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Discussions on racism in classrooms pose a huge educational challenge today, since racism has become naturalized within society, and racial issues are rarely addressed in science teacher education courses. Considering the social problems originated from racism, this paper discusses some aspects of them through a dialogical activity conducted among students in a chemistry teacher-training course. In order to engage the students in the dialogue, a poem that enable discussing social and scientific issues was chosen and had been set to music. At the first part of the discussion, only one student took the poem's key message as referring to racism. This seems to be directly related to the poor discussion of this topic within society. Through interactive discourse characterized by integrated transition between dialogic and authoritative communicative approaches, a common viewpoint about racism was achieved by all participants, including students who had not identified the matter in the poem initially. Although isolated activities are not enough to consistently develop teachers' beliefs and attitudes against racism, the findings suggest that discursive movement can encourage critical thinking about this.

Thémis as a Liminal Category Thémis is a concept deeply rooted in the culture of ancient Greece. As a category delineating the limits of "what's right" as well as a personification of this very concept in Themis, the Titaness ruling the sphere of eternal order, justice, laws and mores in the Greek religion, thémis in ancient Greece was the ultimate boundary of the social reality. Situated on the crossroads between two spheres: the sacrum and the profane, this concept also served as the foundation of an impassable axio‑normative barrier between that which is human and which is other‑than‑human: either god‑like or beast‑like. Thémis as a philosophical and axio‑normative notion still remains a valid scientific category, which can be successfully used in the explication and analysis of the processes of emergence and transformation of contemporary social and individual boundaries. The examination of the socio‑cultural aspects of thémis facilitates the analysis of the communal factors influencing the individual world‑views, as well as those forming the limits and content of the prevailing ethics.

The article describes the newer works devoted to the occupation of Polish lands, especially of Warsaw during World War I. Recently, this subject, so far neglected, has drown the attention of numerous scientists, both from Poland and from abroad. Their point of view is different not only from the older perspectives, but also from the perspectives of slightly newer works on the other occupied areas and emphasizing the connection between the experience of the Great War and genocide during World War II. In the most precious fragments, the new historiography gives a very wide image of social life, in which the proper place is taken by previously marginalised social groups. Differently from the older works, the policy of the occupants on the Polish lands is not treated only as a unilateral dictate, but rather as a dynamic process of negotiation, in which the strength and position of each of the (many) sides has been changed. And, this change is accompanied by the new arrangements concerning almost all aspects of the German policy and the conditions of living during World War I.

AbstractThe Arctic currently holds a prominent place in global policy. It is a sparsely populated region experiencing major consequences of global change, such as climate change, shifting demographics, and globalization. These substantial and rapid changes create both opportunities and risks for economic development. Informed policy‐making for sustainable development in the Arctic will require an understanding of the specific structures of arctic economies, with a focus on the existence of mixed economies that contain both subsistence and market aspects, the interplay among different economic systems, and the broader contexts in which they function. This paper presents a conceptual framework that allows for comparative analysis of arctic economies within their institutional, social, cultural, and environmental contexts. Utilization of the conceptual framework will enable more complete system‐level analyses by helping to describe the complex relationships among apparently disparate parts of the Arctic's diverse economic systems. The framework can be used across the social and natural sciences, practice, and policy‐making. Furthermore, this framework is applicable to regions outside of the Arctic that also have distinct mixed subsistence and market economies.

Abstract. The current era is characterized by rapid changes, multiple transitions, an emphasis on communication skills, and the frequent need to adapt to new social frameworks. Consequently, in recent years, there has been a rise in awareness regarding the consequences of shyness, a phenomenon that dictates various aspects of a person's life, for example, career choices and forming relationships. Research in this field indicates the necessity of supporting shy individuals from an early age in order to assist them expand the scope of their social experiences and realize their personal potential. This review sums up the theory and the research of support for shy pupils in the school framework. There are two parts to the article. The first reviews the nature of shyness, including its impact on the lives of children, adolescents, and adults, and risk and protective factors. The second part focuses on support of shy pupils in educational frameworks, including teachers' outlooks on the subject, supportive strategies, and a proposal for how to present the subject to teachers. The last part describes directions for further research.

