic and improper women, and render their identity untranslatable and thus invisible. In order to get access to medico-legal rights, travestis and transsexuals have formed a united political front that seeks to reduce the importance of sex-reassignment surgery as a signifier of authentic gender variance, while at the same time asserting travesti subjectivity as unique and distinct from both transsexuality and transgender identity. The author concludes that the academic community needs to develop new methods of analysis to critique the pathologization of gender-variant identities in different sociocultural contexts, avoiding a Eurocentric frame of reference.

Abstract
This article discusses how a trans-disciplinary exploration of two translations from French and Spanish to English of two early modern transgender memoirs could create a new angle on the translation of trans identity. Translation equals manipulation and the power to re-present certain identities in texts: could trans identities be legitimized in order to expose all gender as unstable or could they be celebrated as unintelligible? The author looks in detail at the English translation of an eighteenth-century French memoir written by the Chevalier d'Eon. The author compares this to a translation of a seventeenth-century Spanish memoir written by Catalina de Erauso. D'Eon and Erauso use both feminine and masculine gender markers to refer to themselves, sometimes in the same sentence. This article examines how queering translation in order to preserve transgender identity can promote all identity (transgender or cisgender) and all writing ("original" or translated) as multilayered and queer.

CONSTITUTION — SYSTEM — HEGEMONY. ON THE "ANTI-POLITICAL" FUNCTION OF SYSTEMIC ARGUMENTS IN CONSTITUTIONAL JURISPRUDENCEThe main purpose of this paper is to examine the function of arguments based on so called systemic interpretation of law in constitutional jurisprudence, using methods and tools offered by the post-analytical, critical philosophy in the field of legal theory. The author notes that constitutional courts apply the systemic argumentation to hide real, political motives of their decisions. The author tries to diagnose the potential impact of this phenomenon on the functioning of liberal democracy, refering to theories developed by C. Lefort, Ch. Mouffe, E. Laclau and J. Habermas. In the Author's opinion the constitutional activism, which has been masked by the systemic interpretation, is based on the liberal utopia of creation of law without "the political". The rise of populist political forces in Europe can be considered as reaction to the constitutional activism and the crisis of the "liberal dream".