Suchergebnisse

In the European Union, states can distribute enforcement prerogatives between a supranational agency, over which they exercise equal influence, and a Council of ministers, where power resources mostly vary by country size. What shapes attitudes towards different enforcement designs? States at greater risk of noncompliance should eschew deeper cooperation and prefer procedures over which they can exercise more influence. Employing an original data set of positions on relevant contested issues during the negotiations over fiscal governance rules from 1997 to 2012, we show that governments at greater risk of noncompliance prefer greater discretion and, if they have higher voting power, more Council involvement in enforcement. These factors only partially explain positions on Commission empowerment. Given their greater indeterminacy, attitudes are also shaped by national public opinion.

Intro -- European Citizenship after Brexit -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Notes -- References -- 2 The Status of European Citizenship: An Overview -- 2.1 EU Citizenship: A Brief History -- 2.1.1 The Background -- 2.1.2 A Farewell to Traditional International Law -- 2.2 The Derivative Character of Union Citizenship -- 2.3 Entitlements Connected to the Status -- 2.4 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3 A Sudden Loss of Rights -- 3.1 The Home Office's New Workload -- 3.2 From Expat to Post-European -- Notes -- References -- 4 Understanding Citizenship: The Functionalist Approach -- 4.1 Four Arguments in Favour of Theory -- 4.2 Applying Citizenship Theory to Brexit -- 4.2.1 The Functionalist Theory -- 4.2.2 How Can it be Applied to Brexit? -- Notes -- References -- 5 Can Rights Be Frozen? -- 5.1 Lessons from International Law -- 5.1.1 Duty to Negotiate Solutions -- 5.1.2 Duty to Inform -- 5.1.3 Right to Option -- 5.2 Saving Citizens' Rights? -- 5.2.1 The Kurić Doctrine -- 5.2.2 Residence Rights in the EU -- 5.3 The Wrong Saviour? -- Notes -- References -- 6 Who Gets to Withdraw the Status? -- 6.1 Who Gets to Withdraw Union Citizenship? -- 6.2 Limits of Public International Law -- 6.3 EU Law Limits to State Discretion -- 6.3.1 Resisting Temptation -- 6.3.2 Consequences for the UK -- 6.3.3 Consequences for Member States -- 6.4 To Challenge Loss of Status -- 6.5 Enacting Union Citizenship -- Notes -- References -- 7 Towards a Functionalist Reading of Union Citizenship -- Notes -- References -- Index.

1 Introduction -- 2 EU Mediation Effectiveness: an Analytical Framework -- 3 The EU as a Mediator in the Conflict over Montenegro's Independence -- 4 The EU as a Mediator in the Kosovo-Serbia Conflict -- 5 The EU as a Co-Mediator in the Geneva International Discussions on South Ossetia -- 6 Conclusions -- Annex

Many expect globalization and regional economic integration to force domestic institutions and policies to converge toward some efficiency-mandated minimalism. Applying basic trade theory to national institutional and policy systems clarifies, however, that the greater force is tax competition (broadly conceived), as abetted by ideology and transmitted and magnified by international financial mobility. Trade actually furthers institutional and policy diversity; and international finance per se tends to reinforce that. Tax competition for global capital, contrarily, does create fiscal pressures, but wholly independently of the efficiency of taxation or tax-financed public activity. However, the political integration that accompanies European economic integration provides a policy-making forum for surmounting the collective action problem of tax competition, sometimes turning economic globalization opponents into political Europeanization proponents. The analysis also highlights three broader conclusions. First, export or output growth or specialization in particular sectors suggests only comparative, not necessarily absolute advantage. Second, trade and, less surely, capital integration tend to reinforce domestic equilibria that sustain existing networks regardless of their efficiency. Third, economic integration partly offsets short-run costs of inferior networks, further dampening any efficiency-based pressures for convergence.

This article empirically investigates the impact of globalization on voting behavior. Specifically, combining individual-level data from the first nine waves of the European Social Survey, party-level information from the Comparative Manifesto Project, and country-level data from Eurostat, we study the individual determinants of the vote for trade protectionist parties. Our findings show, firstly, that protectionist parties mainly receive electoral support from less-educated voters, unemployed individuals, and members of labor unions. Secondly, we test the compensation principle using a macro measure of a country's compensation potential and find, contrary to expectations, no significant evidence that a greater potential to mitigate the labor market adjustment costs resulting from economic openness deters the propensity to vote for protectionist parties in national elections.

Since direct elections to the European Parliament began in 1979, variations in voting behavior in European Parliament elections from national elections have raised interesting questions about political behavior. I add to a growing literature that explores turnout in European Parliament elections by focusing on the count of national elections between European Parliament elections. Through a cross-national study of elections, I find that turnout decreases in the European Parliament contest following cycles with numerous national contests. Then, using data from the European Election Study, I argue that this is the result of frequent elections decreasing turnout particularly among already low interest voters who stay home. My findings have implications for how formal rules of multi-level elections shape political behavior more generally and voter fatigue in particular.

The protection of asylum seekers and refugees has become one of the most politically divisive issues in the European Union, yet there has been a lack of research on public preferences for asylum and refugee policies. This article analyzes which policies Europeans prefer and why. We advance a theoretical framework that explains how asylum and refugee policies that use limits and conditions enable individuals to resolve conflicting humanitarian and perceived national interest logics. Using an original conjoint experiment in eight countries, we demonstrate that Europeans prefer policies that provide refugee protection but also impose control through limits or conditions. In contrast to the divisive political debates between European Union member states, we find consistent public preferences across European countries.

What are the driving forces behind the selection of individual Members of the European Parliament for committee leadership positions? To shed more light on this process, the article analyses an original dataset comprising biographical and behavioural information on all 751 Members of the European Parliament who assumed office in 2014. We show that the choice of committee chairs and vice-chairs is not determined by loyalty to party groups or national delegations. Instead, we demonstrate that Members of the European Parliament' career ambitions and their ability to demonstrate relevant experience play a key role. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the power of national parties and European party groups and for the emerging literature on political career patterns at the European level.

This article makes a contribution to the empirical study of the European legal order, by introducing the 'National Decisions' database maintained by the Association of Councils of States and Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions of the European Union. Containing large-scale information on 27,100 national decisions relating to European law, including cases that do not involve preliminary references, the database allows researchers to get beyond the focus on decisions of the ECJ to get a better understanding of the larger universe of cases where national courts apply European law. This article illustrates how we can use the database to expand on existing scholarship. It focuses on the study of the judicial enforcement of European law through national courts, in particular.

The character of international trade has changed dramatically over the past twenty years. Previously published as a special issue of The Journal of European Public Policy, this volume provides a 'state of the art' study of the new trade politics.