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This innovative and compelling work critically examines the relationship between sport, moral regulation and governance from a moral panic theoretical perspective. It argues that doping scandals create a crisis for sport governing bodies and other elite groups, leading to a moral panic, where the issues at stake for them are perceptions of their organizational legitimacy. McDermott also highlights the role of the media as a site where claims to legitimacy are made and contested, contributing to the social construction of a moral panic. The book makes a key contribution to moral panic theory by adapting Goode and Ben-Yehuda's moral panic model to capture the diversity of interests and complex relationships between elite groups. It will be important reading for all students, researchers and policy-makers interested in sport sociology, moral panic theory, policy work on about governance and regulation, and the relationship between sport and wider society.

Ireland is not a country unfamiliar with trauma. It is an island widely known for its history with Vikings, famine, and as a colony of the English empire. Inevitably, then, these traumas surface in the literature from the nation. Much of the literature that was produced, especially after the decline in the Irish language after the Great Famine of the 1840s, focused on national identity. In the nineteenth century, there was a growing movement for Irish cultural identity, illustrated by authors John Millington Synge and William Butler Yeats; this movement was identified as the Gaelic Revival. Another movement in literature began in the nineteenth century and it reflected the social and political anxieties of the Anglo-Irish middle class in Ireland. This movement is the beginning of the Gothic genre in Irish literature. Dominated by authors such as Sheridan Le Fanu and Bram Stoker, Gothic novels used aspects of the sublime and the uncanny to express the fears and apprehensions that existed in Anglo-Irish identity in the nineteenth century. My goal in writing this thesis is to examine Gothic aspects of contemporary Irish fiction in order to address the anxieties of Irish identity after the Irish War of Independence that began in 1919 and the resulting division of Ireland into two countries. I will be examining Patrick McCabe's The Butcher Boy, Seamus Deane's Reading in the Dark, and Anna Burns' No Bones in order to evaluate their use of children amidst the trouble surrounding the formation of identity, both personal and national, in Northern Ireland. All three novels use gothic elements in order to produce an atmosphere of the uncanny (Freud); this effect is used to enlighten the theme of arrested development in national identity through the children protagonists, who are inescapably haunted by Ireland's repressed traumatic history. Specifically, I will be focusing on the use of ghosts, violence, and hauntings to illuminate the social anxieties felt by Northern Ireland after the Irish War of Independence. ; 2013-05-01 ; B.A. ; Arts and Humanities, Dept. of English ; Bachelors ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

"This edited collection brings together critical and up-to-date assessments of how mainstream American and British media cover their respective foreign policies, paying special attention to 'official enemies'. In the age of the internet and social media, the reporting and commentary on world events by mainstream Western media remains tightly bound by the way in which Western governments promote their framing. This book explores the extent to which historical and recent Western media coverage has reflected and continues to reflect the foreign policies of the United States and the United Kingdom towards ten non-Western countries: Afghanistan, China, Cuba, Haiti, Iran, Palestine, Russia, Serbia, Syria, and Vietnam. Chapters analyse media coverage before, during and after war and geo-political and economic conflicts. Drawing from diverse perspectives and methods, including historical analysis, content analysis, critical discourse analysis, and critical linguistics, Journalism and Foreign Policy offers original insight into the Western media's representation of important global events and developments, as well as the key scholarly issues of propaganda and digital media, across a wide range of recent coverage. This volume is key reading for academics and students in the areas of foreign policy and international politics, international communication, media content analysis, and journalism"--

This book puts forward a new epistemological framework for a theory of religion and gender's role in the public sphere. It provides a sophisticated understanding of gender and its relation to religion as a primarily performative category of knowledge production, rooting that understanding in case studies from around the world. Gender and religion are examined alongside biopolitics and the influence of capitalism, neoliberalism and empire. The book analyses the interdependence of religion, gender and new nationalisms in the Palestinian territories, South Africa and the USA, scrutinising the biopolitical interferences of nation states and dominant political and religious institutions. It then moves on to uncover counter-discourses and spaces of activism and agency in contexts such as East Germany and the Occupy Wall Street movement. Using gender, queer and trans theory in tandem with postcolonial and post-secular perspectives, readers are shown a more nuanced understanding of critical contemporary questions related to religion, gender and sexuality. This is a bold new take on religion, gender and public life. As such, it will be of keen interest to scholars of Religious Studies and Gender Studies, as well as those working on religion's interaction with Politics, Sociology and Social Activism.

