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With books such as Discourse Networks and Gramophone, Film, Typewriter and the collection Literature, Media, Information Systems, Friedrich Kittler has established himself as one of the world's most influential media theorists. He is also one of the most controversial and misunderstood. Kittler and the Media offers students of media theory an introduction to Kittler's basic ideas. Following an introduction that situates Kittler's work against the tumultuous background of German 20th-century history (from the Second World War and the cultural upheaval of the late 1960s to reunification), the book provides succinct summaries of Kittler's early discourse-analytical work inspired by French post-structuralism, his media-related theorising and his most recent writings on cultural techniques and the notation systems of Ancient Greece. This clear and engaging overview of a fascinating theorist will be welcomed by students and scholars alike of media, communication and cultural studies.

Cover -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 The Bourgeois Public Sphere and its Critics -- Public Sphere and Private Realm -- The Media of the Early Bourgeois Public Sphere -- The Alleged Demise of the Public Sphere -- A Public Sphere of Affluent White Males? Social Exclusion and its Critics -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- 2 Nurturing Communicative Action -- Communicative Action: Theorizing Human Activity -- From Individual Communication to types of Discourses -- Lifeworld and System: Theorizing Societal Totality -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- 3 Media for Deliberative Democracy -- The Political Public Sphere in Action -- Media Power -- Deep Media Democracy -- Media Functions in the Deliberative System -- Considered Public Opinions -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- 4 Mediated Public Spheres -- The Liberal Model -- The Republican Model -- The Deliberative Model -- The Agonistic Model -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- 5 Deliberative Qualities of News and Discussion Media -- Criteria of Deliberativeness -- Quality Newspapers -- Television News -- Twitter -- Political Blogs -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- 6 Non-Deliberative Media Discourse -- Which Deliberative Benefits? -- Greeting, Rhetoric, and Personal Narrative -- Satire, Mediated Protest, and Public Ritual -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- Notes -- 7 Counterpublics and the Role of Emotions Conclusion -- Subaltern Counterpublics -- Enacting Social Identities in Public Discourse -- Affective Publics -- Empathy and Deliberation -- Moral Emotions as Justifications -- Summary -- Recommended Reading -- Conclusion -- References -- Index -- End User License Agreement.

As an introduction to this special issue this article deals firstly with defining and clarifying terms and concepts which are used in the context of international media assistance. Secondly, the themes of the different articles in this collection are enumerated: these are broadly the how to of media assistance, evaluation and the ongoing debate about proving impact of media assistance project; negotiating the tensions between the state and the media and finally, the fundamental question of why and to what purpose is assistance to the media sector given in the first place. The first two of these themes are developed in slightly more depth. The piece is rounded off with some further reflections on the history both of the idea of media assistance and of the way it has been practiced in recent decades. It finally looks at the ways research in this field may develop in the future.

The concept of the Media Welfare State describes Nordic specificity in how media are organised and how they serve a lively and inclusive democracy. This article engages in a dialogue in regards to the contention that this media system has persisted in the midst of rapid social change. We synthesise previous research and documented changes in media policy in Sweden, covering the last three decades, to show the ways in which the Swedish media system has undergone significant transformations. Media use is becoming more polarised and connected to social class. The state is retreating from its involvement in media policy; consequently, the press and public service media are facing unprecedented challenges. Finally, the "consensual" relation between media companies and the state, which is said to be typical for the media welfare state, no longer characterises the media market. While some of the features of the media welfare state system remain in Sweden, the current media system is best characterised as a neoliberal media welfare state. The article discusses tensions and conflicts in the existing model and possible future developments.

Provides those interested in social media with necessary insight into potential careers, and provides instruction on what job seekers can expect in terms of training, advancement, earnings, job prospects, working conditions, relevant associations, and more.

