Suchergebnisse

Inhaltsangabe: Einleitung: Das erste in die Arbeit einleitende Kapitel bringt die Problemstellung zum Ausdruck. Dabei wird eine Abgrenzung zu bisherigen Arbeiten vorgenommen und anschließend auf das Forschungsproblem sowie das Ziel der Arbeit hingeführt. Die Darstellung der einzelnen Kapitel bildet den Abschluss der Einleitung. Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit stellt der seit einigen Jahren in der Finanzbranche vollziehende Strukturwandel dar. Für die Finanzdienstleister ergibt sich daraus die Notwendigkeit geeignete Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, um diesem einschneidenden Wandel zu begegnen. Die Banken und Versicherungen folgen dabei dem Vorbild der Industrie, in dem sie ihre Prozesse vermehrt auf den Prüfstand stellen. Die damit zunehmende Fokussierung auf die Leistungserstellung und die interne Organisationsstruktur wird unter dem Schlagwort "Industrialisierung der Finanzdienstleister" zusammenfassend betrachtet. Lamberti, Mitglied des Vorstandes der Deutschen Bank, sagte 2004 voraus "Die Kreditinstitute, die bei der Industrialisierung eine Vorreiterrolle spielen, werden sicherlich zu den Gewinnern der Neuordnung der Branche gehören". Damit liegt der Schlüssel in der Bewältigung dieser Transformation, in der Anwendung eines Konzeptionsmixes. Auf der einen Seite kommt es zur Standardisierung, Automatisierung und Verschlankung der Geschäftsprozesse durch Lean Management, dem Offshoring beziehungsweise Outsourcing von Funktionen. Zum Anderen findet eine unternehmensweite Qualitätsoffensive durch Six Sigma Anwendung. Ziel dieser Maßnahmen ist die Wiederherstellung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. Auf Basis einer optimierten Kosten-, Leistungs- und Qualitätseffizienz kann eine Steigerung der Kundenzufriedenheit realisiert werden. Besonders im Umfeld der Finanzdienstleister, in dem die konsequente Prozessorientierung gerade erst an Bedeutung gewinnt, kann der integrierte Lean Six Sigma (LSS) Ansatz zu entscheidenden Vorteilen führen. De Koning et al. nehmen dazu Stellung: "The fact that services are not always tangible and the process performance in services is not usually transparent could be seen as an impediment to apply Lean Six Sigma. The opposite is, in fact, true. Six Sigma offers advanced methods for making the process performance measurable and some of the Lean Thinking tools explicitly deal with making the production flows visible. Especially in an environment where visibility and transparency are new, this can create breakthroughs". Die vorliegende Arbeit grenzt sich dabei von bisherigen Studien und Arbeiten im Bereich Lean Management und Six Sigma ab. Dafür werden die beiden Managementansätze nicht getrennt, sondern im Rahmen des Lean Six Sigma Konzepts zusammenfassend betrachtet. Lubowe/Blitz, definieren dabei Lean Six Sigma wie folgt: "Lean Six Sigma is a combination of Lean methods, which focus on reducing costs through process optimization, and Six Sigma approaches, which are about meeting customer requirements and stakeholder expectations and about improving quality by measuring and eliminating defects. Lean Six Sigma draws on the philosophies, principles, and tools of both". Ziel der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung des Lean Six Sigma Ansatzes im Rahmen der Managementprozesse von Finanzdienstleistern. Dabei werden ausgehend von der Strategie- und Zielausrichtung, die Bedeutung der einzelnen Phasen und die DMAIC-Werkzeuge untersucht. Neben der Überprüfung der Erfolgsfaktoren und Barrieren bei der Implementierung, steht im Vergleich zu bisherigen Arbeiten die Darstellung der Produktivitäts- und Qualitätsverbesserungen im Fokus. Die im folgenden Abschnitt dargestellte Vorgehensweise gewährleistet eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung der gesamten Methodik. Die empirische Untersuchung bildet demnach die Grundlage für die am Ende formulierten Handlungsempfehlungen bezüglich einer erfolgreichen Implementierung von Lean Six Sigma bei Finanzdienstleistern. Gang der Untersuchung: Das Kapitel 2 "Industrialisierung der Finanzbranche" bildet den Ausgangspunkt für die Bearbeitung der Forschungsfragen. Anhand fünf wesentlicher Treiber wird zunächst der Strukturwandel aufgezeigt. Daran anschließend werden verschiedene Maßnahmen zur Bewältigung des Strukturwandels aufgeführt. Über die Darstellung der Industrialisierungstendenzen in der Finanzbranche, wird die Notwendigkeit der Anwendung eines umfassenden Prozess- und Managementansatzes eröffnet. Die theoretischen Grundlagen für das Verständnis der Arbeit und für die empirische Untersuchung werden in Kapitel 3 "Lean Six Sigma bei Finanzdienstleistern" gelegt. Zunächst wird die historische Entwicklung von Lean Six Sigma in Abschnitt 3.1 beschrieben, dabei findet gleichzeitig eine Abgrenzung von bisher verfolgten Methoden statt. Anschließend wird ein Rahmenwerk für die Implementierung von Lean Six Sigma im Unternehmen unter Abschnitt 3.2 erarbeitet. Einbezogen werden dabei die Beschreibungen der notwendigen Organisationsstruktur und der Strategietreiber als Ausgangspunkte. Innerhalb der Implementierung sind die richtige Projektauswahl sowie der stringente Durchlauf des DMAIC-Zyklus wesentliche Aspekte. Abschließend werden dazu die kritischen Punkte infolge der Implementierung, durch die Darstellung der kritischen Erfolgsfaktoren und Barrieren, in die Betrachtung mit einbezogen. Beispiele aus dem Umfeld der Finanzdienstleister werden in Abschnitt 3.3 dargestellt. Damit wird die Praxisnähe der Arbeit gewährleistet. Neben der anfänglichen Darstellung von Produktivität und Qualität bei Banken und Versicherungen wird die Problematik der Auswahl und Durchführung von Pilotprojekten aufgegriffen. Mit der Darstellung der verschiedenen Anwendungsbereiche und Best Practice Beispiele aus der Finanzbranche wird die Aufmerksamkeit für die Thematik gestärkt und anschließend zur empirische Untersuchung übergegangen. Die Studie "Lean Six Sigma bei Finanzdienstleistern" wird in Kapitel 4 ausführlich vorgestellt. Zur Veranschaulichung des Ablaufs der empirischen Forschung wird zu Beginn eine theoretische Basis gelegt, in dem der gesamte Forschungsablauf in seinen Grundzügen diskutiert wird. Die Operationalisierung und Theoriebildung bilden dabei Schwerpunkte, da sie die wesentlichen Grundlagen des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens bilden. Im Anschluss werden die Ergebnisse deskriptiv und induktiv ausgewertet. Zurückführend auf das Forschungsziel werden in Kapitel 5 nach einer abschließenden kritischen Betrachtung der Methodik, verschiedene Empfehlungen für eine erfolgreiche Implementierung aufgezeigt. Ausschließlich durch die konsequente Darstellung von Stärken und Schwächen des Konzepts ist es dem Leser möglich ein umfassendes Verständnis hinsichtlich der Einführung von Lean Six Sigma in der Finanzbranche zu erhalten. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick gewährt.