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This paper empirically demonstrates that networks of organizations working together can be facilitated by individual network members, even when no facilitators are formally designated by the network members. Regression analyses also revealed statistically significant relationships between the frequency that facilitation functions were facilitated in the inter-organizational network studied and both the level of trust that the network members had for their inter-organizational network and the level of work coordination experienced by the members of the network. These two dependent variables were utilized as indicators of social capital, which was therefore found to be enhanced by inter-organizational network facilitation in this study. This research suggests that conflict resolution practitioners and scholars can work with inter-organizational networks by fulfilling network facilitation roles, training network members in facilitation, or researching facilitation in inter-organizational networks. The context for the study is an inter-organizational political advocacy nonprofit network in Minnesota that organized protest activities against the Iraq War in 2009.

This article analyses the phenomenon of sect in Hindu society through empirical data and a review of literature, and pleads for the recognition of the sect as a structural principle of society as a whole, rather than merely of religion. It considers the sect/non-sect distinction more basic than the caste/sect distinction, and the long-held presumption of a necessary relation between renunciation and sect as limiting a proper understanding of both religion and society. It analyses the social organisation of sects, taking an integrated view of laity and leadership, contrary to the overwhelming importance given to the latter in sociological literature. It examines the sect's relation with caste, including the Dalit castes, and with the Adivasi tribes, and seeks to place sect in the context of Sanskritic culture, including its intellectual life. Finally, it raises the issue of changes in sects in modern times, and the problem of their study.

Résumé L'exode rural et surtout agricole a longtemps été considéré presque uniquement sous l'angle du départ, et dénoncé, à ce titre, comme un mal. Depuis la guerre, l'exode s'est accéléré et l'attitude à son égard est devenue plus favorable, tout au moins pour l'aspect professionnel. Aucun effort de reclassement ne se manifestait d'ailleurs dans la politique générale. Les travaux de M. M. Febvay ont montré dans quelles conditions ou du moins à quels âges la profession agricole était abandonnée. Les recherches s'orientent aujourd'hui davantage sur le point d'aboutissement; c'est le cas, en particulier, de celles de M. G. Jegouzo, sous la direction de M. Krier. M. Robert Bages, attaché de recherches au C.N.R.S., a entrepris, dans la région Midi-Pyrénées, une enquête qui s'attache notamment aux relations entre les origines (profession et situation sociale de la famille) et les professions adoptées par les migrants ruraux. Il en présente ici les résultats.

An analysis of some aspects of some Eskimo kinship systems demon strates that the dysfunctional connotation that is often associated with the idea of divorce need not necessarily be true in all cases. This article draws together some information on adoption, marriage, spouse exchange, affinal kinship and divorce and demonstrates that these aspects of Eskimo kinship are internally consistent parts of a whole. Marriage, in this instance, is shown to be a social relationship that involves not only the two individuals, but other members of society as well, and this serves to reinforce the network of kinship ties. Upon divorce, the affinal ties set up by marriage remain for other members of the society and continue to serve as connecting links. It is postulated that this is another instance of a general tendency among Eskimos to set up and maintain a wide circle of kinship and extra-kinship relationships.

This paper draws on an empirical study of stigma and child welfare services in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Spain. It focuses exclusively on the findings relating to the United Kingdom and shows how stigma continues to be a part of the experience of using and delivering child welfare services, despite the positive determination of policies that this should not be so. More optimistically, however, it is also evident that the experience of stigma and exclusion can be reduced, and the paper concludes by outlining the implications for policy and practice together with those factors which would appear to be most significant in combating stigma.

It is a long-standing principle in anthropology, sociology but also economics, that there are strong social and material incentives for people to marry or partner on the basis of social similarity, thus encouraging equality within partnerships but social inequality in the distribution of education, income, or other characteristics. It has been argued, however, that marriage is becoming less homogamous, and therefore that society is becoming more open. Using both the Longitudinal Study and the British Household Panel Study, we find that homogamy remains a powerful factor in marriage and partnership. Further, it reduces stress levels in the partnership and increases over the period of the relationship as partners social and political attitudes become closer over time.

Higher education refers to the subsequent training to high school education; that is undergraduate and graduate; whose mission is to preserve; develop and disseminate culture. Throughout the history of higher education it has undergone a process of transformation; mainly due to the development of knowledge and the transformation of society. In the process they highlighted two great moments; in the first; which culminated in the mid-twentieth century; it conceived the higher education institution encompassing all knowledge of society; and who graduated was ready to perform professionally throughout life; the second time; after those dates; it is conceivable that knowledge is no longer exclusive to the institution of higher education; and there can be no efficient performance without continuous training and continuous updating of knowledge. The objective of this work is to point out the general goals and some strategies of the students' formation of superior education; to confront the big challenges that it faces today the society. To define this goals and strategies four challenge levels are considered: a) physical; structural and politicalideological challenges; b) challenges around the scientifictechnician and of the knowledge advances; c) challenges of the internal structure of the formative process and the access to the superior education; and d) challenges in the formation of values in the students. ; Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es explicitar las metas generales y algunas estrategias de formación de los estudiantes de educación superior, para afrontar los grandes desafíos que enfrenta hoy la sociedad. Para definir dichas metas y estrategias se consideran cuatro niveles de desafío: a) desafíos físicos, estructurales y político-ideológicos; b) desafíos en torno a los avances científico-técnicos y del conocimiento; c) desafíos de la estructura interna del proceso formativo y del acceso a la educación superior, y d) desafíos en la formación de valores en los estudiantes.

