Poland has emerged in recent years as an important international actor and has achieved its key objectives of membership in NATO and the EU. While the range of Polish involvements has diversified, the more traditional alignments and priorities remain. This paper examines some of the main features in Poland's current foreign affairs and the historical, geopolitical, and internal factors that influence them.
The article analyzes the radical reform of Argentina's social security system in the early 1990's, based on the Chilean model. Discussion focuses of the follow: the need for reform, the recommendations of international organizations, the process of reform including policy making & political debate, and finally the adaptations Argentina made to the Chilean model. References. B. Boyce
"Der Beitrag behandelt die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Parteiensystem und der Funktionsweise und Entwicklung des Föderalismus im internationalen Vergleich. Untersucht werden die sechs klassischen Bundesstaaten: Australien, Deutschland, Kanada, Österreich, die Schweiz und die USA. Zunächst wird ein zweidimensionales Modell der Entwicklungsdynamiken föderativer Systeme präsentiert, das als Ordnungsschema für die weitere Interpretation der Fälle dient. Im Weiteren werden die Parteiensysteme und die institutionellen Strukturen des Föderalismus vergleichend analysiert, bevor verschiedene Konfigurationen von Parteiensystem und Föderalismus herausgearbeitet werden. Die je spezifischen Konfigurationen, so das zentrale Argument des Beitrags, erklären die Funktionsweise und die Entwicklungsdynamik föderativer Systeme." (Autorenreferat)
In den 90er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts verstärkten sich die Bemühungen der Funktionäre in der Arbeiterbewegung um die Ausarbeitung einer präzisen Strategie und Taktik. In der deutschen Sozialdemokratie fand in diesem Zusammenhang eine heftige Diskussion um die Gewinnung der Bauern für die Revolution statt. Anhand von zeitgenössischen Stellungnahmen zeigt der Autor, daß sowohl auf dem Frankfurter wie Breslauer Parteitag (1894 und 1895) Auseinandersetzungen zwischen konsequenten Vertretern des Sozialismus einerseits und Opportunisten andererseits eine wichtige Rolle spielten. Die internationale Kritik an der Haltung der deutschen Sozialdemokratie zur Agrarfrage richtete sich auf das dort letztlich offen gebliebene Problem des Bündnisses von Proletariat und Bauernschaft. (BJ)
Der Sammelband "Right-wing extremism" hat ein doppeltes Ziel. Zum einen soll er das Nationale Forschungsprogramm 40plus und seine Projekte präsentieren (die alle mit Beiträgen präsent sind), zum anderen sollen diese nationalen Beiträge in eine internationale Perspektive gestellt werden, sodass in der Übersicht und Umschau eine Verortung der schweizerischen Forschung (und damit auch des NFP40plus selbst) und ihrer Resultate möglich wird. Eingeladen wurden dazu führende europäische Forscher auf dem Gebiet des Rechtsextremismus
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The idea of developing mechanisms to protect human rights emerged with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of French National Assembly, on August 26, 1789, which states that "the purpose of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man". State Concerns for the international protection of human rights have increased but from the second half of the twentieth century, after the establishment of the United Nations Organization, who proposed that one of the aims to be achievement of international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for fundamental rights and freedoms of man, thus spurring the creation of protective mechanisms at global and regional levels, able to control the actual translation of regulations enshrining rights.
The agreement between British Foreign Minister Sir Samuel Hoare and Pierre Laval, French Premier and Foreign Minister, in early December, 1935, was a major turning point in European international politics during the interwar period. It placed a premium on Fascist aggression in Ethiopia by proposing that Italy be given actual or de facto control over huge slices of the African country. Several volumes of memoirs published in the last few years throw new light on some aspects of the proposal itself and on the politics of Great Britain, Italy, and France toward the Italo-Ethiopian conflict, policies which at the height of the international crisis produced the Hoare-Laval Plan. In addition, the State Department documents, published and unpublished, are a mine of information on these matters.
Contends that a major dilemma for the global economy well into the 21st century will be an international underclass of weak states and economies that may be unable to reap the benefits of economic reform and democratization.
The 1990s has been a turbulent decade for international migration in the UNECE region. While recorded movements have declined in recent years in Western Europe, major questions surround the frequency of unrecorded & irregular migrations that many believe are steadily increasing in number, though the evidence is problematic. Central & Eastern Europe is characterized by short-term, short-distance, cross-border movement, most of which is for economic purposes & takes advantage of the openness of the informal sector. In North America, the main thrust of immigration has long been toward permanent settlement, whereas in Europe, most migration has, initially at any rate, been temporary, albeit frequently leading to settled immigrant communities. In the 1990s, immigration debates in Canada & the US seem to have increasing echoes of those across the Atlantic. Especially in the US, the "immigration ethos" is increasingly questioned. This paper elaborates on these issues by exploring what is actually happening. How important is migration? What are the patterns & trends? How significant are new & unrecorded types of flows? What dilemmas are presented to the managers of the UNECE migration systems? 4 Tables, 24 References. Adapted from the source document.
We attempt to explain when and why democratic states will prevail in international crises. We review several of the prominent theories about democratic political structures and derive hypotheses from each framework about crisis outcomes. These hypotheses are tested against the population of 422 international crises between 1918 and 1994. Our findings provide further evidence that the democratic peace is not a spurious result of common interests. Moreover, we also begin the difficult task of differentiating among the many theories of the democratic peace. In particular, we find strong evidence that democratic political structures are important because of their ability to generate domestic audience costs. Our findings also support the argument that democratic political structures encourage leaders to select international conflicts that they will win.
Of the 92 persons convicted at the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 60 have already served their sentences and were released. Even though perpetrators' rehabilitation and their public behaviour in post-conflict environments are essential for countering denial, establishing an authoritative version of the truth, and sustainable reconciliation, we still know little about what happens after they return to their communities. This article attempts to examine ICTY convicts' rehabilitation by assessing the quality and the result of existing rehabilitation programs (e.g., how much the public behaviour of those released matches the expectations of the victim's community, what their relationship is with their guilt and crimes committed). Aside from secondary sources, it draws on 23 semi-structured interviews with victims of war, representatives from victims' associations, and human rights advocates from the region. It finds that in the context of the absence of specialized rehabilitation programs and lack of oversight of the post-conviction stage at the ICTY, the convicted perpetrators return to communities that support and enable them. Hailed by specific enthusiastic audiences back home, ICTY convicts often fulfil their expectations, closing a vicious circle that dramatically curbs the individual or collective transformative potential of their punishment regarding reckoning with the past and moving towards reconciliation.