International audience ; Within the last 10 years, the internet has become the principal platform for the dissemination and mediation of the culture and ideology of jihadism. The exponential growth of jihadist fora, with their increasingly 'high-end' production values, sophisticated critiques of prevailing narratives and ostensive attempts at impartiality, do not occur in a vacuum. To a great extent they are reactive, their raison supplied by the mainstream media's perceived collusion with governmental (mis)information, or at least its uncritical acceptance. The jihadist media are far from alone in these critiques and there has been a growing convergence of interests with other non-mainstream media outlets, which are also challenging conventional modes of mediation. This article seeks to explore the functions of the new jihadist media, the ways in which it is granted legitimacy, and the compelling issue of radicalizing efficacy and recruitment.

Within the last 10 years, the internet has become the principal platform for the dissemination and mediation of the culture and ideology of jihadism. The exponential growth of jihadist fora, with their increasingly 'high-end' production values, sophisticated critiques of prevailing narratives and ostensive attempts at impartiality, do not occur in a vacuum. To a great extent they are reactive, their raison d'être supplied by the mainstream media's perceived collusion with governmental (mis)information, or at least its uncritical acceptance. The jihadist media are far from alone in these critiques and there has been a growing convergence of interests with other non-mainstream media outlets, which are also challenging conventional modes of mediation. This article seeks to explore the functions of the new jihadist media, the ways in which it is granted legitimacy, and the compelling issue of radicalizing efficacy and recruitment.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- The Authors -- Table of Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- General Introduction -- 1. General Background of the Country -- I. Political and Legal System of the Country -- A. State -- B. Provincial, Municipal and Regional Self-Government -- 1. Municipalities -- 2. The Åland Islands -- 3. The Sámi People -- II. Geography, Population, and Culture -- 2. The Media Landscape -- I. Historical Background -- A. The Press -- B. Broadcasting -- II. Overview of Media Markets and Main Actors -- III. Infrastructure -- IV. Developments on the Media Markets -- V. The Social Media Landscape -- 3. Sources of Media Law -- I. Legislation: Finland -- A. Constitution -- B. Legislation -- C. International Conventions -- D. Court Practice -- 1. General Information -- 2. Supreme Court -- 3. Supreme Administrative Court -- 4. The Parliamentary Ombudsman -- 5. Finnish Legal Science -- Part I. Freedom of Expression -- Chapter 1. General Introduction -- 1. Constitutional Framework -- 2. Restrictions -- Part II. Regulation of Journalism and (Print) Media -- Chapter 1. The Profession of Journalism and Technology Neutrality -- 1. Notion -- 2. Subsidies to the Press -- Chapter 2. The Rights of Journalists -- 1. Role of Journalists as Watchdogs of Society -- 2. The Independence of Journalists -- 3. Journalists' Right to Protect Their Information Sources -- Chapter 3. The Liability of Journalists -- 1. Normal Criminal Liability -- 2. Dissemination of Information Violating Personal Privacy -- 3. Defamation -- 4. Ethnic Agitation -- 5. Editorial Misconduct -- 6. Web Discussion Forums -- 7. Instigation and Abetting -- Chapter 4. Right of Reply -- 1. General Introduction -- 2. Right of Reply -- 3. Correction -- 4. Common Issues on Right of Reply and Correction.

As a young democracy, Spain had huge expectations for media pluralism after the end of Franco's dictatorship in 1975. However, structural and historical forces have imposed a more prosaic evolution, where the regulation of media concentration has had more to do with media groups' interests than societal goals. At first, Spain's media ownership regulations laid down important limitations on media ownership, but as technology developed, these constraints were progressively relaxed through a large set of complex legal amendments in non-specific legislative acts. However, the absence of cross-media ownership rules is crucial to the understanding of the Spanish media system's dynamics and players. Spanish media have evolved from small newspaper companies to big multimedia groups. Fierce competition in an increasingly fragmented scenario is the result. This absence has led to the creation of five or six multimedia groups in Spain, which have made structural pluralism possible at a national level.

The designs of media -- From broadsheet to broadband: the news -- The pitch: advertising -- Music in every room: radio and recorded music -- Watching tv -- Movies and film -- Digital spaces