and use and management measures have strong implications on environmental properties such as the quality of soil, water and air, and biodiversity, as well as on social and cultural values. This is also clearly indicated in the Swedish National Environmental Quality Goals where measures to meet quality criteria have been set. However, there are several question marks concerning relations between land management and environment, and in particular there are conflict situations where a specific management form might be positive for the environment in one respect, but negative in another. Although it is not the mandate of science to balance different needs, it is definitely its role to describe the environmental, social and cultural impacts, as well as the economic viability, including the use of environmental and sustainability assessment tools. In this way science enables decisions towards sustainable land use.The environmental, social and cultural impacts from land use might in the future be even bigger as the needs for food, feed, fibre and fuel are supposed to increase substantially. At the same time climate change and loss of natural resources will further limit our ability to meet the demands for food, feed, fibre and fuel. In short, we need to produce more under more difficult circumstances, with less available resources and with less (preferably not any) environmental negative impact. Thus, there is an urgent need to more accurately understand relations between environment and a number of land management measures. Towards this background, the aim of this project was to describe the state of art concerning land management and environment and to elucidate urgent knowledge gaps in order to enable prioritization of further research. The focus is on Swedish conditions, although globalization due to increased global trading and increased global environmental concerns necessitate a certain outlook beyond national boundaries.There is almost an unlimited amount of land use and management varieties. For this reason the study was restricted to some management forms that either concerns a large part of Sweden or, according to the present knowledge, may provide big consequences and/or big uncertainties. It was also restricted to terrestrial land use including wetlands, i.e. the use of water bodies, and fisheries are excluded. Included are complicated questions in forestry such as harvest of biomass in production forestry (c. 60% of all Swedish land), use of harvest residues, cutting forms, nitrogen fertilization, liming, choice of tree species and drained peat-land management. In agriculture we focused on fertilization, liming, cropping systems and tillage and crop-residue management. We decided not to evaluate the use of genetically modified organisms neither in agriculture nor in forestry as the large political and environmental uncertainties involved motivate a report by itself. Finally we also assess methods and consequences for energy forestry and, briefly, for reindeer grazing since about 40% of the Swedish land-area is used for reindeer grazing. If reindeer production is used as an alternative for intensive meat production it will be a measure to decrease emissions of greenhouse gases. Grazing by reindeer affects biodiversity, often positively, especially in areas that suffer from increased abundance of broad-leaved vegetation due to climatic changes. Conflicts are possible in future: the area that is suitable for reindeer grazing may decrease due to a warmer climate, but also due to demands for agricultural development. The report is organized in such a way that the management forms are discussed one by one, followed by a systems perspectives approach. We begin with summarizing conclusions .Systems perspective – How to read figures in the reportFor most chapters in the report there are one or two summarizing figures drawn from an environmental systems perspective. For most options described in the figures there is a reference state given in the figure caption (although not illustrated in the figure). When so, the figure must be read with the reference state in mind as e.g. an increase or decrease in biodiversity depends on that reference state. In the figures, boxes represent activities, and arrows either represent flows, or simply "leads to", when connecting two activity boxes. Green colour signifies avoided activities and related resource use and emissions. Grey colour signifies activities or flows that are likely to be of minor importance in the specific scenario. Oval shapes with dotted boundaries and open arrows at both ends represent activities which life cycles should be included in a systems perspectives for a full picture, but which are either beyond the scope of the report, or link to an earlier figure which is then given. In two figures life cycle data from the CPM (Center for environmental assessment of product and material systems) LCA database, 2011, is included. These date from 2005 and are included to give the reader an idea of the size of resource use and emissions involved.In the summaries below the pictures, the various effects, goal conflicts and the knowledge gaps discussed refer to environmental effects and ecosystem services. Conclusions on economic and social aspects are beyond the scope of this report. Summary and discussionTable 1 is a very condensed summary of the report. It must be read with the comparisons made in mind, i.e. a specific action is not necessarily positive or negative with regard to the chosen parameters generally speaking – only as compared to the reference states used in this report. The effect on climate change is either direct (source or sink of carbon dioxide) or indirect (via a substitution effect). In the case of fossil fuel substitution there is a delay in climate change mitigation; whereas the emission of CO2 from biomass burning is immediate, the uptake of CO2 in the trees that are replacing the cut trees is taking place over decades. Generally speaking, substitution for a construction material is more effective than substitution for fuel. Notably, the table says nothing of the size of the impacts discussed; for this we refer to the special chapters and the literature cited. Neither does the table, nor the report, say anything about how to measure the impact of the different actions. Let alone