Search results

This paper examined and illuminated with examples the ways and means of creating the environment for science and technology research to flourish. It underpins the creation of virile industrial production base as the trigger for research to plume; and consequently, prescribes the key to a sustainable research funding and mutually benefiting collaboration and symbiotic partnership between the industry and academia.It is shown, using comparative analysis, that a sine qua non for the creation of sustainable industrial base is urgent completion of Ajaokuta, NIOMCO, ALUMCO and making other metals, iron, steel and machine tools companies functional; as this generates spinoff industries, promotes beneficiation of local raw materials, expands manufacturing companies in magnitude and number; thereby create wealth to fund government budget and hence, research. It is further established that having correct policies, institutional and governmental, which include pertinent tax regime with rebate rights; and getting every company of specified grade to have a Research Unit locally in the country, provides needed framework for research and collaboration. It is also noted the effect in reducing cost and saving forex for infrastructures (e.g. rail lines, power, dams, etc.); as such, freeing money to fund intensive research, education, health and municipal services. Hence, unleash the benefits accruable to Industry, Academia, citizens; and the consequence on human development index (HDI) and the country at large.It is concluded, that the issue with Nigeria is not dearth of proficient researchers to do quality cutting-edge research, but lack of environment, wherewithal: industrial production base, policy, legal framework, weak political will and discipline to drive any policy. Ways to obviate these barriers to engender research and collaboration with industry beyond the usual concept of local content are elucidated in the paper.

Eine neue Technologie im Bereich der Automobilindustrie bahnt sich an, die den Straßenverkehr sicherer machen soll. Fahrzeuge sollen nicht mehr (nur) von Menschen gesteuert werden, sondern sich völlig autonom fortbewegen. Dies stellt den Gesetzgeber vor eine Herausforderung, da die Rechtsordnung bisher nur unzureichend auf derartige technische Fortschritte vorbereitet ist. In dieser Arbeit wird daher der Frage nachgegangen, wie sich autonome Fahrzeuge mit der derzeitigen Rechtsordnung vereinbaren lassen und in welchen Rechtsgebieten noch Handlungsbedarf besteht. Da neue Techniken auch mit Risiken behaftet sind wird erörtert, inwieweit den Gesetzgeber eine Pflicht trifft, vorsorglich Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Grundrechte zu treffen. Bei einem Verkehrunfall mit Sach- oder Personenschäden könnte in die Grundrechte der Unfallsbeteiligten eingegriffen werden. Daher wird untersucht, welche Bedeutung haftungs- und versicherungsrechtliche Vorschriften haben, um den Geschädigten den geforderten Schutz bieten. Weitere Rechtsfragen stellen sich im Zulassungsrecht, im Straßenverkehrsrecht (Anforderungen Fahrzeuglenker) und im Führerscheinrecht (Führerscheinpflicht). Auch Rechtsfragen des Datenschutzes und des Strafrechts werden erörtert, da speziell durch die Gefahr von Hackerangriffen auf ein autonomes Fahrzeug ein effektiver Schutz des Grundrechts auf Datenschutz gefordert ist. Ferner wir untersucht, inwiefern für die eingesetzten Kameras zur Umfelderfassung rechtliche Grundlage vorhanden ist, da mit ihnen eine öffentliche Videoüberwachung einhergehen könnte. Abschließend werden noch Ansätze verfolgt, die sich mit Rahmenbedingungen zur Herstellung autonomer Fahrzeuge befassen oder unter der Prämisse einer nachgewiesenen Sicherheit autonomer Fahrzeuge stehen. ; In automotive industry a new technology is in the offering, which is said to make the road traffic safer. Vehicles should no longer be driven by humans, but move along autonomously. This issues a challenge especially to the legislator, because occasionally the legal system is inadequately prepared to such technological progress. Therefore, in this thesis the question will be pursued, how autonomous vehicles are compatible with the current law and in which fields of law changes need to be done. As new technologies are also tainted with risks, there will be discussed how far the legislator is obliged to take precautionary measures to protect the fundamental rights. Considering a traffic accident with material and personal damage, there would be an interference to fundamental rights to those involved in the accident. Hence, it is determined whether the legal norms of liability and insurance are applicable to provide the required protection to the victims. On the way to autonomous driving more legal problems arise, such as the authorization right with its complexity of international regulations. In addition, traffic law with its requirements to the driver, and the driving licence law with its driving licence duty, are at issue. The areas of data protection and criminal law will be discussed, as due to the threat of hack attacks on autonomous vehicles, effective shelter for the fundamental right of data protection is needed. In respect to data protection law, the cameras used for detecting the surroundings are examined to a legal basis, because they could represent a public video surveillance. Finally, approaches are being pursued, which deal with conditions for the production of autonomous vehicles, or moreover are under the premise of a verified safety of autonomous vehicles. ; vorgelegt von Barbara Gebetsroither ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2016 ; (VLID)1409994

