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Reformation as restoration of the true service of God - some indicators in the work of Calvin and ZwingliIn this article an attempt is made to interpret the 16th century Reformation from a rarely mentioned, yet very real perspective, viz., as a restoration of the true service of God. It is indicated that the true service o f God is an overarching concept, encompassing more than simply an ecclesiastical reform, or a return to the Bible. Besides these aspects, true service o f God implies the renewal o f life with all its social, economical and political overtones, which cannot be discussed in full in an article. Data drawn from some works o f Calvin and Zwingli will hopefully prove the validity o f this perspective and offer Christians in the "new South Africa" thought-provoking ideas which should be put into action.

Discusses recent theoretical accounts of gender development in the UK, drawing on illustrations from the secondary literature. A key aspect of these theories is their nearly complete ignorance of race & class. Racism & class oppression have meant that black children grow up knowing that their parents are in a qualitatively different social position than their white counterparts. This knowledge crucially shapes their acquisition of gender identity. Theories of gender development that do not consider this process are necessarily partial. To rectify this, they need to recognize the existence of different forms of household organizations than the nuclear family & of different experiences of people of different colors & class backgrounds. Part of this process will involve a greater appreciation of the role of structural factors in the operation of gender development. 12 References. D. Ryfe

This article examines the complex links between gender, class and the `psy' disciplines. It argues that there is a connection between those understandings of `class' embedded within contemporary `psy' discourse and the concepts utilized to render class intelligible when the working classes became a target and object of psychiatry in the l9th century. By adopting a form of historical-discursive inquiry informed by poststructuralist ideas (Foucault, 1971, 1972) the role that the `psy' disciplines play(ed) in problematizing aspects of social existence and rendering them in relation to sets of normalizing judgements is examined. The article highlights that from psychiatry's inception in the 19th century it has been bound up with governing and regulating a specific conception of personhood, arguing that `class' is one such mechanism through which this conception of sociality is governed, managed and administer-ed.

Comments on Will Kymlicka's (1996 [see abstract 9716529]) attempt to defend minority rights in liberalist philosophy. A critical reconstruction of his arguments, which are based on the assumption that members of cultural minorities often need specific group rights because they are disadvantaged in multicultural societies, is performed. It is found that, although Kymlicka is right in pointing out cultural disadvantages as a separate sphere in addition to social, economic, & political discrimination, some aspects of his theory are contradictory. His definitions of culture & ethnicity are considered inaccurate, relating to concepts of modern & traditional that easily lead to regressive views of minority groups. Further, his differentiation between multinational & polyethnic is deemed rigid & unjustified. It is concluded that the heterogeneity of minority groups does not justify group-specific legislation. 46 References. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractIn this article the author analyzes comparatively several organizational models which were introduced in a dozen West European countries to address the problem of HIV/AIDS. Analyzing some aspects of the organizational design, the logic of intervention (sectorial or global), the type of actors (public or private) and the type of relations between actors, she elaborates a typology of responses. Three types are identified, presenting unexpected variants in respect to general typologies of the western welfare state. The author also notes that a form of social regulation based on private actors has been adopted in all countries under consideration. These results lead her to the hypothesis that the factors of innovation or modernization in administrations facing the management of such problems are grounded in new forms of collaboration between actors of different legal status.

In recent years, Chile has arrived at a significant consensus regarding a number of subjects central to the country's development; and, notwithstanding certain important differences between the Concertación government and its opposition, there is considerable agreement regarding certain basic aspects of economic growth which will doubtless continue to be maintained in the mid-to-long run.The official policy, as laid down by the government, is that Chile's economy is now oriented toward achieving growth with social equity, and that the way to reach those goals is by strengthening the country's insertion into the international economy, since the world is now moving towards a globalization which no country can afford to ignore. Given this new reality, the Chilean economy is also moving to take part in this process in a strategy that has proved fairly successful in recent years.