Agricultural development research and policy has to address climate change. Against the mainstream focus on adaptation, this article reports on public policy implications for climate change mitigation of a project measuring environmental, social and economic aspects of India's rice economy: greenhouse gases (GHGs), energy and water; the quantity and quality of work and a systematic analysis of market and social costs and returns. A detailed life cycle assessment of GHG production generates four different kinds of technological possibilities helping the transition towards lower-carbon agriculture: rain-fed rice production (RR), System of Rice Intensification (SRI), solar pumps (SPs) and halving transmission and distribution (T&D) losses in the electricity grid. Through quantitative ranking and qualitative discursive analysis, a new method, multi-criteria mapping (MCM), is trialled in which the benefits of alternatives are evaluated by incommensurable criteria. These are costs, employment and GHGs. This experimental application crosses two languages (English and Tamil), compares participants with expert knowledge (EKs) with agrarian participants with situated knowledge (SKs), and explores the influence of identity (urban-rural, gender, and education).

The Ethiopian kings of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries established churches endowed with large estates. The gwǝlt charter founding these estates conferred tax and jurisdictional privileges on the beneficiaries for the administration of the churches. On the land given as gwǝlt , individual holdings known as rim were distributed to clerics. The study defines the economic and social contexts in which the foundation of both gwǝlt and rim occurred and shows that such grants were a manifestation of the king's prerogatives and that the creation of ecclesiastical holdings disturbed existing social status and entitlements to land. In a comprehensive analysis the study considers land documents from Gondärine churches, with an emphasis on the Golden Gospel of the church of Ḥamärä Noḫ. The commentaries of the Fǝtḥa nägäśt, composed in the same period as the Gondärine land documents, will serve to explain the legal framework of gwǝlt and rim as applied in the eighteenth century in regards to customary Gondärine practices. This study of gwǝlt and rim reveals landholding practises whereby several rights coexisted on the same land, a fundamental aspect of Ethiopian land tenure which continued until the Revolution of 1974.

Royal celebrations, with their rites and symbolic value, were intended as a strategic tool for the Spanish Crown, in order to strengthen its relations with noble families and the people at large in the peripheries of the Reign. Surviving printed records of celebrations reflect the monarchy's clear programme to manage local consensus and reinforce the existing social hierarchy. Some aspects of the dynamics of printing press in relation to political power are shown through a specimen account of the printed news issued in two important capital cities of the Spanish territories: Palermo and Naples. ; Las fiestas reales, con sus ritos y valor simbólico, fueron una herramienta estratégica para fortalecer los vínculos entre el soberano, la nobleza y el pueblo en las provincias del reino. Las relaciones impresas que se conservan sobre las celebraciones reflejan que la monarquía tenía un programa claro para gestionar el consenso político local y reforzar las jerarquías sociales existentes. Se muestran algunos aspectos de esta relación entre imprenta y poder a través de algunas relaciones de sucesos impresas en dos importantes ciudades bajo dominio español: Palermo y Nápoles.

This paper positions open access in a transformative worldview, advocating for the democratisation of scholarly communication processes to support equitable dissemination of and access to knowledge. The traditional scholarly communication (publishing) model demands the signing away of copyright, which makes publishers own research and demand subscription fees from readers to access research publications. This alienates knowledge from users as they are required to pay unaffordable fees to be able to access knowledge, which excludes readers from low-income countries, thus compromising their use of knowledge for community development. The exclusion of readers who cannot afford subscriptions indicate some form of capitalism in the form of knowledge commodification; and, open access challenges such dominant experiences by promoting access for all. Therefore, open access plays a democratic role that have great potential to support social justice agenda. All aspects of critical theory reflect in both closed publishing and open access publishing, with closed publishing model alienating readers and open access publishing creating opportunities for transformation and social justice by opening up knowledge for readers that cannot afford journal subscription fees.

The present essay problematizes the notion of "civic-military dictatorship" applied to the recent history of Chile and its relation to the idea of "Chilean exceptionalism". It also highlights the role of the armed forces in state building processes of Latin American nations and specifies this aspect in Chilean State from the perspective of long duration, to show the continuity of the military element in the reproduction of social relations between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. Recived:03-12-2019 Approved:05-31-2019 ; El presente ensayo problematiza la noción de "dictadura cívico-militar" aplicada a la historia reciente de Chile y su relación con la idea de la "excepcionalidad chilena". Además destaca el papel de las fuerzas armadas en la construcción de los Estados nacionales latinoamericanos y particulariza este aspecto en la formación del Estado chileno a partir de la perspectiva de la larga duración, para mostrar la continuidad del elemento militar en la reproducción de las relaciones sociales entre los siglos XVI y XX. Recibido: 12-03-2019 Aprobado: 31-05-2019

