Suchergebnisse

This review covers the book titled "Corporate Ownership and Control: International Trends", which was written by Alexander N. Kostyuk, Marco Tutino, Stefan Prigge (Virtus Interpress, 2019; ISBN: 978-617-7309-06-1). The review shortly outlines the fundamental questions researched in the book, pays attention to its strong sides and issues that will be, by the reviewer's point of view, most interesting for the reader and focuses on the contribution of this book to the ongoing discussion on key questions relating to corporate ownership and control.

Ausgehend von einem ethischen Verständnis, das die Wissenschaft im Sinne einer Verantwortungsethik in die Pflicht nimmt, sollen unverbindliche Kodizes nach dem Willen verschiedener Institutionen – darunter die Europäische Kommission – zur ethischen Verhaltenssteuerung in der Wissenschaft beitragen. Der Autor zeigt auf, dass die praktischen Versuche hierzu in Selbstverwaltung wie auch in Gesetzgebung die grundrechtlichen Vorgaben nicht immer einhalten konnten und welche Anforderungen eine grundrechtliche Entscheidung für eine freie Wissenschaft an ein derartiges Vorhaben setzt. Die Mehrebenenuntersuchung erfasst von der nationalen über die supranationale bis zur internationalen Perspektive die grundrechtlichen und legitimatorischen Aspekte des Sachbereichs Wissenschaft und setzt diese mit normtheoretischen Überlegungen in einen Wirkungszusammenhang: Nach abnehmendem Schutzumfang nimmt zugleich die Legitimationsnotwendigkeit zu, je nachdem welche Urheber die Steuerungsformen haben. Die Legitimationsbedingungen derartiger Normen müssen demnach ebenso wie die grundrechtlichen Schutzbedingungen mit dem Ziel einer unverbindlichen Steuerung korrespondieren, soll das Ziel einer verantwortungsgeleiteten Wissenschaft erreicht werden

ABSTRACTThis paper stresses the importance of taking domestic economic structures and political pressures into account when considering issues of international macroeconomic policy coordination. The existence of domestic biases can cause policy coordination to increase rather than reduce macroeconomic instability. The paper offers a survey of the literature on national macroeconomic policy preferences and inflation unemployment tradeoffs. While this research is still in its infancy, it is clear that there are important differences across countries which must be taken into account in designing coordination strategies.

Sex based wage discrimination has received much attention especially in the late seventies and throughout the eighties. South Africa has had pay equality provisions in place since 1980 and specific legislation in 1988. Although no comprehensive gender based wage study exist prior to 1980, international surveys in those countries indicates that large wage gaps between the income of men and women existed. This paper deals with possible reasons for gender bias perceptions and historical perceptions. The international perspective is dealt with on a comparative basis and possible reasons for success and failures are addressed. The previous government's race discrimination policies had direct bearing; not only on the race disparities but on sex based wage inequality. Black people were barred from occupying certain positions in the public service. Black women were, therefore, effectively prevented from entering the higher income job market. This resulted in a concentration of black women in the lower income categories of work ie, domestic and home related work. To measure the pay inequality, one has to have a comparator and this sometimes proves to be difficult. Women being concentrated in, for instance domestic jobs, have no male comparator to prove the existence of sex discrimination. The tendency throughout the world is for employers to concentrate women into a job category and rate that specific job low, thereby paving the way for lower wages. A directive was introduced by the Treaty of Rome whereby equal remuneration for jobs of equal value was to be enforced. Women were put in a position to challenge the neutrality of a job evaluation systems. In terms thereof women could challenge the pay structure by challenging the gender neutrality of the job evaluation study. The vital elements in conducting an action of this nature are discussed in the South African paradigm with reference to foreign experiences. Although no specific equal pay legislation exists, the Labour Relations Act of 1995, prohibits direct and indirect sex discrimination. This legislation is in line with international criteria and it is submitted that the prohibition includes equal pay for work of equal value. The defences raised by employers in foreign countries are discussed, although the applicability thereof remains uncertain. The Green Paper of Employment and Occupational Equity has been published. The Equal Pay issue has been identified as requiring attention. Interviews with NALEDI have indicated that the issues still have to be formalised before negotiations between trade unions, employers and the government are to commence. The international arena has provided a fruitful setting for gender equality, and although the success has been limited, we expect South Africa to draw from the experiences. Legislation in this regard is not expected before the later part of 1998. There are many academics, feminists and gender equality activists eagerly awaiting the publication of the Employment and Occupational Equity Act. Some points are made which are vital for effective legislation. On the other hand, the ineffectively of legislation in this field has been proved repeatedly in other countries.

Introduction to pension schemes -- Selected pension scheme topics -- Investment by pension funds -- Corporate finance and pension schemes -- Annuities

"Arbeitszeitverkürzung ist zurück auf der politischen Tagesordnung. Sie kann nicht nur eine bessere Verteilung der Arbeit bewirken, um die Arbeitslosigkeit zu senken. Eine Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit kann auch anderen politischen Zielen dienen, wie etwa der Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit, der Verbesserung der Möglichkeiten zur Weiterbildung oder der Verminderung von Arbeitsbelastungen und der Sicherung der Gesundheit. Ein Blick über die Grenzen zeigt, dass Österreich in dieser Hinsicht von anderen Ländern einiges lernen kann. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt Angebote bzw. Maßnahmen der Arbeitszeitpolitik in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern, wie die Möglichkeit zwischen Voll- und Teilzeit zu wechseln, Auszeiten vom Beruf zu nehmen, Bildungsurlaub und Bildungsteilzeit in Anspruch zu nehmen oder für verschiedene Beschäftigtengruppen unterschiedlich lange Arbeitszeiten vorzusehen. Aus dem Überblick wird der Schluss gezogen, dass die anstehende Verkürzung der Arbeitszeit über vielfältige Maßnahmen erreicht werden kann, die sich nicht nur beschäftigungspolitisch argumentieren lassen, sondern auch geeignet sind, dringende Bedarfe in anderen Politikfeldern abzudecken." (Autorenreferat)