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: AbbildungsverzeichnisIV TabellenverzeichnisV AbkürzungsverzeichnisVII SymbolverzeichnisVIII 1.Einleitung1 1.1Einführung in die Problemstellung1 1.2Gang der Untersuchung2 2.Industrialisierung der Finanzbranche4 2.1Strukturwandel in der Finanzbranche4 2.2Bewältigung des Strukturwandels6 2.3Industrialisierung der Finanzdienstleister8 3.Lean Six Sigma bei Finanzdienstleistern10 3.1Die historische Entwicklung von Lean Six Sigma10 3.1.1Lean Management10 3.1.2Six Sigma12 3.1.3Integriertes Lean Six Sigma13 3.2Implementierung der Lean Six Sigma Methodik16 3.2.1Die Lean Six Sigma Organisationsstruktur16 3.2.2Die Strategietreiber von Lean Six Sigma17 3.2.3Die richtige Projektauswahl20 3.2.4Das Vorgehen bei Lean Six Sigma Projekten - der DMAIC+T21 3.2.4.1Define21 3.2.4.2Measure22 3.2.4.3Analyze23 3.2.4.4Improve24 3.2.4.5Control25 3.2.4.6Technology Transfer26 3.2.5Kritische Erfolgsfaktoren und Barrieren bei der Einführung27 3.3Lean Six Sigma in der Finanzbranche28 3.3.1Produktivität und Qualität bei Banken und Versicherungen28 3.3.2Auswahl und Umsetzung von Pilotprojekten30 3.3.3Arten von Verschwendung bei Finanzdienstleistern31 3.3.4Anwendungsbereich von Lean Six Sigma33 3.3.5Best Practice bei Finanzdienstleistern34 4.Empirische Untersuchung "Lean Six Sigma bei Finanzdienstleistern"36 4.1Ziel der Untersuchung36 4.2Theoretische Vorbetrachtung zur empirischen Untersuchung37 4.2.1Ablauf der empirischen Forschung37 4.2.2Hypothesen und Theoriebildung38 4.2.3Operationalisierung der zu untersuchenden Ausprägungen39 4.2.4Stichprobenbildung und Datenerhebung43 4.3Auswertung der empirischen Untersuchung44 4.3.1Einführung in das Forschungsvorhaben44 4.3.2Bestimmung der Reliabilität und Validität der Untersuchung44 4.3.3Deskriptive Auswertung der Daten46 4.3.4Modellierung der Ursache-Wirkungsbeziehungen55 4.3.3.1Wirkungszusammenhänge zwischen den Zielen57 4.3.3.2Zusammenhänge zwischen Ziele und Werkzeuge58 4.3.3.3Zusammenhänge zwischen den Zielen, Erfolg, Kommunikation und Unternehmenskultur59 4.3.3.4Beziehungen zwischen den Erfolgsfaktoren61 4.3.3.5Beziehungen zwischen den Barrieren63 4.3.3.6Zusammenhänge zwischen den Zielen, den Produktivitätsverbesserungen sowie den wirtschaftlichen Einflußgrößen65 4.3.3.7Zusammenhänge zwischen den Zielen, den Qualitätsverbesserungen sowie den wirtschaftlichen Einflussgrößen66 5.Abschließende Betrachtung der Lean Six Sigma Methodik69 5.1Kritische Würdigung69 5.2Fazit für die Implementierung71 5.3Ausblick73 Literaturverzeichnis75 Anhang88Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 5.1, Kritische Würdigung: Die Literatur beschreibt eine Vielzahl von erreichten Erfolgen infolge von Six Sigma/Lean Six Sigma Initiativen in der Industrie sowie im Dienstleistungsbereich. Dennoch weisen verschiedene Forscher und Autoren auf bestimmte Schwächen hin. Dazu gehört zum Einen die bereits diskutierte nicht eindeutige Begriffsverwendung im Praxisumfeld. Weiterhin wird der geringe Neuigkeitsgrad der Teilaspekte von Lean Six Sigma aufgeführt. Milkau, nimmt dazu Stellung und schreibt, dass "… ein streng methodisches "Zählen, Messen und Wiegen" die Grundlage von vielen Methoden…" ist und war. Diese Aussage spiegelt sich vor allem in Juran`s Qualitätstrilogie und dem Kaizen Ansatz wider. Weiterhin gilt die eingeschränkte Anwendbarkeit des Konzeptes in der Finanzbranche als Kritikpunkt. Der Grund dafür liegt in der vertretenen Meinung, dass das gesamte Potential von Lean Six Sigma ausschließlich in der Industrie vollständige Anwendung findet. Desweiteren führt Töpfer auf, "… dass das geforderte Niveau praktizierter Null-Fehler-Qualität im Vergleich zu beispielsweise 99% Qualität viel zu aufwendig und deshalb praxisfern ist". Auf die Frage "Wie viel Six Sigma braucht eine Bank?" nimmt Milkau., kritisch Stellung. Er bezeichnet "… Six Sigma 'bewusst überzeichnet' als eine 30 Jahre alte Antwort von Motorola auf Fortschritte der japanischen Industrieproduktion .". Dabei stellen die angestrebten 3,4 DPMO weniger ein Ziel dar, sondern vielmehr einen Wert mit pädagogischer Wirkung. Daran schließen die Kritikpunkte von Lieber nahtlos an. Sie führt im Hinblick auf den Six Sigma Anteil die hohe statistische und mathematische Komplexität als weiteren Kritikpunkt auf. Dahlgaard/Dahlgaard-Park weisen außerdem Six Sigma eine fehlende Berücksichtigung des menschlichen Faktors zu: "Especially with six sigma quality there seems to be too much focus on training people in tools and techniques and at the same time too little focus on understanding the human factor, i.e. how to build the right company culture – a culture where people's basic needs are both understood and respected". Der hohe Ressourcenbedarf, bezüglich Zeit, Kosten und Training der Mitarbeiter, stellt eine weitere Schwachstelle dar. Dabei stellt Husby, heraus, dass die Ausbildung von internen Lean Six Sigma Fachberatern, einfache Teammitglieder aus dem Verbesserungsprozess sogar ausgrenzen kann. Weiterhin zeigen die Praxiserfahrungen, dass der messbare Erfolg einer Initiative sich erst nach einigen Monaten einstellt. Das ist der Ausbildung von geeigneten Mitarbeitern, der richtigen Projektauswahl sowie der Projektdurchführung und Implementierung geschuldet. Dadurch kann die Projektdurchführung in den ersten Monaten durch fehlende quantifizierbare Erfolge zum Stillstand kommen. Zur Verdeutlichung der bereits genannten Aspekte werden die Ergebnisse der Studie "Six Sigma bei Finanzinstituten" von Petzel herangezogen. Die befragten Finanzdienstleister nehmen vornehmlich Kritik an der formellen Anwendung der Methodik (19%), den hohen Ausbildungskosten (21%), der zu komplexen Anwendung (20%) sowie am notwendigen Aufbau eines ganzheitlichen Messsystems (28%). Für die Finanzdienstleister ergibt sich eine neue Situation einer strukturierten Vorgehensweise bei der Optimierung von Prozessen. Daher ist ein Umdenken der Finanzdienstleistern erforderlich. Ohne das für Lean Six Sigma grundlegende Basisverständnis, hinsichtlich Qualität, Kundenzufriedenheit und Vermeidung von Verschwendung ist der Projekterfolg zwangsläufig in Gefahr.Bei dem Blick auf die Kritikpunkte wird deutlich, dass vornehmlich der Six Sigma Anteil des Lean Six Sigma Konzeptes im Fokus steht.Husby nimmt zur Anwendung von Six Sigma mit vereinzeltem Einsatz von Lean Werkzeugen kritisch Stellung: "There is nothing wrong with inclusion of Lean tools in the Six Sigma toolkit. What's wrong is selling the combined solution as Lean or Lean Six Sigma, implying that this captures the real essence and purpose of Lean. Six Sigma has no process or tools for ensuring complete alignment of metrics and projects across the entire organization. This will lead to projects that serve one function well but don't provide the best total-business benefit". Ein wesentlicher Kritikpunkt seitens Lean Management ist die fehlende Nachhaltigkeit. Diese hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Projekterfolg und die Umsetzung, wird aber durch den integrierten Einsatz von Six Sigma egalisiert. Außerdem sollte es vermieden werden jeden nicht-quantifizierbaren Aspekt als Verschwendung im Sinne des Qualitätsmanagements anzusehen. Innovationen sind nur mit gestalterischem Freiraum möglich, der zum Erhalt der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit notwendig ist. Six Sigma bietet eine datenbasierte Entscheidungsfindung, eine eindeutige Verteilung von Verantwortlichkeiten, sowie ein ausgereiftes Projektmanagement, dass auf Grundlage der Kundenbedürfnisse Qualitätsverbesserungen umgesetzt werden. Lean Management ist ein bewährter Ansatz zur Vermeidung von Verschwendung und kontinuierlichen Verbesserung. Verschiedene Praxisbeispiele unterstreichen, dass durch Anwendung von Lean Six Sigma die Durchlaufzeiten bis zu 80% sowie die Produktionsfix- und Qualitätskosten um 20% optimiert werden können. Die dargestellten Kritikpunkte sind ernst zu nehmen, dennoch zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit deutlich den Vorteil eines integrierten Lean Six Sigma Konzeptes gegenüber dem alleinigen Einsatz von Lean Management und Six Sigma.

