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This paper does a profound description of the legal framework and its recent modifications related to the State's use of force in socio-environmental conflicts. This analysis emphasizes in law's violent nature as a theoretic approach that intends on showing the way that the legal system, instead of defending rights, violates them. The methodology is dogmatic when analyzing law and other legal documents, and interdisciplinary when comparing laws with evidence gathered in interviews, participant observation, documents and databases. The objective its to characterize critically the complex legal framework that articulates the politics that leads to the criminalization of social protests against extractive industries in Peru. ; El artículo hace una descripción profunda del marco normativo y sus modificaciones recientes con relación al uso de la fuerza estatal en conflictos socioambientales. Pone énfasis en la naturaleza violenta del derecho como enfoque teórico e intenta mostrar de qué manera el sistema jurídico, antes que garante, es productor de violaciones a los derechos humanos. La metodología empleada es, por un lado, dogmática cuando analiza normas y otros documentos legales y, por otro, interdisciplinaria cuando compara leyes con evidencia recogida en entrevistas, observación participante, documentos y bases de datos. El objetivo es caracterizar críticamente el complejo entramado legal que articula la política de criminalización de las protestas sociales contra industrias extractivas en el Perú.

ABSTRACT: The Province of Aceh has wide forest area which is potential for forest carbon trade in international market. However, incomplateness of legal bases for carbon trade which is consistant to wide-special Aceh autonomy and sincron and harmonis with Indonesian national law may create abstracles in utilizing that opportunities. This research is aimed at providing input to Government of Aceh in selecting alternative precise legal entities and regulating Aceh forest carbon trade in international market. In this research the combination of normative, comperative, and social-legal research approaches, to answer legal issues as research questions. The finding shows that is utilized proper implementing legal entities for Aceh forest carbon trade in international market is that which can combine various elements and interests of right holders and stakeholders. Combination of government, componies and civil society will strengthen synergicity and strengths in performing activities. Regulating Aceh forest carbon trade can be implemented in form of specific Qanun Aceh or as a part of contents of Qanun Aceh on Forestry and/or in governatorial decree, as implementing regulation which is already directed by related Qanun Aceh. It is recommended to Government of Aceh to increase socialization and participation of right holdels and stakeholders in each process of management and creating relevant legislation and/or regulation. Aceh Forest Carbon Trade: Legal Analysis In The Planning Step

Die Arbeit widmet sich der Analyse des Gesetzlichkeitsprinzips im Völkerstrafrecht. Der Autor arbeitet die internationale Entwicklung dieses Grundsatzes heraus, berücksichtigend, dass dieses komplexe Thema mit der Legitimität der Ausübung der Strafgewalt auf internationaler Ebene unmittelbar verbunden ist. Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung ist ein Rechtsvergleich des Rückwirkungsverbots im englischen und deutschen Strafrecht. Der Autor schlägt eine spezifische Konzeption der völkerstrafrechtlichen Legalität vor und entwickelt einen Mindeststandard hinsichtlich des Gesetzlichkeitsprinzips für das Völkerstrafrecht, der auch für praktizierende Juristen von Bedeutung ist. Darüber hinaus liefert die Publikation eine theoretische Fundierung der internationalen Legalität, die zugleich einen Beitrag zur Begründung des Völkerstrafrechts bildet. / »Retroactivity and the Development of International Crimes« -- The publication discusses the principle of legality in international criminal law. The author presents the international development of this principle. Based on a detailed analysis, he proposes a specific conception of legality as well as a minimum standard for the principle in this area. The publication offers also a theoretical basis of the international legality, which at the same time constitutes a contribution to the foundation of the international criminal law itself.