Post colonialism is a major aspect in subaltern studies through which the silenced victims are given voice. The paper attempts to establish recognition for the doubly colonised subaltern. The instinct of a human, who claim to be in a power structure, demands natural indifference towards the subaltern in terms of their race, gender, social class and political inferiority. This dominance questions the fundamental, cultural, psychological and ethnic awareness of a society. The study elucidates the hegemony, ambivalence and ideologies of the suppresser and the suppressed subaltern with special limelight to Bertha Mason, in both texts namely Jane Eyre by Bronte and Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys. These texts disclose the personal augmentation in human that paves way to the social condemnation of the subaltern. Bertha Mason is silenced because of the imperial mindset in the nineteenth century England. This imperial dominance is one of the roots of subaltern studies. Metanarratives used in the Wide Sargasso Sea explain this appropriate hybridity, a new trans-cultural or cross cultural form that arises in terms of the oppressed.

Las fiestas reales, con sus ritos y valor simbólico, fueron una herramienta estratégica para fortalecer los vínculos entre el soberano, la nobleza y el pueblo en las provincias del reino. Las relaciones impresas que se conservan sobre las celebraciones reflejan que la monarquía tenía un programa claro para gestionar el consenso político local y reforzar las jerarquías sociales existentes. Se muestran algunos aspectos de esta relación entre imprenta y poder a través de algunas relaciones de sucesos impresas en dos importantes ciudades bajo dominio español: Palermo y Nápoles. ; Royal celebrations, with their rites and symbolic value, were intended as a strategic tool for the Spanish Crown, in order to strengthen its relations with noble families and the people at large in the peripheries of the Reign. Surviving printed records of celebrations reflect the monarchy's clear programme to manage local consensus and reinforce the existing social hierarchy. Some aspects of the dynamics of printing press in relation to political power are shown through a specimen account of the printed news issued in two important capital cities of the Spanish territories: Palermo and Naples.

The Mali Empire is one of the largest and most widely known precolonial African states. It has featured in films, video games, works of fiction, and its memory is still a profound force in the articulation of social and political identities across Mande West Africa. Founded in the 13th century in the south of modern Mali, it quickly grew from a small kingdom to a vast empire stretching from the Senegambia in the west to Ivory Coast in the south. Before its disintegration in the late 16th century, its connections to distant trade networks stretched from Europe to China and its rulers became famous across the Old World for their wealth. In the absence of indigenous written histories, knowledge of the Mali Empire has been based on a complex combination of oral traditions, medieval Arabic chronicles, European accounts, oral histories, and archaeology. Through a critical analysis of these sources, it has been possible to learn much about Mali's history, including aspects its social organization, political structure, belief systems, and historical evolution. However, there is much we still do not know, including the location and nature of its capital(s). ; Peer reviewed

Recognizing the importance of living needs derived from natural resources, a solution is needed to integrate ecological and economic aspects in order to work in balance. This research specifically examines the perspective of the people of Desa Jaring Halus in relation to the existence of mangrove forest ecosystem based on observation method. This study also analyzed the relationship of mangrove existence with social, economy and local wisdom of local community as well as looking for solution to increase income level of society by using questionnaire. The data derived from the questionnaire were analyzed descriptively quantitative. The results show that 92.85% of people feel the positive impact of maintained mangrove forest. The people of Jaring Halus Village have an unwritten local wisdom in managing and preserving mangrove forests to maintain social and economic sustainability. In order to increase the income level of the community, it is necessary to make a permanent mangrove nursery which is managed by the government performed by the community and marketed out of the village according to its allocation to increase household income by utilizing the development of Jaring Halus Village as Ecosystem Ecotourism Area.

This paper tries to study the way Spanish society looked at the economic crisis started at the second half of the 70's and developed during the first steps of the Spanish transition to democracy. In order to research into the most spread topics and to discover which aspects of that crisis were considered most important, cartoons published by the main Spanish newspapers have been analysed. Those papers have been selected not only by their circulation, but also by their representation of different social groups or ideological tendencies. ; Este artículo intenta analizar la imagen en la sociedad española de la crisis económica de la segunda mitad de la década de 1970, que coincidió con el fallecimiento de Francisco Franco y el inicio de la transición a un régimen democrático. Para investigar los tópicos y prejuicios más extendidos al respecto y para desentrañar las facetas de la crisis a las que se prestaba más interés, se ha acudido a las viñetas publicadas por los principales y más relevantes diarios nacionales, tanto por criterios de difusión como de afinidad con grupos sociales o corrientes políticas.