Kansalaisosallistuminen YVA-menettelyssä Ympäristövaikutusten arviointimenettelyn (YVA) yksi keskeinen tavoite on lisätä kansalaisten tiedonsaantia ja osallistumista ympäristövaikutuksiltaan merkittävissä hankkeissa. YVA-menettelyllä pyritään tuomaan kansalaisten näkemykset, huolet ja toiveet mukaan suunnitteluun ja päätöksentekoon mahdollisimman varhaisessa vaiheessa. YVA edustaa väitöstutkimuksessa modernia vuorovaikutteista ympäristöpolitiikan ohjauskeinoa ja osallistumisen välinettä. Väitöstyön ensimmäisenä tutkimustehtävänä oli luoda YVAan osallistumisen analyysille teoreettinen viitekehys: millaista demokratia- ja suunnitteluideaa YVA voi edustaa ja millainen politiikkaverkosto YVA on kansalaisosallistumisen kannalta. Toisena tutkimustehtävänä analysoitiin YVAan osallistumisen historiallista kehittymistä ja muutoksia Suomessa. Kolmantena tutkimustehtävänä tarkasteltiin osallistumisen käytännön toteutusta sekä arvioitiin osallistumisen vaikuttavuutta. Lisäksi analysoitiin vaikuttavuuden mahdollisia esteitä, miten läpinäkyviä ja avoimia YVA-menettelyt ovat ja miten hyväksyttävänä osallistumisvälineenä YVAa pidetään. Osallistumisen kannalta olennainen seikka on YVAn institutionaalisuus: se on julkishallinnon luoma väline, jonka lisäksi toimenharjoittajalla on keskeinen YVA-menettelyn käytännön toteuttajan rooli. Tämä luo osallistumisen kannalta rakenteita, joissa korostuu toimijoiden väliset epäsymmetriset valta-asemat. YVA-menettelystä tulee helposti kaikille osapuolille vallan käytön ja politiikan tekemisen väline ja niin osallistumisen järjestämistä kuin itse osallistumista ohjaavat toimijoiden poliittiset intressit ja tavoitteet. YVA on parhaimmillaan eri osapuolten välinen avoin keskusteluareena, joka lisää suunnittelun ja päätöksenteon läpinäkyvyyttä, mutta YVA on myös poliittisen kamppailun areena. Suomen YVA-lainsäädännössä osallistumisella on aina ollut tärkeä rooli. Suomalaisessa YVA-järjestelmässä on korostettu kansalaisten osallistumismahdollisuuksia. Ajan saatossa myös kriittisyys laajaa osallistumisoikeutta ja useita osallistumismahdollisuuksia kohtaan on lieventynyt. Haaste on kuitenkin siinä, että osallistumisen toteutus määritellään laissa väljästi, eikä lainsäädäntö takaa laadukasta osallistumista tai varsinkaan sen vaikuttavuutta. Toinen havaittu haaste on YVAn ja osallistumisen suhde päätöksentekoon. YVAn ulkopuoliset päätöksentekojärjestelmät ja edustuksellisen vallankäytön rakenteet eivät ole muuttuneet, ja siksi YVAn vaikuttavuus voi jäädä vähäiseksi. Vaikka YVA edustaisikin osallistuvaa demokratiaa ja toteuttaisi vuorovaikutteista ja moniäänistä suunnittelua, voi osallistumisen merkitys vesittyä ja kansalaisten osallistumisaktiivisuus hiipua. Ilmiöön liittyy myös tarpeetonta kriittisyyttä. Osallistumisen vaikuttavuus ei ole kertaluonteista, vaan se on usein välillistä ja ajoittuu prosessin eri vaiheisiin. Osallistumisen merkitystä ja vaikutuksia ei aina tunnisteta. YVAsta ei ole muodostunut Suomessa laajojen joukkojen osallistumisvälinettä. Ennemminkin YVAan osallistuvat tyypillisesti harvat kansalaisaktiivit, jotka hyödyntävät YVAn lisäksi lukuisia muitakin osallistumisen ja vaikuttamisen keinoja. Osallistujien määrän sijaan huomio tulee kuitenkin kiinnittää sisältöön ja suunnittelun moniäänisyyteen. Olennainen kysymys on se, millaisen roolin kansalaiset ja maallikkoasiantuntijuus voivat saada perinteisesti asiantuntijavetoisessa suunnittelukulttuurissa. ; Public participation in environmental impact assessment Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a policy instrument based in law and used to prevent harmful environmental impacts, increase public information access, and improve public participation opportunities. EIA is an open process for discussion and participation of different actors: it increases the transparency and broadens the information base of environmental policy planning and decision making. One aim of EIA is to incorporate citizens views and opinions, concerns and desires into planning at an early stage. EIA is a process of identifying and evaluating potential impacts from proposed activities. It is also an interactive and communicative policy instrument and should facilitate direct participation. EIA is an example in the development process of direct participation in Finland during 1990 s. In this study EIA is approached as a participation instrument. Public participation is the perspective from which the EIA-process is analysed. The aim of the research is to examine participation in EIA both a theoretical and empirical way, and to interpret and explain the operation logic and efficacy of participation. There are three main research tasks in the study. The first task is to create a theoretical framework for analysis of public participation in EIA. For this purpose, the theoretical and methodological triangulation is made in the study. There are four main parts in the triangulation. Firstly, the elements of participative and deliberative democracy and communicative planning theories are combined. This theoretical discussion shows what kind of democracy and planning EIA can represents. Secondly, network analysis and evaluation are integrated in the methodological triangulation. The concepts of policy networks and intervention theory are used in theoretical and methodological manner. The outcomes of theoretical and methodological triangulation are criteria of deliberative EIA and four policy network models of EIA as an instrument of public participation: 1) EIA as a negotiation process; 2) EIA as a technical process of information collection, 3) EIA as an information instrument; and 4) EIA as tool for controlling of participation. While the theoretical part of the thesis has its own analytical objectives, these policy network models are utilized with evaluation criteria in the empirical part of the study. The second research task is to analyse the historical development of participation in Finnish EIA legislation. The focus of this part is on the long lasting political process and arguments behind the enacting of Finnish EIA Act in 1980 s and 1990 s. The most important amendments of EIA legislation and the international and national reasons behind them are also considered. According to results of this part of thesis, the role of participation has been central to the Finnish EIA system. Even if the EIA Act was implemented in Finland relatively late in 1994, the legislative foundation for public participation has always been strong. Though the implementation of participation is defined in a flexible way, Finnish EIA legislation supports public participation and in principle creates possibilities for deliberative democracy. The third research task is to evaluate public participation in two case studies. This part includes following questions: 1) what kind of objectives do different actors seek from participation; 2) how does participation impact EIA and what are the obstacles of effective participation; and 3) how transparent and acceptable is the EIA process? The two cases used, the EIA of a road project and the final disposal of nuclear waste, show how much the aims, the implementation and the effectiveness of public participation can not only vary between different projects, but also during the planning process in one certain project. Notably, in the nuclear waste case, the nature of top-down instrument of EIA was clearly observed, while the developer of the project assumed a dominant role. The three elements of policy network (actors, arenas and agenda) were defined by the developer. Even if participation was carried out with great visibility, professional implementation and sufficient resources, the impact of public participation and lay people expertise was not so essential, while the economic and political interests of the project and the role of experts were in central role. In this case study EIA represents the policy network model of controlling of participation: the role of governance was more important than deliberative participation. In the road case the planning situation was more open. There did not seem to be the same need to define and control participation and the agenda of the EIA. The contribution of citizens was used in planning in a more effective manner. The EIA assumed a more traditional role ­ as an information distribution tool, and as a place for open discussion and effective participation. The case studies suggest that the legislative base can not alone guarantee the effectiveness of public participation. Most important factor is the attitude of main actors. Each EIA process is unique and general theories of participation in EIA are difficult to create. In practice, the EIA is more or less an institutional process of power division between different actors, and the developer has the central role. EIA is an open arena that allows political disagreements to form and emerge into the open. However, EIA can also be used to promote political interests. EIA and participation can be harnessed by the proponent, but EIA can also feed the so called NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) phenomenon. It is also possible, that policy instruments like EIA create a new elite ­ active lay experts. Theoretical ideas of deliberative democracy or communicative planning are challenging to implement in practice. At the same time it is important to estimate the criteria and expectations concerning participation. One can see, that EIA has lot of deliberative potential, but the main challenges are in the relationship between EIA and decision making, and in the structures of political power and decision making outside of EIA.