Public policy usually develops in complex networks of public, quasi-public and private organizations. It is now generally accepted that these networks set limits to the governance capability of the administration. A good deal less is known about the opportunities which policy networks offer for tackling social and administrative problems. This article deals with the way network management enables government organizations to benefit from networks. Building on the theoretical concepts of 'networks' and 'games', two forms of network management are identified: game management and network structuring. Four key aspects can be identified for both of these management fonns: actors and their relations, resources, rules and perceptions. At thesame time, criteria for the assessment and improvement of network management are examined. The article concludes with a consideration of the limits of network management.

Data about the activities of occupational health and safety officials in British Columbia is utilized to explore competing explanations for the overwhelming prevalence of persuasion over punishment in regulatory enforcement. By plotting the compliance histories of individual firms, this study demonstrates that many offenders repeatedly commit the same infraction. Few of these repeat offenders are punished. These findings suggest that the very limited use of penalties is not a result of the vast majority of firms being good apples induced to comply by mechanisms of social control other than punishment. Rather, there appears to be institutionalized tolerance of widespread violations. The enforcement deficit may be partly explained by such aspects of regulatory structure as the ongoing relationship between regulated firms and field officers who are the gatekeepers of the penalty process.

Personal experiences as a maid in a franchise housekeeping services firm revealed distinct microspatial shifts in the possession & expression of specific conceptions of gender in the workplace. It was found that the women's responses & action were spatially differentiated, resulting in conflict & discord, as well as community & concord. Explored here are some ideological aspects of a spatial conceptualization -- workplace. After first laying an analytical foundation in classical Marxism, a feminist critique & analysis are presented by outlining implications of an articulation of gender & class relations in the workplace within the (re)production of a hegemonic gender ideology. It is argued that gender needs to be conceptualized as a set of concrete processes that are (re)connected through context. Concluding comments are offered on the usefulness of microspatial studies of gender in the workplace within the more widely cast social urban environment. AA

.The paper gives an overall picture of the transformation process, and deals particularly with the following topics: - thorough reforms with respect to contents, structures, and concepts as demanded by the politically relevant participants (i.e. citizens movements, political parties, churches etc.) - changes within the education system as put through by the last two GDR governments until October 3, 1990 - transitional regulations as provided by the Unity Treaty and its consequences for teachers, scholars and students - the reestablishing of the Länder of the former GDR and the emergence of their new education policies - the transformation of social studies from socialist "Staatsbürgerkunde" to a democratic political education Many reform aspects are meanwhile the object of often heavy criticism. We therefore tried to assess the current transformation process, focussing on secondary and higher education.

Korean economy experienced the rapid changes in various aspect during the 1980s. Particularly the late 1980s may be considered to be one of the most important turning points in Korea's modernization history. In spite of general economic success in the 1980's, the Korean people resented against the military dictatorial regime and their resentment bursted out as violent protest in early 1987. On June 29th of that year, the ruling party declared publicly a direct election of the next President and promised a drastic "democratization" by removing various controls. This so-called "June 29 Declaration," however, resulted in various social disruption and difficulties. Extremely extensive labor unrest hit the economy from the second half of 1987 and so on. Fortunately the Korean economy was doing well during 1986-89, with double digit growth rates (except 1989), unprecedented trade surpluses, and reasonable price stability.

In Pakistan, there is a growing appreciation of the fact that
the country's economi~ and social development is greatly dependent upon
its ability to effectively develop and utilize its human resources.
Moreover, it is increasingly realized, that, to effectively influence
developments in this sector, it is essential to base the formulation and
implementation of plans and policies on comprehensive (i.e. relevant,
reliable, systematized and up-to-date) infonnation on key aspects of
human resources. Unfortunately, such comprehensive information is not
available to its users. As a result, it is almost impossible to obtain a
realistic appraisal of the country's major labour market or, more
generally, human resources problems, options and priorities. Besides
being of limited use to formulate realistic plans and policies, the task
of monitoring and evaluating the impact of policy implementation almost
becomes unmanageable.