the report says something about how the various effects can be compared to each other. Most plausible, the answers to these questions will vary from case to case, but also between different actors in the field, depending on what is ascribed the highest importance – or value – in different situations (Haider & Jax 2007). Critical trade-offsIt can be seen from table 1 that many activities that have a positive effect on climate change through a stock or sink mechanism also have positive effects on biodiversity, whereas an increased substitution effect tend to conflict with biodiversity. Similar patterns are there for eutrophication and water regulation (when relevant). These patterns give rise to complex choices as it has to be considered how important harvest of biomass (substitution effect) is as compared to e.g. biodiversity or eutrophication. Except local and case specific aspects – social as well as ecological – there is also a time aspect involved. Our obligations to future generations also needs to be taken into consideration in management of natural resources (de-Shalit 1995; Dobson 1999).Notably, biodiversity, the nitrogen cycle and climate change (in that order) have been pointed out by Rockström et al. (2009) as the three most critical out of nine so called planetary boundaries. Crossing these boundaries is, according to the authors, associated with a risk of deleterious, possibly disastrous consequences for humans. This is pointed out to underline how critical land use measures are, and that the trade-offs between climate change, biodiversity and nitrogen cycle impacts are far from obvious. How do we determine what degree of climate change that corresponds to a given change of biodiversity? It can be argued that increased climate change will in the end affect biodiversity negatively, but on the other hand it can also be argued that higher biodiversity generally means more resilient ecosystems, and more resilient ecosystems cope better with climate changes. A few of the land use measures investigated are positive from climate change point of view as well as from a number of other perspectives. These measures include forest reservation (in the short term), wetland restoration, livestock production with ley (if compared to livestock production with only arable crops), and energy forests (if compared to agriculture). A switch to deciduous tree species may also fall into this category, although here there's a lack of knowledge regarding productivity as well as emissions associated with many tree species. Similarly, certain kinds of selective cutting may be positive from many points of view, but again there are uncertainties with regard to actual emissions. Such (potential) win-win solutions are usually only possible on small areas compared to the area subject to, e.g., conventional forestry, but may be highly significant for the preservation of threatened biodiversity and a number of other ecosystem functions. A national land use strategy aiming for (environmental) win-win options only will however not be possible. Tradeoffs between different environmental values will be necessary. Many of the parameters discussed through the report depend on site specific characteristics. Occurrence of species and site conditions such as soil properties, geology, hydrology, climate, deposition vary from one place to the other. In addition to this, people have different preferences, both at the individual level and at the cultural level. All of this, on top of the scientific difficulty of saying what is "best" when it comes to trade-offs between e.g. climate change and biodiversity, makes it impossible to recommend a "best land management option" on a general level; it will vary from one place to the other and over time, and a variety of options will be needed. A variety of options can be seen as a means of safeguarding a variety of values and ecosystem services, meeting different needs and preferences of people, and as a way of precautious risk spreading. The issue is further complicated when social and economic aspects, in terms of cultural ecosystem services are added. Briefly, cultural ecosystem services are "The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experience, including, e.g., knowledge systems, social relations, and aesthetic values." (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2003, p 58). As an example, productivity may be somewhat lower for selective cutting than for clear-cut forestry as well as for deciduous forests compared to spruce stands. On the other hand, selective cutting and deciduous forests may enable cultural, aesthetic and recreational values that production forestry misses. At the same time, it is more plausible that the selective cutting-forests and the deciduous forests enable cultural and recreational activities such as fishing, picking wild berries and hunting. In the case the economic value of these activities is limited (such as in many high-income countries), it is reasonable to include them in the cultural ecosystem services as they contribute to the high cultural, aesthetic, social and health values of a biodiverse landscape (Norling 2001). The cultural ecosystem services are most plausible difficult to replace (Lisberg Jensen 2008). In many cases, then, trade-offs seem to be unavoidable not only between environmental aspects, but also between environmental aspects on the one hand and social and economical aspects on the other, especially if including the global situation in the reasoning (Dobson 2007). In these tradeoffs, science can give advice, but the decisions remain political, and dependent of valuations and preferences. Concerning preferences, there is e.g. a risk that many preferences that people have, are monotonous, short sighted, temporary or just unrealistic to an extent that will challenge environmental decision making, environmental policy and/or environmental ethics (Minteer, Corley & Manning 2004; Minteer &Miller 2011). Furthermore, there is an extensive discussion in environmental ethics about the importance of natural landscapes (Callicott 2001; Hettinger 2002). On the other hand, empirical studies show that naturalness is not crucial. On the contrary, cultivated landscapes obviously have the social, cultural, aesthetic and spiritual values that many people appreciate (Norling 2001).