Mit dem Gerichtsbeschluss vom 22. Oktober 2020 bezüglich der Zulässigkeit der embryopathologischen Abtreibung, hat der polnische Verfassungsgerichtshof den Zugang zu einer legalen Abtreibung in Polen auf zwei Fälle beschränkt: direkte und unmittelbare Gefahr für das Leben oder die Gesundheit der Frau oder wenn die Schwangerschaft das Resultat eines sexuellen Übergriffs war. Mit der Einschränkung des Zugangs zu legaler Abtreibung hat der Verfassungsgerichtshof nicht nur das allgegenwärtig strikte Gesetz in Polen weiter verschärft, sondern auch die Rechte der Frauen im Bereich der reproduktiven Gesundheit signifikant eingeschränkt. Das Urteil hat die öffentliche Debatte bezüglich der Abtreibungen wieder entfacht und zu einer Mobilisation auf beiden Seiten, sowohl der Befürworter als auch der Opposition der Einschränkungen geführt. Diese Arbeit behandelt sowohl die sozialen als auch die moralischen Konflikte rund um die Thematik der Zulässigkeit und den Zugang zu Abtreibungen durch den sich entfaltenden Diskurs der Pro-Life-Befürworter als auch der Pro-Choice-Gruppierung und deren Akteure in Polen nach dem Urteil. Die Gegenstände der Analyse sind: Streike in ganz Polen der Pro-Choice Bewegung sowie der Pro-Life-Fürsprecher der katholischen Kirche. Die Frage stellt sich inwiefern die analysierten Diskurse mit den politischen Interessen der jeweiligen Gruppierungen verbunden sind. ; With the judgment on the 22nd of October 2020 on permissibility of embryopathological abortion the Polish Constitutional Tribunal restricted access to legal abortions in Poland to two cases: direct and imminent danger for life or health of the woman or when the pregnancy is the result of a criminal offence. With restricting access to legal abortion, the Tribunal not only tightened up the already restrictive law but also significantly limited women's reproductive health rights in Poland.The judgment reignited the public debate around abortion and led to mobilization on both sides – the supporters and opponents of the restrictions. This ...

Статтю присвячено розкриттю суттєвих проблем становлення та нормативного регулювання корпоративних відносин у сучасних умовах. Проведено аналіз різних підходів до визначення понять "корпорація", "корпоративні відносини", наголошено на протиріччях законодавства та суспільних потреб щодо визначення цих понять. Автор прагне донести важливість розвивати, конкретизувати і розширити поняття "корпоративні відносини" на рівні юридичної науки і законодавства, що дасть суттєве підґрунтя укорінення цього поняття в системі інших суспільно-гуманітарних наук. ; Статья посвящена раскрытию существенных проблем становления и нормативного регулирования корпоративных отношений в современных условиях. Проведен анализ различных подходов к определению понятий "корпорація", "корпоративные отношения", сделан упор на противоречиях законодательства и общественных потребностей по определению этих понятий. Автор стремится донести важность развивать, конкретизировать и расширить понятие "корпоративные отношения" на уровне юридической науки и законодательства, что даст существенное основание укоренения этого понятия в системе других общественно-гуманитарных наук. ; The article is sanctified to opening of substantial problems of becoming and normative adjusting of corporate relations in modern terms. The analysis of the different going is conducted near determination of concepts "corporation", 'corporate relations", and support is done on contradictions of legislation and public to the necessities on determination of these concepts. An author aims to carry importance to develop, specify and extend a concept "Corporate relations" at the level of legal science and legislation, that will give the substantial founding of taking root of this concept in the system of other publicly-humanitarian sciences.As in the legislation of Ukraine determination of corporation is absent there are her different interpretations, from that determination of corporate law, corporate relations and corporate laws, corporate spores of and other depends straight, an author determines a corporate law as system of norms sent first of all to the internal ( and that influence on external ) complex adjusting of productive, organizational, administrative, mental and ethical, labour, contractual, financial, property and personally - unproperty and another relations, that arise up in the process of realization of economic activity (production of goods, providing of services, to implementation of works ) of enterprise, establishment, of organization regardless of pattern of ownership and legal form and that is set between all his participants and members (founders, labour collective, leader, structural departments and by subdivisions).