In late 2019, the government headed by Alberto Fernandez and Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner created the Ministry of Women, Gender and Diversity, giving ministerial status to policies aimed at addressing the many demands that the feminist and LGBTIQ+ movement has historically held in Argentina. The consolidation of the demands of the different strands of the Feminist Movement in the public arena is due to its massification into two fundamental social milestones: firstly, the Ni una menos - which emerged in 2015 to demand responses to violence against women and the LGBTIQ+ community and its most serious and visible consequence, femicide and transvesticide - and the March 8 women's strike, which was consolidated as a global demand for responses to the multiple domestic and care tasks assigned to women in the name of love. Secondly, during the years 2018 and 2019, as a result of a long struggle undertaken by the National Campaign for the Legalization of Safe and Free Abortion, the great Green Tide movement was expanded and consolidated, allowing the visibility of a debate historically postponed by society as a whole: the free decision on women's bodies and the bodies with the capacity to gestate. With what has been said, we want to emphasize that it is the feminist movement that has put the demands of women and the LGBTIQ+ community on the agenda, challenging the State and society as a whole. The youth had a vital responsibility in this process, by generating support and mass support in the instances of extended interpellation. Songs, handkerchiefs, poetry, art and interventions of all kinds were part of the stage built as a pedagogy for the movement and for society in general. Within the framework of these great events, shortly after the creation of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the National University of Córdoba, the need to have a magazine linked to our professional work and to the political sense that governs the orientation of our institution: to think, learn and act in context was noted. This premise has been our guiding light to incorporate debates and generate new inclusive frameworks within the current hetero-patriarchal academic system of scientific publications. This is how journalist Marisa Kohan defines it, who, averaging the first semester of the current year -when the pandemic was declared- warned about the collapse of women and LGTBQ+ community publications. The journalist consulted editors of specialized magazines who said that not only are they the least cited in the media, but also they are forced to face their work, making it compatible with another triple responsibility, hardly shared: care, teaching and housework. Likewise, there have been from zero to few modifications in the scientific systems linked to research during the pandemic, since the reality of many of its researchers has not been contemplated, which adds to the situation of pre-existing inequity. In this way, we discuss that accompanying the feminist movement from our places of insertion implies rethinking our own practices. We thus initiated a rich debate regarding inclusive language, being one of the pioneers in incorporating it into the guidelines for authors. At first sight it seems a simple technicality but this transformation of language and its formalization in spaces of scientific popularization produces the effect that certain intentional absences emerge taking on a voice and a body of their own. As a result of these reflections, we present this issue that contains a variety of articles that address the different intersections that those of us who face our daily experience with those emerging from a heteropatriarchal macho system that is built on the basis of inequities and inequalities have. These inequalities are based on the privileges of sexual caste that heterosexuality and machismo constructed as the basis of the stereotyped binomial of man and woman, depreciating under the feminine sign everything that falls outside the hetero(cis)norma, as Kate Millet pointed out. Under this understanding, we undertook the task of cooperating to show some of the effects produced by this social configuration, contributing to its visibility and problematization, but now in a feminist key. This is how the call for issue number 7 of our magazine, entitled "Emancipatory processes: Genders, dissidences, feminisms", emerged, with the hope of cooperating with the production of those transformations capable of undermining gender inequalities. The launch of this issue finds us facing an unprecedented situation of global pandemic product of COVID-19, which prepared us to the isolation and social distancing to prevent the transmission of the virus. These measures have shown, once again, that gender violence continues to be part of a central problem that, in the face of social, preventive and obligatory isolation and alienation, intensifies its effects on all those bodies read as feminine by the heterosexist system of our society. Thus, we see every day how new feminicides are produced in different cities of Argentina, added to the worsening of the processes of feminization of poverty, causing alarming levels of obstacles to access to basic goods such as food, food and/or health. The horizon is not promising and the effort to include is insufficient. We have to go to the bone of this system to question it and transform it. From our humble place, we intend to contribute to the necessary ruptures so that the articles that we present - and that are generously proposed to us by the different authors -, are part of the transformations that our society needs. ; A fines de 2019, el gobierno presidido por Alberto Fernández y Cristina Fernández de Kirchner creó el Ministerio de las Mujeres, Géneros y Diversidad, otorgando rango ministerial a políticas destinadas a atender las numerosas demandas que históricamente el movimiento feminista y LGBTIQ+ sostuvo en Argentina. La consolidación de las demandas de las distintas vertientes del Movimiento Feminista en la arena pública se debe su masificación en dos hitos sociales fundamentales: en primer lugar, el Ni una menos —surgido en el año 2015 para exigir respuestas ante las violencias contra las mujeres y comunidad LGBTIQ+ y su consecuencia más grave y visible, el feminicidio y travesticidio— y el paro de mujeres del 8 de marzo, que se consolidó como una demanda global de respuestas frente a las múltiples tareas domésticas y de cuidado adjudicadas a las mujeres en nombre del amor. En segundo lugar, durante los años 2018 y 2019, como producto de una larga lucha emprendida por la Campaña Nacional por la legalización del Aborto Legal Seguro Y Gratuito, se amplió y consolidó el gran movimiento de la Marea Verde, que permitió visibilizar un debate históricamente postergado por la sociedad en su conjunto: la libre decisión sobre los cuerpos de las mujeres y de las corporalidades con capacidad de gestar. Con lo dicho queremos remarcar que es el movimiento feminista el actor que tensionó y puso en agenda las demandas de las mujeres y comunidad LGBTIQ+, interpelando al Estado y a la sociedad toda. Una vital responsabilidad tuvieron en este proceso, las juventudes, al generar adhesión y masividad en las instancias de interpelación ampliada. Cánticos, pañuelos, poesía, arte e intervenciones de todo tipo fueron parte del escenario construido como pedagogía para con el movimiento y para con la sociedad en general. En el marco de estos grandes acontecimientos, a poco tiempo de la creación de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, se advirtió la necesidad de contar con una revista ligada a nuestro quehacer profesional y al sentido político que rige la orientación de nuestra institución: pensar, aprender y actuar en contexto. Esta premisa ha sido nuestro faro guía para ir incorporando debates y generando nuevos marcos inclusivos dentro del sistema académico heteropatriarcal de publicaciones científicas vigente. Así lo define la periodista Marisa Kohan quien, promediando el primer semestre del año en curso —al declararse la pandemia— advirtió acerca del desplome de las publicaciones de mujeres y comunidad LGTBQ+. La periodista consultó a editores de revistas especializadas quienes refirieron que no solo son las menos citadas en los medios de comunicación, sino que además se ven obligadas a hacer frente a su trabajo, compatibilizándolo con otra triple responsabilidad, escasamente compartida: cuidados, enseñanza y tareas del hogar. Asimismo, han sido de nulas a escasas las modificaciones en los sistemas científicos ligados a la investigación durante la pandemia, ya que no se ha contemplado la realidad de muchas de sus investigadoras, lo cual se suma a la situación de inequidad preexistente. De esta manera, discutimos que acompañar al movimiento feminista desde nuestros lugares de inserción implica re-pensar nuestras propias prácticas. Iniciamos así un rico debate respecto del lenguaje inclusivo, siendo una de las revistas pioneras en incorporarlo en las directrices para autoras/es. A simple vista pareciera un simple tecnicismo pero esta transformación del lenguaje y su formalización en espacios de divulgación científica produce como efecto que ciertas ausencias intencionadas emerjan tomando voz y cuerpo propios. Como resultado de las reflexiones aludidas, presentamos este número que contiene una variedad de artículos que abordan las distintas intersecciones que tenemos quienes nos enfrentamos en nuestra experiencia cotidiana con los emergentes de un sistema machista heteropatriarcal que se construye sobre la base de inequidades y desigualdades. Estas desigualdades se asientan en los privilegios de casta sexual que la heterosexualidad y el machismo construyeron como base del binomio estereotipado de hombre y mujer, depreciando bajo el signo femenino todo aquello que cae por fuera de la hetero(cis)norma, como lo señalara Kate Millet. Bajo esta comprensión, emprendimos la tarea de cooperar para evidenciar parte de los efectos que produce esta configuración social, aportando a su visibilización y problematización, pero ahora en clave feminista. Emerge así la convocatoria del número 7 de nuestra revista, titulada "Procesos emancipatorios: Géneros, disidencias, feminismos" con la esperanza de estar cooperando con la producción de aquellas transformaciones capaces de socavar las desigualdades de género. El lanzamiento de este número nos encuentra ante una situación inédita de pandemia global producto del COVID-19, lo cual nos dispuso al aislamiento y distanciamiento social preventivo para evitar la transmisión del virus. Estas medidas han puesto en evidencia, una vez más, que la violencia de género sigue siendo parte de un problema central que, ante el distanciamiento y el aislamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio, recrudece sus efectos sobre todas aquellas corporalidades leídas como femeninas por el sistema heterosexista de nuestra sociedad. Así, vemos a diario cómo se producen nuevos feminicidios en distintas ciudades de Argentina, sumado a la agudización de los procesos de feminización de la pobreza, provocando niveles alarmantes de obstáculos para el acceso a bienes básicos como alimentos, comida y/o salud. El horizonte no es promisorio y el esfuerzo de incluir es insuficiente. Tenemos que ir al hueso de este sistema para cuestionarlo y transformarlo. Desde nuestro humilde lugar, pretendemos aportar a las necesarias rupturas para que los artículos que presentamos —y que generosamente nos son propuestos por las/os distintas/os autoras/es—, sean parte de las transformaciones que nuestra sociedad necesita. ; Em finais de 2019, o governo liderado por Alberto Fernandez e Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner criou o Ministério da Mulher, Género e Diversidade, dando estatuto ministerial a políticas destinadas a abordar as muitas exigências que o movimento feminista e LGBTIQ+ tem historicamente realizado na Argentina. A consolidação das exigências das diferentes vertentes do Movimento Feminista na arena pública deve-se à sua massificação em dois marcos sociais fundamentais: primeiro, a Ni una menos - que surgiu em 2015 para exigir respostas à violência contra as mulheres e a comunidade LGBTIQ+ e as suas consequências mais graves e visíveis, o femicídio e o travesticídio - e a greve das mulheres de 8 de Março, que se consolidou como uma exigência global de respostas às múltiplas tarefas domésticas e de cuidados atribuídas às mulheres em nome do amor. Em segundo lugar, durante os anos 2018 e 2019, como resultado de uma longa luta empreendida pela Campanha Nacional para a Legalização do Aborto Seguro e Livre, o grande movimento da Maré Verde foi alargado e consolidado, permitindo a visibilidade de um debate historicamente negligenciado pela sociedade como um todo: a livre decisão sobre os corpos das mulheres e os corpos com capacidade para gestar. Com o que foi dito, queremos sublinhar que foi o movimento feminista que colocou as exigências das mulheres e da comunidade LGBTIQ+ na ordem do dia, desafiando o Estado e a sociedade como um todo. Os jovens tinham uma responsabilidade vital neste processo, gerando apoio e apoio em massa nas instâncias de interpelação prolongada. Canções, lenços, poesia, arte e intervenções de todo o tipo fizeram parte do palco construído como pedagogia para o movimento e para a sociedade em geral.No âmbito destes grandes eventos, pouco depois da criação da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais da Universidade Nacional de Córdoba, tornou-se evidente a necessidade de uma revista ligada ao nosso trabalho profissional e