In this article we discuss the port of Antwerp's sustainability reporting initiative, reporting on the joint performance of the harbour community, as a process of co-production. By means of 'stakeholder elicitation' and in interaction with the port's sustainability reporting initiative we investigated potentially meaningful indicators (mainly qualitative in nature) for environmental nuisance and citizen participation as aspects of responsible care. Reflecting on this work, we argue that such initiatives not only produce new sustainability indicators and standards, but also encourage dialogue through which identities are formed and a sense of (port) community is established.

In the course of structural change from an industrial society to a service society large cities in Germany and Europe undergo a profound economic, social and political process of change, which leads to a sharper segregation in the cities. The social spatial concentration of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion in underprivileged city areas removes such areas in their social standards and life chances far from the urban life of the majority. This raises the question of urban social and political integration. The doctoral thesis is dedicated to one aspect of the question regarding integration of cities. It focuses on the political perceptions and attitudes of their citizens. A noticeable declining of turnouts of voters and an increasing "disenchantment with politics", which signal the disappointment and resignation of disadvantaged groups toward policy, and a tendency towards desolidarization in privileged areas give reason to analyze political attitudes in cities. Therefore, the doctoral thesis deals with local political attitudes in privileged and underprivileged city areas in four cities: Berlin, Cologne, Leipzig and Mannheim. Political attitudes are operationalized as political trust, the perception of responsivity of local policy, political participation as well as solidarity, social confidence and social commitment. A telephone poll was carried out with 400 standardized interviews in each of four privileged and four underprivileged quarters. In total, 3200 interviews were conducted and included in the statistical analysis. - Großstädte in Deutschland und Europa befinden sich im Zuge des Strukturwandels von der Industriegesellschaft zur Dienstleistungsgesellschaft in einem tiefgreifenden ökonomischen, sozialen und politischen Wandlungsprozess, der zu einer schärferen Segregation der Städte führt. Die sozialräumliche Konzentration von Arbeitslosigkeit, Armut und sozialer Ausgrenzung in benachteiligten Großstadtgebieten entfernt solche Stadtgebiete in ihren sozialen Standards und Lebenschancen immer weiter vom urbanen Leben der Mehrheit. Dies wirft die Frage nach der sozialen und politischen Integration der Städte auf. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich einem Teilaspekt der Frage nach der Integration in den Städten und fokussiert die Wahrnehmungen und Einstellungen ihrer Bürgerinnen und Bürger. Anlass dazu geben rückläufige Wahlbeteiligungen und eine zunehmende "Politikverdrossenheit" in benachteiligten Stadträumen, die die Enttäuschung und Resignation benachteiligter Gruppen gegenüber der Politik signalisieren, sowie Entsolidarisierungstendenzen in privilegierten Gebieten. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den lokalen politischen Einstellungen und vergleicht diese in sozialstrukturell benachteiligten und privilegierten Stadtquartieren in vier Großstädten: Berlin, Köln, Leipzig und Mannheim. Unter politischen Einstellungen werden das lokale politische Vertrauen, die Wahrnehmung der lokalen Politik und die politische Partizipation sowie die Solidaritätsbereitschaft, das soziale Vertrauen und das bürgerschaftliche Engagement verstanden. Insgesamt wurden 3200, d.h. in jedem untersuchten Stadtgebiet 400 standardisierte Telefoninterviews durchgeführt und statistisch ausgewertet.