Higher education refers to the subsequent training to high school education; that is undergraduate and graduate; whose mission is to preserve; develop and disseminate culture. Throughout the history of higher education it has undergone a process of transformation; mainly due to the development of knowledge and the transformation of society. In the process they highlighted two great moments; in the first; which culminated in the mid-twentieth century; it conceived the higher education institution encompassing all knowledge of society; and who graduated was ready to perform professionally throughout life; the second time; after those dates; it is conceivable that knowledge is no longer exclusive to the institution of higher education; and there can be no efficient performance without continuous training and continuous updating of knowledge. The objective of this work is to point out the general goals and some strategies of the students' formation of superior education; to confront the big challenges that it faces today the society. To define this goals and strategies four challenge levels are considered: a) physical; structural and politicalideological challenges; b) challenges around the scientifictechnician and of the knowledge advances; c) challenges of the internal structure of the formative process and the access to the superior education; and d) challenges in the formation of values in the students. ; Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es explicitar las metas generales y algunas estrategias de formación de los estudiantes de educación superior, para afrontar los grandes desafíos que enfrenta hoy la sociedad. Para definir dichas metas y estrategias se consideran cuatro niveles de desafío: a) desafíos físicos, estructurales y político-ideológicos; b) desafíos en torno a los avances científico-técnicos y del conocimiento; c) desafíos de la estructura interna del proceso formativo y del acceso a la educación superior, y d) desafíos en la formación de valores en los estudiantes.

Con una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, el presente trabajo enfoca la gravitaciónde la desigualdad social en los procesos políticos y la tensión que plantea al desenvolvimiento y preservación de los regímenes democráticos, en cuanto éstos se asientan siempre en un principio de igualdad. Se afirma que lo decisivo no es la existencia misma de las desigualdades sino el modo en que la sociedad elabora criterios de explicación y justificación de las mismas. Finalmente, se indaga el impacto del ahondamiento reciente de la desigualdad social en gran parte del mundo y su incidencia en los niveles y manifestaciones de la conflictividad social. ; From an interdisciplinary approach, the present work focuses on the gravitation of social inequality in the political processes and the tension it creates in the development and preservation of democratic governments, as these are always based upon the principle of equality. It is stated that what is decisive is not the very existence of inequalities but the way in which society elaborates criteria to explain and justify them. Finally, the impact of the recent worldwide deepening of social inequality is analyzed, as well as its incidence on the degrees and manifestations of social conflict. ; Fil: Vilas, Carlos María. Universidad Nacional de Lanús (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

This article is based on the social rights of a social transgender group, traditionally discriminate by society, which denies them of their own identity, worthy life and the right of a better and happy life. In this modern society, it is assume the acceptance of equal rights without distinctions of gender, which has suppress the correlation between gender and exclusion. They are not able to eliminate the effects of the exclusion in which some groups are submitted, in consequence this attend against their dignity, particularly in transgender group. In this sense and to obtain some concretions of the fundamental and social rights of every person, it is accurate to drop out the conception of society that force a person to identify themself exclusively as Men or Woman, also to implant a new paradigm related with the existence of a democratic citizenship that include a public integral politic and contemplate the construction of genders identities no regulated. ; El presente artículo aborda el tema de los derechos sociales del grupo social transgénero, tradicionalmente marginado y discriminado por una sociedad que le niega la existencia de una identidad propia, a una vida digna y, por lo tanto, el derecho a la felicidad. Se asume como punto de partida que en las sociedades modernas la aceptación del derecho de igualdad sin distinción de sexo ha suprimido la correlación entre género y exclusión, pero no ha conseguido eliminar los efectos de la exclusión de la que son objeto algunos grupos con el consiguiente atentado a su dignidad, particularmente los que componen el grupo de las personas transgénero. En este sentido, y para lograr la concreción de los derechos fundamentales y sociales de todas las personas, se plantea que es preciso abandonar la concepción de la sociedad que obliga al ser humano a identificarse exclusivamente como hombre o mujer e implantar un nuevo paradigma acorde con la existencia de una ciudadanía democrática e incluyente mediante una política pública integral, que contemple la construcción de identidades de género no normativas

Au Bénin, les mouvements politiques et sociaux de protestation (Parti communiste du Dahomey, syndicats, mouvements étudiants, Eglises et laïcs catholiques, diasporas) se sont assez tôt organisés contre le régime de Kérékou, articulant des doléances qui vont se fédérer dans le vaste mouvement de revendication démocratique entre 1989 et 1990. Celle-ci est plurielle dans sa trajectoire et dans son énonciation qu'il faut replacer dans la durée.

Au Bénin, les mouvements politiques et sociaux de protestation (Parti communiste du Dahomey, syndicats, mouvements étudiants, Eglises et laïcs catholiques, diasporas) se sont assez tôt organisés contre le régime de Kérékou, articulant des doléances qui vont se fédérer dans le vaste mouvement de revendication démocratique entre 1989 et 1990. Celle-ci est plurielle dans sa trajectoire et dans son énonciation qu'il faut replacer dans la durée.