ao sentido político que rege a orientação da nossa instituição: pensar, aprender e agir em contexto. Esta premissa tem sido a nossa luz orientadora para incorporar debates e gerar novos quadros inclusivos dentro do actual sistema académico hetero-patriarcal de publicações científicas. É assim que a jornalista Marisa Kohan a define, que, no primeiro semestre do ano em curso - quando a pandemia foi declarada - avisou sobre o colapso das mulheres e das publicações comunitárias LGTBQ+. O jornalista consultou os editores de revistas especializadas que disseram que não só são os menos citados nos meios de comunicação social, como também são obrigados a enfrentar o seu trabalho, tornando-o compatível com outra tríplice responsabilidade, que dificilmente é partilhada: cuidados, ensino e tarefas domésticas. Do mesmo modo, houve de zero a poucas modificações nos sistemas científicos ligados à investigação durante a pandemia, uma vez que a realidade de muitos dos seus investigadores não foi contemplada, o que contribui para a situação de iniquidade pré-existente.Desta forma, discutimos que acompanhar o movimento feminista desde os nossos locais de inserção implica repensar as nossas próprias práticas. Assim, iniciámos um rico debate sobre a linguagem inclusiva, sendo uma das revistas pioneiras em incorporá-la nas directrizes para os autores. À primeira vista parece uma simples tecnicidade, mas esta transformação da linguagem e a sua formalização em espaços de popularização científica produz como efeito que certas ausências intencionais emergem tomando a sua própria voz e corpo.Como resultado das reflexões acima mencionadas, apresentamos este número que contém uma variedade de artigos que abordam as diferentes intersecções que aqueles de nós que enfrentam a nossa experiência diária com aqueles que emergem de um sistema machista heteropatriarcal que é construído com base nas desigualdades e iniquidades têm.Estas desigualdades baseiam-se nos privilégios da casta sexual que a heterossexualidade e o machismo construíram como base do binómio estereotipado do homem e da mulher, depreciando sob o signo feminino tudo o que fica fora da hetero(cis)norma, como Kate Millet salientou. Sob este entendimento, empreendemos a tarefa de cooperar para evidenciar parte dos efeitos produzidos por esta configuração social, contribuindo para a sua visibilização e problematização, mas agora numa chave feminista. É assim que surge o apelo ao número 7 da nossa revista, intitulado "Processos emancipatórios: géneros, dissidências, feminismos", com a esperança de cooperar com a produção dessas transformações capazes de minar as desigualdades de género. O lançamento desta edição encontra-nos perante uma situação sem precedentes de produto pandémico global da COVID-19, que nos preparou para o isolamento e a prevenção do distanciamento social para evitar a transmissão do vírus. Estas medidas demonstraram mais uma vez que a violência baseada no género continua a fazer parte de um problema central que, face ao isolamento e alienação social preventiva e obrigatória, intensifica os seus efeitos em todos aqueles corpos lidos como femininos pelo sistema heterossexual da nossa sociedade. Assim, vemos diariamente como novos feminicídios são produzidos em diferentes cidades da Argentina, acrescentados ao agravamento dos processos de feminização da pobreza, causando níveis alarmantes de obstáculos ao acesso a bens básicos, tais como alimentos, alimentos e/ou saúde. O horizonte não é promissor e o esforço para incluir é insuficiente. Temos de ir até ao osso deste sistema para o questionar e transformar. Do nosso humilde lugar, pretendemos contribuir para as rupturas necessárias para que os artigos que apresentamos - e que nos são generosamente propostos pelos diferentes autores -, façam parte das transformações de que a nossa sociedade necessita.

The main motivation that guides this article is the need to contribute to broadening and deepening the objects of study addressed by feminist perspectives in international relations. This is for two related reasons: firstly, to contribute to the process of ontological revisionism of the discipline that has been inaugurated by these kinds of approaches; and, secondly, to contribute to the visibility of international practices and dynamics that perpetuate logics of subordination and exclusion towards different corporeality based on the matrix of colonial, capitalist and patriarchal domination. This article departs from the premise that international cooperation is a complex and multidimensional object of study that has historically been approached by the liberal tradition of international relations (Pereyra Rodríguez, 2014). Gradually, different approaches to the discipline began to inquire about the motives, procedures and outcomes as a result of the growing importance that these interactions acquired as fundamental dynamics of international relations. In the framework of the academic literature on feminisms, international cooperation has received less attention with respect to another set of processes associated with development, conflicts, and peace and security. In this sense, the purpose of this article is to contribute to the problematization of international cooperation from feminist perspectives broadly, and from decolonial feminism in particular. This will be done in a systematic way based on the methodology of documentary review. It is important to state that in the field of international relations, feminist perspectives express a "set of ideas woven around the critique of patriarchal values and dynamics on which states and global societies were structured" (Villarroel Peña, 2007, p. 66). According to the author, the new approaches implied a series of disruptions in the ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions that, consequently, motivated the formulation of new models of knowledge production. In such context of emergence, feminist perspectives were considered dissident proposals in relation to the traditional mainstream theoretical schools because they aimed to highlight the insufficiency of paradigmatic investigations of the discipline that had been based on a partial and not neutral approach of international dynamics and practices (Villarroel Peña, 2007; Salomón, 2002). In order to achieve the proposed aim, in the first section of this article, the general panorama in which gender studies in the Social Sciences was inserted shall be described. Likewise, the conditions of emergence and enunciation of feminisms in the discipline of international relations will be addressed, and their main ontological, epistemological and methodological contributions will be made explicit. In the second section, the specificity of the situated narrative of decolonial feminisms, understood as a disruption of the homogenizing and falsely universalistic postulates of hegemonic feminisms, will be analyzed. Based on the guidelines offered by the first two sections, the third section will inquire into the implications of international cooperation for feminisms in general, and decolonial feminisms in particular. The goal here is to elucidate to what extent a perpetuating mechanism of asymmetries is expressed, and how it is possible to overcome patriarchal logics from an emancipatory perspective. Finally, brief conclusions will be shared. In summary, some relevant conclusions have been found through the elaboration of the article. In the first place, it is important to note that, although international cooperation does not represent the object of study most in-depth analyzed by feminist perspectives in international relations, this focus is fundamental for the same two reasons that justify this article. That is, due to the need to contribute to the ontological revisionism of the discipline, and the need to make visible the ways in which international practices and dynamics perpetuate logics of subordination and exclusion towards different corporeality based on the matrix of colonial, capitalist and patriarchal domination. Secondly, the study of international cooperation from perspectives –like feminism- that seek to contribute to the transformation of unequal and hierarchical gender social relations is fundamental not only in academic terms, but also in a practical way. Indeed, the combination of research and political activism promulgated by feminisms should radiate in the elucidation of the practices and dynamics of international cooperation because it is precisely in this field that important opportunities can be detected to make visible and socialize conditions of existence, resistance and struggle shared between different social groups located in different places. In effect, research must be thought of as an inessential component of political practices inasmuch as it offers horizontal action guidelines, and as it contributes to identifying the perpetuation of mechanisms that reproduce asymmetric logics in an androcentric, cisgeneric and colonial way. Thirdly, intersectionality -such a significant category for feminist approaches- can become a central hermeneutical perspective to formulate instances of international cooperation that are devised in a respectful way with the particularities of local identities, interests and expectations. Likewise, it can be shown that it allows for the provision of pragmatic content to the decolonial strategy of building alliances between social groups to promote demands that were historically invisibilized. In short, it has been demonstrated that international cooperation itself does not represent a sign of progress, evolution or emancipation. On the contrary, we state that it is a mere interaction whose content and planning must be based on the capacity of agency of local actors, and whose development must be in accordance with the particularities expressed by each social group. In addition, feminist criticisms of the ways in which international cooperation was traditionally conducted should not be limited to advocating a greater incorporation of female officials as the ultimate goal of the demands. Indeed, recovering the criticism directed towards hegemonic feminism, particular attention should be paid to promoting pinkwashing initiatives that in no way contribute to dismantling the underlying problems that emerge from the matrix of colonial, capitalist and patriarchal domination. On the contrary, it is emphasized that international cooperation should only be a possibility in so far as it is structured on the basis of the demands of the groups involved. In this sense, initiatives must be bottom-up, and should be respectful of local identities and expectations. Lastly, we can conclude that as long as international cooperation initiatives are not structured in a situated and contextual way, it will be very unlikely that collective emancipation strategies can be articulated. Moreover, this will only contribute to reaffirming the reproductive mechanisms of gender asymmetries in the international system. Contributions from decolonial feminisms, therefore, are essential to generate limitations to the reproduction of unequal and hierarchical gender social relations both in the areas of international cooperation policy formulation, and that of theory formulation. ; La motivación principal que orienta el presente artículo está justificada por la necesidad de contribuir a ampliar y profundizar los objetos de estudio abordados por las perspectivas feministas en Relaciones Internacionales por dos motivos: en primer lugar, para coadyuvar al proceso de revisionismo ontológico de la disciplina inaugurado por esta clase de enfoques; y, en segundo lugar, para aportar a la visibilización pragmática de prácticas y dinámicas internacionales que perpetúan lógicas de subordinación y exclusión hacia distintas corporalidades en base a la matriz de dominación colonial, capitalista y patriarcal. Se parte de la premisa de que la cooperación internacional representa una interacción básica de las relaciones internacionales y que, en el marco de la literatura académica de los feminismos recibió menor atención con respecto a otro conjunto de procesos asociados con el desarrollo, los conflictos, la paz y la seguridad. En tal sentido, el propósito del presente artículo consiste en contribuir a la problematización de la cooperación internacional desde las perspectivas feministas de manera general y de los feminismos decoloniales de modo particular de forma sistematizada a partir de una metodología de revisión documental. Para poder dar cuenta de ello, en la primera sección se describirá el panorama general en el que se insertaron los estudios de género en las Ciencias Sociales. Asimismo, se abordarán las condiciones de emergencia y enunciación de los feminismos en la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales y se explicitarán sus principales aportes ontológicos, epistemológicos y metodológicos. En la segunda sección, se analizará la especificidad de la narrativa situada de los feminismos decoloniales entendida como una ruptura hacia los postulados homogeneizantes y falsamente pretendidos universalistas de los feminismos hegemónicos. En base a los lineamientos ofrecidos por las dos primeras secciones, en la tercera sección se indagará acerca de las implicancias de la cooperación internacional para los feminismos de manera general y de los feminismos decoloniales de modo particular con el propósito de dilucidar en qué medida se expresa un mecanismo perpetuador de asimetrías y de qué forma es posible lograr una superación de las lógicas patriarcales en clave emancipatoria. Finalmente, se compartirán unas breves conclusiones.