En este trabajo pretendemos realizar una recopilación de los nombres de las revistas satíricas que aparecieron en la ciudad de Sevilla desde el año 1900 hasta los últimos años de la II República, junto a sus dibujantes, aportando nuevas cabeceras como base a la bibliografía de la prensa sevillana ya existente. Sería también una continuación del trabajo de búsqueda de revistas satíricas locales del siglo XIX y de los dibujantes de las mismas que ya iniciamos en años anteriores. Además, desarrollamos algunas de ellas, dando información de su localización física y destacando algunos apuntes sobre su staff, motivación y contenidos informativos, destacando su manera de ver algunos sucesos del día a día en la ciudad y otros relacionados con la propia historia de Sevilla y la de sus personajes. Otro aspecto que consideramos de gran valor son los referidos a la libertad de expresión, como fueron los delitos de difamación y contra el honor, como los ocurridos con las revistas Don Próspero en 1902 y con la publicación de Don Basilio y su dibujante Manolo en 1930, junto a unas notas sobre el secuestro de la edición Sevilla en Broma del columnista y periodista de sucesos Galerín en 1926. ; In this work we intend to make a compilation of the names of the satirical magazines that appeared in the city of Seville from 1900 until the last years of the Second Republic, together with their cartoonists, providing new headlines as a basis for the bibliography of the press already existing in Seville. It would also be a continuation of the search for local satirical magazines of the 19th century and the cartoonists of the same that we already started in previous years. In addition, we develop some of them, giving information on their physical location and highlighting some notes about their staff, motivation and informative content, highlighting their way of seeing some day-to-day events in the city and others related to the history of Seville itself and that of its characters. Another aspect that we consider of great value are those related to freedom of expression, such as the crimes of defamation and against honor, such as those that occurred with the Don Próspero magazines in 1902 and with the publication of Don Basilio and his cartoonist Manolo in 1930 , along with some notes on the kidnapping of the Sevilla en Broma edition of the columnist and event journalist Galerín in 1926.

Public discussions on digital technology and the Internet tend generally to be framed in epochalist terms and to be rife with utopian and dystopian projections of our imminent digital futures (Du Gay 2003; Henningsen and Larsen, this volume). As many observers have noted, in recent years a shift in the tone of such discussions has occurred, as the optimism that accrued to the Web 2.0 and social media 10–15 years ago has waned, with darker visions being brought to the fore. Today, a probing of the role of social media as vehicles of misinformation, commoditization, and mass surveillance looms large in popular and scholarly discussions alike (Fuchs et al. 2012; Van Dijck 2013). However, there is one notable exception to this trend in the current flora of social media: since the turn of the century, Wikipedia and platforms based on the wiki-technology have been a constant source of positive wonder among commentators. This relates to the democratic nature of the Wikipedia organization, to the deliberative aspect of content production, and to the platforms' persistent avoidance of commercialism (FirerBlaes and Fuchs 2014; Van Dijck 2013; Wright 2010).¹ Prosumers (Ritzer et al. 2012; Toffler 1980) have contributed millions of articles for Wikipedia and other wiki-platforms. The true wonder of wiki-platforms is their capacity to mobilize contributors in great numbers and to incite them to write and edit articles. Based on a case study of the Norwegian local history wiki platform lokalhistoriewiki.no, we seek to understand what motivates contributors to engage in wiki work, and how this can be specified theoretically. We argue that wiki work is an avenue for the exertion of craftsmanship (Sennett 2009), and that it involves psychological processes of flow (Csikszentmihalyi 2008[1991]) and social processes of self-externalization (Elster 1989). ; publishedVersion