Статтю присвячено розкриттю суттєвих проблем становлення та нормативного регулювання корпоративних відносин у сучасних умовах. Проведено аналіз різних підходів до визначення понять "корпорація", "корпоративні відносини", наголошено на протиріччях законодавства та суспільних потреб щодо визначення цих понять. Автор прагне донести важливість розвивати, конкретизувати і розширити поняття "корпоративні відносини" на рівні юридичної науки і законодавства, що дасть суттєве підґрунтя укорінення цього поняття в системі інших суспільно-гуманітарних наук. ; Статья посвящена раскрытию существенных проблем становления и нормативного регулирования корпоративных отношений в современных условиях. Проведен анализ различных подходов к определению понятий "корпорація", "корпоративные отношения", сделан упор на противоречиях законодательства и общественных потребностей по определению этих понятий. Автор стремится донести важность развивать, конкретизировать и расширить понятие "корпоративные отношения" на уровне юридической науки и законодательства, что даст существенное основание укоренения этого понятия в системе других общественно-гуманитарных наук. ; The article is sanctified to opening of substantial problems of becoming and normative adjusting of corporate relations in modern terms. The analysis of the different going is conducted near determination of concepts "corporation", 'corporate relations", and support is done on contradictions of legislation and public to the necessities on determination of these concepts. An author aims to carry importance to develop, specify and extend a concept "Corporate relations" at the level of legal science and legislation, that will give the substantial founding of taking root of this concept in the system of other publicly-humanitarian sciences.As in the legislation of Ukraine determination of corporation is absent there are her different interpretations, from that determination of corporate law, corporate relations and corporate laws, corporate spores of and other depends straight, an author determines a corporate law as system of norms sent first of all to the internal ( and that influence on external ) complex adjusting of productive, organizational, administrative, mental and ethical, labour, contractual, financial, property and personally - unproperty and another relations, that arise up in the process of realization of economic activity (production of goods, providing of services, to implementation of works ) of enterprise, establishment, of organization regardless of pattern of ownership and legal form and that is set between all his participants and members (founders, labour collective, leader, structural departments and by subdivisions).

Despite the fact that the number of traffic accidents involving drunk drivers has skyrocketed, and that legislators are under great pressure to find a reasonable solution to the issue of driving under the influence, especially as regards the maximum limits allowed, that relationship between the legal and the scientific, is not always specified. The test for the determination of alcohol in biological samples that is carried out in the Forensic Toxicology laboratories of the Directorate of Forensic Medicine was validated and accredited. This validation process allowed to observe that the value referred to in the Law of Penalization of Habitual Drunkenness ,point outs values that could indicate an error in the application of the units and if not, this value is not significant in terms of the determination and quantification of ethanol by the detection limit methodology currently used in laboratories. The importance of the advice of the scientific technician for the proper use of units and reference values is essential for an objective interpretation of our legislation and facilitates the meeting point in forensic science and legal science. ; A pesar que el número de accidentes de tránsito que involucran a conductores ebrios se ha disparado y que los legisladores tienen una gran presión para encontrar una solución razonable a la cuestión de la conducción bajo los efectos del alcohol especialmente en lo que respecta a los límites máximos permitidos, esa relación entre lo jurídico y lo científico, no siempre se concreta. El examen para la determinación de alcohol en muestras biológicas que se realiza en los laboratorios de Toxicología Forense de la Dirección de Medicina Forense fue validado y acreditado. Este proceso de validación permitió observar que el valor referido en la Ley de Penalización de la Embriaguez Habitual señala valores que podrían indicar un error en la aplicación de las unidades y de no ser así, dicho valor no sería significativo en cuanto a la determinación y cuantificación del etanol por la metodología actualmente utilizada en los laboratorios. La importancia del asesoramiento técnico científico para el uso adecuado de unidades y valores de referencia es indispensable para una interpretación objetiva de nuestra legislación y facilita el punto de unión entre la ciencia forense y la ciencia jurídica.