En los últimos cincuenta años se han multiplicado en España los colectivos y movimientos de asociaciones de víctimas del terrorismo de diferentes tipologías terroristas, debido a la sangrienta trayectoria que desgraciadamente, ha sacudido a nuestro país. El objeto de esta investigación es el análisis documental de la evolución, incremento, devenir y desarrollo de las asociaciones de víctimas del terrorismo y medios de comunicación (2006-2021). En especial el estudio del origen y desarrollo de la Asociación Canaria de Víctimas del Terrorismo, ACAVITE. A partir de este contexto de crecimiento asociativo, ha emergido un necesario cambio de paradigma respecto a la visibilidad y el relato histórico que va desde los grupos y bandas terroristas del FRENTE POLISARIO, ETA y MPAIAC, hasta el terrorismo yihadista, lo que ha supuesto una nueva concepción de su memoria y narrativa. La aparición de un nuevo colectivo en el mapa de entidades como ACAVITE, fundada y presidida por Lucía Jiménez, que ha puesto el foco en la Justicia, registrando ante la Audiencia Nacional, una denuncia el 23 de mayo de 2021, por los atentados terroristas polisarios. Del mismo modo, ha dado a conocer oficialmente la existencia de aproximadamente 281 casos oficiales de víctimas del terrorismo desconocidas que perpetró este grupo armado terrorista saharaui del POLISARIO, con bombas contra trabajadores civiles nacionales indefensos españoles de la empresa de FOSSBUCRAÁ, causando asesinados y heridos. Así como en paralelo, atentados contra pescadores españoles, sobre todo canarios, que fueron objeto de delitos de terrorismo de lesa humanidad que no prescriben. Dentro de este listado, además están censadas, por OCIACAVITE, víctimas del MPAIAC, ETA, GRAPO y terrorismo yihadista en Afganistán y Líbano, ascendiendo a 322 víctimas canarias en total, contabilizando todas las acciones violentas de estos grupos terroristas. En este sentido, como ha perseguido esta tesis en uno de sus objetivos, se sitúa lejos de los argumentos débiles empleados hasta ahora, ha quedado patente que el FRENTE POLISARIO es una banda que ha cometido atentados terroristas, como demuestran los documentos oficiales desclasificados de la CIA-1979 y los emanados de otros gobiernos y autoridades internacionales. Este hecho conlleva el reconocimiento tácito del brutal daño terrorista y la comisión de otros delitos graves, causados a nacionales españoles por parte del POLISARIO y la impunidad que aún sigue disfrutando ante la justicia, el estado de derecho y la opinión pública desde 1979. La tesis se centra en la aplicación de análisis documental y social a las consecuencias humanas de las acciones terroristas contra ciudadanos españoles, estudiándose aspectos como la complicidad institucional, el apagón informativo, la equidistancia y banalización social y mediática, que han padecido las familias de las víctimas canarias causadas por el POLISARIO. Además, se ha obtenido una categorización de las tipologías de víctimas del terrorismo. Pero, sobre todo, se ha puesto de relieve la banalización calculada hacia las víctimas del terrorismo del FRENTE POLISARIO. La reiterada posición victimista de pueblo saharaui y de los líderes del FRENTE POLISARIO en su relación de supuestamente abandonados por España, se contrapone con la justificación ideológica y el blanqueamiento de las acciones terroristas contra españoles, amparadas tradicionalmente por partidos políticos afines a sus ideologías. ; In the last fifty years, the groups and movements of associations of victims of terrorism of different terrorist typologies have multiplied in Spain, due to the bloody trajectory that, unfortunately, has shaken our country. The object of this research is the documentary analysis of the evolution, increase, evolution and development of the associations of victims of terrorism and the media (2006-2021). The unpublished case of the Canarian Association of Victims of Terrorism, ACAVITE. From this context of increase, a necessary Paradigm Change, visibility and historical narrative has emerged, ranking from the terrorist groups and bands of the POLISARIO FRONT, ETA, MPAIAC, to jihadist terrorism, which has meant a new conception of memory. And narrative, as it has been conceived academically, until now. The appearance of a new, unprecedented group on the map of entities of victims of terrorism, such as the "Canary Association of Victims of Terrorism", founded and chaired by Lucía Jiménez, daughter of a victim of terrorism from the POLISARIO FRONT, has put the spotlight on Justice, registering before the National Court, a Complaint on May 23, 2021, for these Polisario terrorist attacks. In the same way, it has officially announced the existence of approximately 281 official cases of unknown victims of terrorism perpetrated by this armed Saharui terrorist group of POLISARIO, with bombs against defenseless Spanish civilian workers of the FOSSBUCRAÁ Company, causing murders and injuries. As well as in parallel, attacks against Spanish fishermen, -mainly Canary Islands, but also Andalusians, Basques and Galicians- who were the object of crimes of terrorism, torture, mass kidnappings, machine-gunning, disappearances, crimes against humanity, crimes against fundamental rights, genocide, and other very serious of a similar nature, which never prescribe. And within this list, victims of the MPAIAC, ETA, GRAPO and jihadist terrorism in Afghanistan and Lebanon are also registered by OCI-ACAVITE, amounting to 322 Canarian victims in total, accounting for all the violent actions of these terrorist groups. In this sense, as this thesis has shown in one of its objectives, -is far from the weak arguments used so far-, it has become clear that the "El Hamra and Rio Oro Popular Revolutionary Front, POLISARIO FRONT-POLISARIO FRONT", proving that it is a terrorist band / group that has committed attacks, as collected in the declassified official documents of the CIA since 1979, by the United States Government, (USA) and those emanating from other governments and international authorities of anti-terrorism, which implies the tacit recognition of the brutal terrorist damage and other serious crimes, caused to Spanish nationals by the POLISARIO and the impunity that continues to be enjoyed before the courts, the rule of law and public opinion since 1979. Based on the above, this thesis focuses on the implementation and given the temporal coincidence of circumstances that occurred, related to the serious international diplomatic crisis with Morocco, Europe, the United States, of America and third countries, as a consequence of the entry with a false identity and stay in Spain to treat Covid 19 and cancer, for "alleged humanitarian reasons in the midst of a pandemic, according to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, González-Laya of the socialist Government of Pedro Sánchez," by allowing the current president to cure in our country Polisario and former Polisario Defense Minister, Brahim Ghali, - despite the fact that he had a search and arrest warrant issued by the National Court in Spain. And where later, Judge S. Pedraz, facilitated the release without taking into account, nor being investigated, or clarified, the Complaint officially registered before the Justice by OCIACAVITE before the National Court, on May 23 2021. The results of the study carried out also reveal a focus of attention, from the point of view of terrorist victimology, the consequences, and the suffering inflicted, by terrorist actions and other very serious crimes against Spanish national citizens, studying aspects such as the institutional complicity, the information blackout, the equidistance and social and media trivialization, suffered by the families of the Canarian victims of the terrorism committed by POLISARIO, which has been constant. In addition, an academic categorization of types of victims of terrorism has been obtained; "Victims of Vitemenoc terrorism" (less known in the media), "victims of Vitemasmedi terrorism" (victims more known in the media). But above all, it has highlighted the trivialization calculated towards the victims of terrorism of the POLISARIO FRONT, it has been carried out above all, from the class and political parties of the left and nationalists, both in the Canary Islands, as well as in the national political class by the different governments of Spain; PP, PSOE, Podemos, Coalición Canaria CC, Nueva Canarias NC, etc., during and after the Transition. In short, it has perpetuated these injustices towards the affected Canarian families. And it is that, traditionally the reiterated position and victimist mantra of the Saharawi people and leaders of the POLISARIO FRONT in their relationship - supposedly abandoned by Spain -, is opposed to the ideological justification and whitewashing of terrorist actions against Spaniards, traditionally protected by related political parties to their revolutionary ideologies. ; Programa de Doctorado en Documentación: Archivos y Bibliotecas en el Entorno Digital por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: Antonio Hernández Pérez.- Secretario: Mónica Izquierdo Alonso.- Vocal: Luis Fernando de Iturrate Cárdenes

Doutoramento em Economia ; A política orçamental, através da gestão das receitas e despesas públicas, é usualmente utilizada pelos decisores políticos para influenciar a atividade económica, nomeadamente através do controlo do rendimento disponível, de uma reafectação eficiente dos recursos existentes, do fornecimento de bens e serviços, bem como da correção de falhas de mercado. De acordo com o disposto na teoria Keynesiana, elaborada durante a Grande Recessão (década de 1930), os efeitos da política orçamental deverão variar de acordo com a fase do ciclo económico e dos instrumentos utilizados, sendo estes mais necessários e eficazes durante recessões. Contudo, em alguns episódios históricos, a evidência empírica parece contrariar as previsões teóricas efetuadas à luz da teoria Keynesiana, originando os comumente chamados efeitos não-Keynesianos da política orçamental. Por sua vez, a última Grande Recessão trouxe, uma vez mais, o debate relativo à eficácia da política orçamental para a literatura económica. Os elevados montantes de dívida pública acumulados na generalidade das economias europeias ocidentais comprometeram a sua sustentabilidade e restringiram decisões políticas, o que gerou repercussões tanto nos custos de financiamento soberano como no bem-estar social. Assim, diversos Estados Membros da Zona Euro foram forçados a implementar medidas mais restritivas de forma a conseguirem reduzir os seus desequilíbrios orçamentais, num cenário em que a política cambial se encontrava inacessível, e em que a taxa de inflação se apresentou especialmente baixa. Neste contexto, a presente tese debruça-se sobre o impacto macroeconómico da política orçamental nos Estados Membros da UEM, averiguando como este poderá variar de acordo com os instrumentos utilizados e com fatores intrínsecos de cada país, tendo em atenção tópicos relevantes que ainda não estão suficientemente explorados na literatura. É ainda analisado se, e como, a política orçamental poderá ser manipulada de acordo com motivações eleitoralistas, nomeadamente se as evidências empíricas dão suporte às previsões do modelo de "despesa visível" de Rogoff, ou ao modelo de despesa pública direcionada. Por outras palavras, se um hipotético aumento de despesa estará associado a mais despesas correntes, ou se existirão investimentos direcionados para satisfazer as pretensões de grupos ou regiões específicas. Num primeiro momento, foram calculados os valores dos multiplicadores orçamentais desde a criação da União Monetária. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a despesa pública nos Estados Membros tem um impacto positivo sobre a atividade económica (multiplicador de 0,44), sendo o impacto maior perante menores níveis de endividamento soberano, recessões económicas e fases negativas do ciclo económico (hiato do produto negativo). Por sua vez, a receita fiscal apresenta valores negativos, compreendidos entre -0,11 e -0,55, podendo, no entanto, revelar um impacto expansionista em países com menores níveis de dívida pública. Porém, nem sempre as políticas resultam nos resultados expectáveis. Foram estimadas elasticidades do consumo privado, face aos instrumentos orçamentais, durante o período de 1960-2017, de forma a aferir como as elasticidades variam perante episódios orçamentais (claras ações políticas, como expansões ou consolidações orçamentais). As evidências indicam que as transferências sociais poderão estar na origem dos efeitos não-Keynesianos da política orçamental, uma vez o consumo privado apresenta elasticidades negativas face às suas variações, durante períodos de consolidação. Ainda, os episódios não-Keynesianos tornaram-se menos prováveis de serem observados após os países integrarem a Zona Euro, dado que os gastos em investimentos e as outras despesas deixaram de apresentar uma relação negativa com o consumo privado. Foi também observado que as transferências sociais aparentam ter um impacto mais recessivo durante consolidações, que aquele observado perante expansões ou na ausência de episódios orçamentais. Utilizando uma abordagem alternativa para identificar consolidações orçamentais (abordagem narrativa), foi constatado que o consumo privado continua a exibir uma resposta não-Keynesiana a choques fiscais. Por último, a política orçamental aparenta ainda ser sensível a fatores políticos. Durante anos eleitorais, os decisores políticos tendem a aumentar as despesas correntes e a diminuir o peso dos impostos diretos. Porém, a estratégia orçamental tem sofrido algumas alterações ao longo dos anos. Desde a Grande Recessão, os Estados Membros aparentam ter perdido a sua capacidade para manipular a despesa pública com objetivos eleitoralistas, e começaram a diminuir os impostos indiretos. Também, após os Estados Membros aderirem à UEM, os decisores políticos começaram a aumentar a carga fiscal dos seus países face a choques na taxa de juro, uma vez que perderam a capacidade de recorrer à política monetária. ; The fiscal policy, through the management of public revenue and expenditure, is usually used by policy makers to influence economic activity, namely through the control of available income, the reallocation of resources, the supply of goods and services or the correction of market failures. Following the Keynesian perspective, designed during the Great Depression (1930's), the effects of fiscal policy should vary over the stages of the business cycle and over fiscal instruments used, being more needed and effective during recessions. However, in some historical cases, the empirical evidence seems to contradict the theoretical predictions in the spirit of the Keynesian theory, giving rise to the so-called non-Keynesian effects of fiscal policy. Therefore, the last Great Recession brought the effectiveness of fiscal policy back into debate in the economic literature. The high amounts of sovereign debt accumulated in the majority of the western European economies have been jeopardizing the sustainability of public debts, restricting political decisions, with repercussions on sovereign financing costs and on people's welfare. Thus, several Eurozone's Member States were forced to implement more restrictive policies in order to reduce their budgetary imbalances, in a scenario where the exchange rate policies are unavailable, and the inflation rate has been especially low. In this context, this thesis focuses on the macroeconomic impact of fiscal policy on the Member States, assessing how it may vary according to the fiscal instruments used, and to country specific characteristics, taking into account some relevant topics not very explored yet in the literature. It is also analysed whether, and how, the fiscal policy can be manipulated according to electoral motivations, namely if evidence supports the predictions of the Rogoff's "visibility expenditure" model or the Public expenditure targeting model, i.e., if the hypothetical expenditure increase will be associated with current expenditure, or if the capital expenditure will be used as a target to specific groups and locations. Firstly, it was computed the value of fiscal multipliers since the creation of the currency union. According to the results, public expenditure in Member States has a positive impact on economic growth (multiplier of 0.44), with a bigger impact on the less indebted countries, facing economic recessions and negative output gaps. In turn, tax revenue has negative values, between -0.11 and -0.55, but it can reveal an expansionary impact in countries with lower levels of public debt. However, policies do not always result in the expected results. Elasticities of private consumption to fiscal instruments were estimated during the period 1960-2017, to access how fiscal elasticities vary during fiscal episodes (clear policy actions, such as fiscal expansions or consolidations). Evidence indicates that social benefits may be a root of the non-Keynesian effects of fiscal policy, since private consumption shows negative elasticities facing social benefits' shocks, during periods of fiscal consolidation. In addition, non-Keynesian episodes became less likely to be observed after countries joined the Eurozone, given that investment spending and other expenditures have lost their non-Keynesian role. It was also perceived that social transfers seem to be more contractionary in consolidations than in both expansions and in the absence of fiscal episodes. Using an alternative approach to identify fiscal consolidations (narrative approach), it is seen that private consumption continues to exhibit a non-Keynesian response to tax increases. Lastly, fiscal policy in the Eurozone countries appears to be sensitive to political factors. During election years, the incumbent Governments seem to increase current spending and to decrease the direct tax burden. However, the fiscal strategy has changed over the years. Since the Great Recession, Member States have lost their ability to manipulate the Government spending for electoral purposes and began to decrease the indirect tax burden. Furthermore, after countries joined the EMU, policy makers began to increase tax burden facing interest rate shocks, since they have lost the ability to use monetary policy. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The topic of the article is relevant due to the challenge posed to the home higher military school under the enunciated policy of the country for the integration into the EU and NATO, conduct of hostilities in the east of the country, on the organization of efficient training of the military experts in general and the officers of missile and artillery armament (MAA) in particular.The article analyzes the methodological foundations of the training for future professional activities of the officers of MAA under modern adaptation to the military educational environment of NATO member countries as a complex of basic scientific approaches, such as: systems approach, conceptual approach, logistics approach, learner-centered approach, competence approach, synergistic approach, acmeological approach, and the approach from the perspective of leadership development, and the relevant principles of training organization.The conceptual approach as the approach from the perspective of the Concept of training the Armed Forces of Ukraine, in accordance with the Military Doctrine-2015, is based on the following principles: professionalization, which is based on NATO standards and meets the criteria of high efficiency at the lowest possible cost; scientific principle; systematicity and consistency; complexity; accessibility and visibility; maximum approximation of training conditions to the situation of real combat actions; as well as individual approach to the learners.The principles of the competence approach influence the organization of training the officers of MAA as follows: the principle of meta-knowledge and fundamentalization of the military education stipulate the introduction of meta-subjects,their connection with other training courses, combination of the military and civil education, in which a future officer of MAA will be able to obtain new occupational skills, to enhance their skills under rapidly changing generations of military vehicles and new technologies; the principle of adaptation to the requirements and needs of the society is fulfilled through the reinforcement of the practical aspect of training, involving the experts with experience in ATO and JFO joint Foice operation into teaching process and evaluating the training, engaging cadets in scientific work.According to the synergistic approach, organization of training the officers of MAA aims to create the conditions that are necessary and appropriate for their motivated self-development, earlier than forming the opposite tendencies under some other impact. The principles of self-actualization, self-organization of communication, integrity aim to reinforce independent and creative work of cadets, to form their skills essential for life-long learning fulfilled through the organization of training based on innovative pedagogical technologies, common for NATO member countries, in interactive forms, through the coordination of their independent work by teachers, and the principle of openness directs the organization of training to involve the best domestic and foreign experience.The acmeological approach provides for the organization of training of the officers of MAA as a matter of priority