The article explores positivism-postpositivism debate in social sciences that has been lasting already for many years. The author does not suppose this debate will end soon since it raises fundamental questions concerning the aims, tasks and methods of social sciences. Though representatives of these sciences differ significantly in views on these questions, the most of them and, in particular, evident majority of representatives of political science virtually holds positivist views. Such questions, which may be called conceptual, are essentially disputable, so they cannot be resolved by any empirical research. When examining positivism-postpositivism debate the author singles out, paying tribute to tradition, three aspects of debate: (1) ontological, (2) epistemological, and (3) methodological. Yet he presents the arguments to support his claim that because of its antimetaphysical character positivism can have no ontology at all. Therefore an ontological dispute between positivists and postpositivists is simply impossible. Postpositivists, in discussing epistemological questions, would be inclined to reject positivist viewpoint that our statements and theories about social life can be true (though according to modern positivists, we can never know it for sure). They also would reject the positivist distinction between facts and values, which likewise can be considered as epistemological. But the most serious dispute that is taking place in social sciences concerns methodological questions. The author, in analyzing it, pays most attention to two most influential forms of postpositivism, namely to critical theory and postmodernism. Having discussed genealogy and deconstruction which, though with serious reservations, may be considered as postpositivist methods, the author claims that postpositivism lacks the main part of methodology, i.e. rules of accepting scientific statements and theories. And that is why postpositivism cannot win the methodological debate over positivism which has such rules. Adapted from the source document.

The doctrine of shareholder primacy has received substantial attention from its legions of proponents, its indefatigable opponents, and even its disinterested observers. The notion that a corporation should be run in the interests of its shareholders is the theoretical foundation upon which modern corporate law stands. Almost all empirical study in corporate law is premised on a notion of shareholder primacy, and these results would lose much of their meaning if the theory were somehow disproved. Perhaps most importantly, shareholders do in fact have primacy of place within the corporation, as they alone generally have the right to elect the firm's directors. Despite the importance of shareholder primacy to the American (and increasingly global) corporation, there is one aspect of shareholder primacy theory that has not received sustained scholarly critique. In justifying the limitation of the franchise to shareholders, scholars have repeatedly turned to social choice theory-specifically, Arrow's theorem-to raise concerns about expanding the corporate electorate. Arrow's theorem posits that no social choice function, including any voting procedure, can simultaneously fulfill four conditions of democratic fairness and guarantee a transitive outcome. Citing the theorem, corporate law commentators have argued that combining different stakeholders together into the electorate would result in a lack of consensus and, ultimately, the lack of coherence that attends intransitive social choices. Plagued by these voting pathologies, a corporation with such an electorate could even be led to "self-destruct." This argument from Arrow's theorem, however, overestimates the concerns raised by the theorem about the aggregation of more diverse preferences. Almost any time that different viewpoints are converted into social choices, disparate preferences must be reconciled. In fact, the only way around this would be to assume that shareholders will never disagree-increasingly a flawed premise. More importantly, the argument ...

This book approaches the concept of geo-architecture by analyzing the symbolic characters of architectures. It proves that the relationship between architecture and geography is not merely an embodiment of physical and functional demands but rather a formal expression of the materialization of culture. After analyzing the vast number of villages, groups of buildings and individual buildings the forms of which closely resemble the forms of the Bagua (symbol of the Eight Trigrams), Taichi, animals and plants, this book finds that this kind of symbolism creatively places living and working places within the natural geographic environment and, by seeking a relationship between architecture and its surrounding environment, comes to express people's hopes and dreams, evolving slowly to take on certain cultural connotations. This book is the fourth of a 4-volume book series. The series develops the innovative concept of "geo-architecture" by exploring the myriad influences of natural, human and historical factors upon architecture. These influences are considered in three categories, namely, interaction between architecture and nature, interaction between architecture and its human users and change in architecture over time--each category serves as a lens. Augmenting these lenses is the Time-Person-Place concept applied different geographic. The analysis ultimately focuses on two aspects: geographic influence on architecture and architectural response to geography. The over 1000 pictures of case architectures enriches the study with stunning and unique visual angles. "This unprecedented work will be a unique and valuable contribution to the literature. Integrating as it does the disciplines of architecture, landscape architecture, and geography, Wang Fang's voice is original, compelling, and will be much appreciated by English-speaking readers (and inside China, too, I can only imagine.)" Stephen M Ervin Assistant Dean Graduate School of Design, Harvard University July 2nd, 2013 "One reason for why there would be interest is because her research would fill some significant gaps in the literature. What is novel about Dr. Wang's series is that she further extends this intellectual project of looking at Chinese architecture through Chinese eyes, by taking it one provocative step further." Annette M. Kim Associate Professor Department of Urban Studies and Planning, M.I.T. July 1st, 2013