Статья посвящена анализу правовых аспектов регулирования занятости населения России в 1917-1920 гг. В ней подробно рассмотрены социально-экономические причины безработицы. Сложившаяся ситуация не осталась незамеченной правительством, и в стране начался процесс создания нормативно-правовой базы. Это впоследствии позволило благотворно повлиять на уровень безработицы в стране, а в дальнейшем, к концу 1920-х годов, полностью ее ликвидировать. Детальное изучение в работе получили государственно-правовые акты по регулированию сферы занятости населения. Была рассмотрена правоприменительная практика государства Советов в первые годы его существования. Автор анализирует Закон «О биржах труда», принятый в 1917 г., декрет Совета Народных Комиссаров СССР «О биржах труда», различные постановления СНК РСФСР, Кодекс законов о труде РСФСР 1918 г., Декларацию прав трудящегося и эксплуатируемого народа, а также Конституцию 1918 г. и другие нормативно-правовые акты. ; The paper is dedicated to the analysis of legal aspects of regulation of the population employment in Russia in the 1917-1920s. The social and economic reasons of unemployment are considered in detail. Current situation did not remain unnoticed by the government, and the process of creation of standard legal base has begun in the country. Subsequently this affected well unemployment rate in the country and further, by the end of the 1920s, allowed its complete liquidation. The state and legal acts on regulation of the sphere of population employment were studied in the work in detail. Law-enforcement practice of the Soviet State in the first years of its existence has been considered. The author analyzes the Law "About Labor Exchanges" adopted in 1917, the decree of Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "About labor exchanges", various resolutions of Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the 1918 Code of laws on the labor of RSFSR, the Declaration of the rights of the worker and the exploited people, as well as the Constitution of 1918 and other normative legal acts.

Statutory interpretation involves the reconstruction of the meaning of a legal statement when it cannot be considered as accepted or granted. This phenomenon needs to be considered not only from the legal and linguistic perspective, but also from the argumentative one - which focuses on the strategies for defending a controversial or doubtful viewpoint. This book draws upon linguistics, legal theory, computing, and dialectics to present an argumentation-based approach to statutory interpretation. By translating and summarizing the existing legal interpretative canons into eleven patterns of natural arguments - called argumentation schemes - the authors offer a system of argumentation strategies for developing, defending, assessing, and attacking an interpretation. Illustrated through major cases from both common and civil law, this methodology is summarized in diagrams and maps for application to computer sciences. These visuals help make the structures, strategies, and vulnerabilities of legal reasoning accessible to both legal professionals and laypeople.

For more than 75 years of enactment of the Dutch Criminal Code (KUHP), the legality principle contained in Article 1 Paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code is applied rigidly in Indonesia. This rigidity is now perfected with the model of the Judicial Pardon which can be imposed after examination and proof that leads to the conclusion that the defendant is legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing the crime charged by the Public Prosecutor. However, because there are several basic considerations as guidelines for sentencing, namely the lightness of the act, the personal circumstances of the perpetrator, the circumstances at the time of the commission of the crime, the aftermath, and incapacity that can be forgiven, as well as aspects of humanity and justice, grant judges the authority not to impose a crime or impose action against the defendant, so that the decision model perfects the principle of legality in modern sentencing, and is expected to solve the problem of the excess number of inmates from prisons. This research was conducted using the normative legal research (qualitative legal research) method by conducting a juridical study of data sources originating from the legal principles contained in the Criminal Code of several countries. This research is expected to find clearer arrangements and formulations of dictum decisions for fair legal certainty.

