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This paper argues that recent global health cooperation has been marked by two trends. First, there has been a highly successful proliferation of vertical funds to fight specific diseases. These are characterised by narrower problem-based mandates; multistakeholder governance; voluntary and discretionary funding; no in-country presence for the delivery of assistance; and an output-based legitimacy (based on effectiveness, not process). The rise of new initiatives with these characteristics has dovetailed with an increase in the funding of international organizations. However, the latter has not necessarily strengthened multilateralism. Instead rapid increases in discretionary earmarked funding to the WHO and World Bank, which we call Trojan multilateralism, has replicated features of the vertical funds. With what consequences for international cooperation? Using principal-agent theory, we find a mixed picture. International organizations are being redirected by specific incentives. However, two constraints on bilateral control are not shifting. There is a persistent asymmetry of information between the WHO or the World Bank and individual member states which gives the former a degree of autonomy. Equally, there are persistent obstacles to tightening bilateral monitoring of multilateral action. We conclude that the positive lessons to be drawn from vertical initiatives need to be balanced by the risks posed from a convergence of vertical initiatives and Trojan multilateralism.

Given the new-found importance of the commons in current political discourse, it has become increasingly necessary to explore the democratic, institutional, and legal implications of the commons for global governance today. This book analyses and explores the ground-breaking model of the commons and its relation to these debates.

Throughout the centuries of history, mankind has faced crucial challenges that had to be overcome. Their mismanagement has often led to serious problems in human life. The question posed in this paper is simple: is globalization worth it for humanity? I would add: is humanity ready to live in a global world without borders and with a strong interplay of economic, social and consequently political interests? It is difficult to give a correct answer to these dilemmas. Throughout the centuries of history, people have always been in contact with each other. They gave and they received. The fact is that the more contacts there are between people, the more challenges they face. Globalization itself is an inclusive relationship. People exchange goods, experiences, trade, scientific inventions, but also problems. The Covid-19 pandemic that planet earth is still experiencing is a syndrome of globalization and living in a global system. It had been more than 100 years since a pandemic of this magnitude had occurred because the world was closed and when a severe epidemic did occur it was confined to certain regions and did not spread to the rest of the world. Even when borders have symbolically fallen, international business is flourishing, as are acute issues such as terrorism and the Covid-19 pandemic. As can be seen, globalization is a complex process that needs to be managed, not only because of the benefits it brings, but above all because of the serious problems it can bring about.

The impact of globalisation and industrialisation has been a subject for research around the globe due to the huge paradigm shift caused by them. Such phenomena are also a cause of concern as cities consume close to three-quarters of the world's natural resources and generate three-quarters of its pollution and waste. There is a need for the cities to get smarter through the application of innovative solutions to address large-scale urbanisation challenges and find new ways for creating liveable, competitive and self-reliant cities. In this direction, the advent of smart cities could be a much larger wave of transformation which is about to splash the entire world. The precise content, feature and nature of smart cities vary from country to country, depending upon geographical condition, ecosystems, resource availabilities and major challenges being faced. Pilot projects have been taken up in almost all parts of the world to emulate such cities. Many countries have rolled out grand plans for the development of both greenfield and brownfield smart cities. There have been several agitations against such extensive infiltration of information technologies in societies due to the fear of cyberattacks, privacy threats, etc. However, societies have decided to go ahead because of the greater advantages as well as necessity of smarter systems for ensuring a quality life for citizens. The revolution of upcoming smart cities would thus be one of the most holistic movements, which would require extensive participation from almost all fronts of the society, thus resulting in a truly substantive development. Due to enhanced dependency on data sensors, automation technologies, information and communication technologies, software analytical applications, etc., any disruption/disaster may disintegrate the whole string of services and jeopardise the smart city ecosystem. Further, high concentration of population and economic activities make smart cities vulnerable to severe damage in terms of human lives as well as financial breakdown. Therefore, resilient measures for various natural and man-made disasters need to be taken care of. Major portions of all urban areas on earth are coastal/riverside, exposing them to sea/river-level rise and storm surges. Climate impacts such as cyclones, floods and droughts have financial impacts, with major disruption to business operations and city finances. This necessitates that at the onset of the development of smart city, concomitant actions are needed to make them resilient to disaster as well. This article introduces the concept of smart city and discusses its various attributes. Technology span required for smart city development has been analysed and presented. Some of the global initiatives have been discussed, along with the Government of India's ambitious programme of establishing 100 smart cities on a fast track. The planning and prioritisation strategies necessary for the success and sustainability of such a programme are discussed. To be really intelligent, cities must also consider the impacts of climate change. Therefore, disaster risk reduction is one of the key aspects in smart city development. Accordingly, vulnerabilities associated with smart cities have been listed with a holistic and far-sighted approach. These help in identification of mechanisms, policies and practices to be taken up by all the stakeholders to ensure that the smart cities serve their purpose of socio-economic development and citizen-centric governance, instead of procedural governance, without posing a threat to security, stability and integrity of the individuals and the society as a whole. The article also highlights the need for establishing a central command control centre and the shift in administrative procedures as well as emergency governance structures to accommodate the modern needs of involving citizens extensively in building these cities, not only literally but also figuratively.

Following recent attempts to link migration of the highly trained to broader global processes, we argue that national variation in the size of highly trained migration can be explained by interaction and inequality between nations, both reflecting the process of global integration. Guided by this analytical framework, we tested the structural determinants of highly skilled migration to the United States. The evidence confirms our hypotheses that economic and educational interactions between sending countries and the United States increase the flow of the highly trained to the United States. Results also provide mixed proof for our hypotheses that levels of professional migration are positively associated with disparities between sending countries and the United States in living conditions, research conditions, children's educational opportunities, political conditions, and professional employment opportunities.

El siguiente texto corresponde al capítulo 15 de Gould, Carol C., Interactive Democracy. The Social Roots of Global Justice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014. La autora persigue un doble objetivo: profundizar en la democracia y aumentar la protección de los derechos humanos como modo de encarar problemas de justicia global como la cada vez mayor desigualdad económica y la pobreza. Su reto es hallar la forma de abordar ambos frentes desde el plano local, regional y global. El presente trabajo arroja nueva luz sobre cómo el desarrollo de formas regionales de democracia, limitadas por acuerdos regionales de derechos humanos, constituye una importante, y a menudo olvidada área de interés para la teoría normativa ; The following text corresponds to chapter 15 of Gould, Carol C., Interactive Democracy. The Social Roots of Global Justice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014. The author pursues a dual objective: to deepen democracy and increase the protection of Human Rights as a way of dealing with problems of global justice such as the increasing economic inequality and poverty. Her challenge is to find ways to address both fronts from local, regional and global levels. This paper sheds new light on how the development of regional forms of democracy bounded by regional human rights agreements constitutes an important, and often forgotten focus for normative theory

Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Complex Interventions -- Chapter 3: Anti-Microbial Resistance in Uganda -- Chapter 4: Health-Worker Behaviour and Midwifery -- Chapter 5: Antibiotic Use on a Case-by-Case Basis: The Global Point Prevalence Survey -- Chapter 6: Conclusion.