International audience ; The question of death management sheds new light on the relationships between modern states, religion, and society. Funerary reforms have been a key element of the modern nation-states' appropriation of private religious practices, particularly among Asian socialist states. Such states move funerary practices out of the realm of religion, in the name of secularism and rationality and instate hygienist and egalitarian policies. However, the state also imposes ritual and emotional norms that prevent families from managing their own lives and deaths at will. This article provides an overview of funerary policies along China's twentieth century 5struggles against 'traditional' rituals, creation of public cemeteries and public Western-style mourning rites, progressive implementation of mandatory cremation, campaigns against superstitions) and their social effects (the growing gap between urban and rural death practices, resistance, accommodations.). This long history is replaces in the larger framework of anti-superstition policies of which funerary reforms have been an awkward element ever since such policies were first formulated. ; La question de la gestion de la mort par les États modernes permet d'éclairer d'un jour nouveau les mutations des relations entre État, société et religion. Les réformes funéraires ont constitué l'un des aspects les plus marquants d'une appropriation générale par les États nations modernes, et en particulier les régimes communistes en Asie orientale, de pratiques religieuses privées, afin de les conformer à une idéologie totalisante. En effet, les pratiques funéraires sont retirées de la sphère religieuse par ces régimes d'Asie orientale qui se veulent laïc, pour être placées sous le signe d'une gestion rationnelle (hygiénique, égalitaire, productiviste) des ressources—ce qui suggère une forme de sécularisation— ; mais de nouvelles normes rituelles et émotionnelles sont créées et imposées par le haut, si bien que les pratiques familiales en général et funéraires ...

"It's widely acknowledged that American parents from different class backgrounds take different approaches to raising their children. Upper and middle-class parents invest considerable time facilitating their children's activities, while working class and poor families take a more hands-off approach. These different strategies influence how children approach school. But missing from the discussion is the fact that millions of parents on both sides of the class divide are raising their children to listen to God. What impact does a religious upbringing have on their academic trajectories? Drawing on 10 years of survey data with over 3,000 teenagers and over 200 interviews, God, Grades, and Graduation (GGG) offers a revealing and at times surprising account of how teenagers' religious upbringing influences their educational pathways from high school to college. GGG introduces readers to a childrearing logic that cuts across social class groups and accounts for Americans' deep relationship with God: religious restraint. This book takes us inside the lives of these teenagers to discover why they achieve higher grades than their peers, why they are more likely to graduate from college, and why boys from lower middle-class families particularly benefit from religious restraint. But readers also learn how for middle-upper class kids--and for girls especially--religious restraint recalibrates their academic ambitions after graduation, leading them to question the value of attending a selective college despite their stellar grades in high school. By illuminating the far-reaching effects of the childrearing logic of religious restraint, GGG offers a compelling new narrative about the role of religion in academic outcomes and educational inequality"--

"All societies have their own customs and beliefs surrounding death. In the West, traditional ways of mourning are disappearing, and although Western science has had a major impact on how people die, it has taught us little about the way to die or to grieve. Many whose work brings them into contact with the dying and the bereaved from Western and other cultures are at a loss to know how to offer appropriate and sensitive support. Death and Bereavement Across Cultures 2nd Edition is a handbook which meets the needs of doctors, nurses, social workers, hospital chaplains, counsellors and volunteers caring for patients with life-threatening illness and their families before and after bereavement. It is a practical guide explaining the religious and other differences commonly met with in multi-cultural societies when someone is dying or bereaved. In doing so readers may be surprised to find how much we can learn from other cultures about our own attitudes and assumptions about death. Written by international experts in the field the book: - Describes the rituals and beliefs of major world religions; - Explains their psychological and historical context; - Shows how customs are changed by contact with the West; - Considers the implications for the future The second edition includes new chapters that: explore how members of the health care professions perform roles formerly conducted by priests and shamans, can cross the cultural gaps between different cultures and religions; consider the relevance of attitudes and assumptions about death for our understanding of religious and nationalist extremism and its consequences; discuss the Buddhist, Islamic and Christian ways of death"--