State parties to the Rome Statute submit to the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). This permanent and autonomous Court tries individuals for heinous international crimes, including crimes against humanity (CAH). Crimes such as murder, imprisonment, or torture, when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population, with knowledge of the attack, are known as CAH. Under the Statute, national jurisdictions are primarily responsible for investigating and prosecuting those responsible for international crimes. So, before it can assert jurisdiction, the ICC must determine that a state party is unwilling or unable to prosecute crimes against humanity in an effective way. Allegations of CAH in Venezuela, a state party to the Statute, have circulated in the news and social media since 2002. But in 2017, the widespread and systematic murder, imprisonment, and torture, allegedly committed by Venezuelan security forces and colectivos (armed government groups), caught the international community's attention. This Article argues that those crimes are CAH, and that the Venezuelan judiciary is unwilling and unable to genuinely prosecute the potential defendants. Accordingly, the ICC must assert jurisdiction and try Venezuela's President Nicolás Maduro, Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino López, and Interior Secretary Néstor Reverol for CAH.

Religious freedom is one of United States' major founding myths and it has become a key issue in the public sphere. The First Amendment to the US Constitution states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances". Religious freedom is thus a fundamental principle protected by the first part of the Amendment called the free exercise clause while the State is prohibited from interfering with or favoring any religion. However, when a law of generally applicability is seen by an individual or a group as overlapping their religious freedom, going to trial to protect their constitutional right appears in many as the best option. The "case by case" approach by the courts, and in particular by the federal Supreme Court, as well as the lack of a coherent jurisprudence show how difficult and challenging dealing with religious freedom issues are. Indeed, beyond judging facts in the various cases the judges hear, their constant redefinitions of the boundaries of religious freedom have given them a major role in regulating religious matters. In our study, we focus on six such religious groups which have been involved in litigations and most of whom had their case heard by the US Supreme Court, in order to seek an exemption from the law and continue their otherwise illegal religious practice. After a review of the Mormons' famous polygamy cases in the late 19th century, we move on to analyzing the litigation involving a Brazilian Church (called the Centro Espirto Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal) using an illegal substance in their sacramental tea. The child death cases involving Christian Scientists are also analyzed as they point out the question of the limits of parents' religious rights when it comes to their children's health. The issue of parents' rights is further discussed in the following case ...

Religious freedom is one of United States' major founding myths and it has become a key issue in the public sphere. The First Amendment to the US Constitution states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances". Religious freedom is thus a fundamental principle protected by the first part of the Amendment called the free exercise clause while the State is prohibited from interfering with or favoring any religion. However, when a law of generally applicability is seen by an individual or a group as overlapping their religious freedom, going to trial to protect their constitutional right appears in many as the best option. The "case by case" approach by the courts, and in particular by the federal Supreme Court, as well as the lack of a coherent jurisprudence show how difficult and challenging dealing with religious freedom issues are. Indeed, beyond judging facts in the various cases the judges hear, their constant redefinitions of the boundaries of religious freedom have given them a major role in regulating religious matters. In our study, we focus on six such religious groups which have been involved in litigations and most of whom had their case heard by the US Supreme Court, in order to seek an exemption from the law and continue their otherwise illegal religious practice. After a review of the Mormons' famous polygamy cases in the late 19th century, we move on to analyzing the litigation involving a Brazilian Church (called the Centro Espirto Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal) using an illegal substance in their sacramental tea. The child death cases involving Christian Scientists are also analyzed as they point out the question of the limits of parents' religious rights when it comes to their children's health. The issue of parents' rights is further discussed in the following case ...

Juvenile curfew laws have become a pervasive & popular strategy for controlling juvenile crime. Public opinion is solidly behind the use of curfews, & the primary basis for this support is the notion that curfews make streets safer. This article provides preliminary results from a systematic review of empirical research on juvenile curfews, concluding that the evidence does not support the argument that curfews prevent crime & victimization. Juvenile crime & victimization are most likely to remain unchanged after implementation of curfew laws. Other aspects of curfew research, such as efficiency at detecting criminal activity, costs of enforcement, crime displacement, counterintuitive findings, & characteristics of curfew violators also are discussed. Finally, suggestions for future research are offered. 33 References. [Copyright 2003 Sage Publications, Inc.]