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Racial threat theory was developed as a way to explain how population composition influences discriminatory social control practices and has become one of the most acknowledged frameworks for explaining racial disparity in criminal justice outcomes. This paper provides a thorough review of racial threat theory and empirical assessments of the theory and demonstrates that while scholars often cite inconsistent support for the theory, empirical discrepancies may be due to insufficient attention to the conceptual complexity of racial threat. I organize and present the following review around 4 forms of state-sanctioned control mechanisms: police expenditures, arrests, sentencing, and capital punishment. Arguing that the pervasiveness of racialization in state controls warrants continued inquiry, I provide suggestions for future scholarship that will help us develop enhanced understanding of how racial threat may be operating.

"The Politics of Social Welfare in America examines how politicians, theorists, and citizens discuss need, welfare, and disability with respect to theoretical and political projects. Glenn David Mackin argues that participants in these discussions often miss the way their perceptions of those in need shape their discourse. Professor Mackin also explores disability rights groups and welfare rights activism in the 1960s and 1970s to examine the ways that those designated as needy or incompetent often challenge these designations, thus making the issue of welfare an ongoing conflict over who counts as competent and generating new ways of understanding democracy and equality"--

One of the key challenges graduate students face is how to come up with a good rationale for their theses. Unfortunately, the methods literature in and beyond political science does not provide much advice on this important issue. While focusing on how to conduct research, this literature has largely neglected the question of why a study should be undertaken. The limited discussions that can be found suggest that new research is justified if it (1) fills a 'gap'; (2) addresses an important real-world problem; and/or (3) is methodologically rigorous. This article discusses the limitations of these rationales. Then, it proposes that research puzzles are more useful for clarifying the nature and importance of a contribution to existing research, and hence a better way of justifying new research. The article also explores and clarifies what research puzzles are, and begins to devise a method for constructing them out of the vague ideas and questions that often trigger a research process.

La mediación es considerada actualmente un factor de desarrollo, un factor de modernización y de internacionalización del sistema de administración y procuración de justicia, sin embargo, no había sido considerada como generadora de capital social, esta tesis surge en razón de los elementos coincidentes entre ambas figuras de impacto social, al grado de incidir analógicamente en sus intangibles, al igual que en su misión, mientras la mediación procura la convivencia pacífica y alienta el desarrollo, el capital social, contiene los mismos elementos y la misma misión, bajo la premisa de la participación ciudadana.

The forces of the market and systems competition bring about economic and social convergence in Europe. There is no need for social policies at the EU level. Social harmonisation would distort migration flows and slow down the speed of economic convergence. National welfare states will be threatened by the free migration of people in Europe. The race to the bottom is a serious risk. However, to contain this risk, neither harmonisation of welfare payments nor constraints on migration are needed. The adoption of the principle of selectively delayed integration is the better alternative.

The editors of the social rights issue explain the aims and central themes of the articles.

Traduction de Uber einige Grundfragen der Social-politik end der Wolkswirtschaftslehre. ; Bibliography: p. [435]-447. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Los primeros estudios sociolingüísticos en los que se utiliza el concepto de red social vieronla luz en la década de los ochenta. Desde entonces, el interés por el análisis reticular ha ido enaumento. En nuestro país son todavía pocas las investigaciones llevadas a cabo desde esta perspectiva,pero las realizadas demuestran la eficacia de este concepto como factor de variaciónsociolingüística. Así se puede ver en el estudio sobre el habla de Alcalá de Henares, en el que lared social ha resultado ser una variable fundamental para la explicación del comportamiento lingüísticode los hablantes. Hemos podido comprobar que, en esta localidad, existe relación entreel grado de integración en la red y rechazo de rasgos lingüísticos ajenos; por otra parte, la redpuede funcionar como refuerzo de las normas de la comunidad y, por lo tanto, como freno a lapropagación de rasgos dialectales foráneos.

Much of the recent upsurge in writing about citizenship in Britain has been prompted by concerns about state welfare. It is often maintained that social rights are the weakest link in T. H. Marshall's trilogy of civil, political and social citizenship. This article considers arguments from different standpoints which claim to establish this position, and finds them wanting. However, there are problems with citizenship in any of its varieties: it is less inclusive a concept, even in theory, than many have thought, and needs to be buttressed by something external to it, namely sentiments of benevolence towards non-citizens and those whose citizenship is incomplete. The article looks at various ways of providing such buttressing, both from inside and outside the discourse on citizenship, and concludes that none of them are really satisfactory, given present and future challenges facing the welfare state.

AbstractResearch on adolescence from the Majority World possesses major hidden potential in contributing to global adolescent research and developmental science more broadly. In this commentary, the authors (1) describe the background and the process through which this special issue came into fruition, (2) introduce the emic approaches to study the influences of macro‐contextual variations on developmental science and provide several pertinent examples on the contributions of Majority World research, (3) elaborate on challenges and barriers that Majority World scholars often face in conducting and disseminating their research, and (4) a few actionable steps and recommendations in promoting the representation and inclusion of Majority World research into global developmental science. Only when our field fully integrates findings from all regions of the world will we be able to develop a fundamental scientific representation and understanding of what it means to be an adolescent, how adolescents develop over time, and what tasks or phenomena in adolescent development are truly universal or specific to particular groups, regions, or areas.