and organic combination of the principles of professionalism, decency, patriotism. The logistics approach to the organization of training of the officers of MAA consists in the development of optimization methods of their training for solving a number of practical problems on the basis of the following principles: consistency, functionality (dominant functions: studying, fostering, forming and developing the key competences, control and evaluation of the results); integration and integrated definition of training purposes; solving information problems by means of data standardization according to NATO standards; priority of learners' needs and job market needs (in terms of future employment, mobility on the job market, which makes higher military education and higher civil education interact organically, according to officer training standards in the United States Military Academy (West Point)); interaction of all components of training system and coordination of specialists' actions from different departments of HMEI, results orientation recorded for the achieved training quality and key competences formation level of future officers of MAA; variation of strategies and methods of training organization intended to reach the given end result. JIT principle (Just In Time) and "JIT–reliability" principle stipulate the optimization and reliability of functioning the training system through backup support (availability of excessive information) which should constitute the training content and methodology. The approach from the perspective of leadership development provides for the organization and implementation of leadership course similar to the course adopted in educational institutions of NATO member countries. The leadership course should consists of the theoretical part, which analyzes the essence of leadership and modern theoretical concepts and forms (styles) of leadership, and the practical part, which reveals the methodology and algorithm of leadership development of future officers by the stages of training in HMEI.According to these foundations, the methodology of leadership development of future officers of MAA in the training process has been developed for the first time by the structural and logical framework of their training in HMEI intended for obtaining necessary competences connected to specific military positions. ; Актуальність теми обумовлена задачами, поставленими перед вітчизняною вищою військовою школою в умовах проголошеного стратегічного курсу держави на інтеграцію в ЄС і НАТО, ведення бойових дій на Сході країни щодо організації ефективної підготовки військових фахівців загалом і офіцерів служби ракетно-артилерійського озброєння (РАО) зокрема.У статті проаналізовано методологічні засади підготовки до майбутньої професійної діяльності офіцерів служби РАО в сучасних умовах адаптації до військовоосвітнього простору країн-членів НАТО як комплекс базових наукових підходів, а саме: системного, концептуального, логістичного, особистісно орієнтованого, компетентнісного, синергетичного, акмеологічного і підходу з позицій розвитку лідерства, та відповідних їм принципів організації підготовки.Концептуальний підхід як підхід з позицій Концепції підготовки Збройних Сил України, підготовленої відповідно до Воєнної доктрини-2015, групується на принципах: професійної спрямованості, яка ґрунтується на стандартах НАТО та відповідає критерію високої ефективності за прийнятних витрат; науковості; систематичності і послідовності; комплексності; доступності і наочності; максимального наближення умов навчання до обстановки реальних бойових дій; а також індивідуального підходу до тих, хто навчається.Принципи компетентнісного підходу впливають на організацію підготовки офіцерів РАО таким чином: принцип метазнань та фундаменталізації військової освіти обумовлює введення метапредметів, їх зв'язок із іншими навчальними курсами, поєднання військової та цивільної освіти; принцип професійної мобільності передбачає таку побудову змісту органічно поєднаних військової та цивільної освіти, за якою майбутній офіцер РАО буде здатним опановувати нові спеціальності, підвищувати свою кваліфікацію в умовах швидкозмінних поколінь військової техніки і нових технологій; принцип адаптованості до вимог і потреб суспільства реалізується через посилення практичної складової підготовки, залучення до викладання й оцінювання результатів навчання фахівців з досвідом АТО і ООС, залучення курсантів до наукової діяльності.За синергетичним підходом, організація підготовки офіцерів РАО полягає у створенні умов, які є необхідними і достатніми для їхнього цілеспрямованого саморозвитку, раніше, аніж під якимось іншим впливом у них сформуються протилежні тенденції. Принципи самоактуалізації, самоорганізації комунікативності, цілісності передбачають посилення самостійної і творчої роботи курсантів, формування в них навиків, потрібних для навчання впродовж всього життя, що реалізується через організацію підготовки на основі інноваційних педагогічних технологій, сумісних із застосовуваними в країнах-членах НАТО, в інтерактивних формах, координацію викладачем їхньої самостійної роботи, а принцип відкритості спрямовує організацію підготовки на залучення кращого вітчизняного та зарубіжного досвіду.Акмеологічний підхід передбачає організацію підготовки офіцерів РАО на пріоритеті та органічному поєднанні принципів професіоналізму, порядності, патріотизму.Логістичний підхід до організації підготовки офіцерів РАО полягає в розробці оптимізаційних методів їх навчання для вирішення ряду практичних завдань на основі принципів: системності, функціональності (домінуючі функції: навчання, виховання, формування і розвиток ключових компетенцій, контроль і оцінка результатів); інтеграції та інтегрального визначення цілей навчання; вирішення інформаційних проблем шляхом стандартизації даних відповідно до стандартів НАТО; пріоритету потреб тих, хто навчається, і потреб ринку праці (в аспекті майбутнього працевлаштування, мобільності на ринку праці, що обумовлює обов'язковість органічного взає280мозв'язку вищої військової і вищої цивільної освіти, відповідно стандартам підготовки офіцерського складу у військовому училищі Вест-Пойнт (США)); взаємодії всіх компонентів системи підготовки і координації дій спеціалістів різних підрозділів ВВНЗ, орієнтації на кінцевий результат, що фіксується в досягненні майбутніми офіцерами РАО заданої якості підготовки і рівня сформованості ключових компетенцій; варіативності стратегій, методів і методик організації підготовки, спрямованих на зазначений кінцевий результат. Принципи "точно в термін" (JIT – just in time) і "джит-надійності" (JIT–reliability) обумовлюють оптимізацію і надійність функціонування системи підготовки шляхом резервування інформації (наявності надлишкової інформації), що треба закладати у зміст і методику навчання.Підхід з позицій розвитку лідерства передбачає організацію і впровадження курсу лідерства, аналогічного прийнятому у навчальних закладах країн-членів НАТО. Даний курс має складатися із теоретичної частини, в якій аналізуються сутність лідерства і сучасні теоретичні концепції та форми (стилі) лідерства, і практичної частини, в якій розробляється методика або алгоритм розвитку лідерства майбутніх офіцерів за етапами навчання у ВВНЗ.На цих засадах уперше розроблено методику розвитку лідерства майбутніх офіцерів РАО у процесі навчання за структурно-логічною схемою їхньої підготовки у ВВНЗ, яка спрямована змістовно та за часом на отримання ними необхідних компетенцій, що мають прив'язку до конкретних посад у військах.

Initially, the approach of Sustainable Design in Argentina was dominated by recycling practices, solving problems towards the end of life of the products. Subsequently, the notion of Life Cycle allowed to expand the limits of analysis to account for the impact of design decisions in all stages. While both approaches have been useful, in the field of design management these views are limited, because in practice they converge more than just objects: the actors, the organizations and their multiple relationships. Adhering to the criteria of sustainability, it is worth asking what are the tools and methodologies that would be necessary for a comprehensive approach to the problems in Design Management. Tools that allow ordering information and also serve as a bridge for the joint presentation of problems with the actors in the territory. The PSS approach abandons the traditional conception of design, development and manufacture of products to be placed in solutions where the generation of value is separated from the consumption of resources and energy (Vezzoli et al, 2014). In this way the innovations are placed in the design of services and relationships between the actors., From their practical application in a case study in the strategic analysis phase. Technologies for Social Inclusion (TIS) in the same line, are aimed at the generation of capabilities to solve systemic problems, and the generation of local dynamics of production, technological change and socio-technically appropriate innovation that benefit everyone (Thomas et al, 2012). In this line, this article reviews the notions and tools proposed by two theoretical frameworks, on one hand the Product-System-Service (PSS) approach and on the other the Social Inclusion Technologies with the aim of contributing to the perspective of the urban sustainability approaches based on an interdisciplinary approach. The analysis of the Formal Circuit of urban solid waste recovery of Mar del Plata city is taken as a case study, analyzing on the one hand the "Situation-Problem" that determines the current system status from the Social Inclusion Technologies framework, and on the other hand, the application of the Systemic Map as a complementary methodological tool in the analysis. In strategic management and systemic approaches, it is essential to understand the problems, expectations, negotiation and alignment capacities of the actors as well as their organization within the territory. The methodological approach has been complementary, allowing through the TIS framework the visibility of the heterogeneous network of actors of significant relevance at a social, economic, political and cultural level, and how each Relevant Social Group belonging to this network conceives the problems in relation to the object of study. Likewise, the Systemic Map as a PSS tool applied in the strategic analysis, contributes to organize and visualize the relationships between actors, artifacts, technologies and institutions, as well as information, material, economic flows, etc. ; Inicialmente, el abordaje del Diseño Sustentable en Argentina estuvo dominado por las prácticas del reciclaje, resolviendo problemas hacia el fin de vida de los productos. Posteriormente, la noción de Ciclo de Vida permitió ampliar los límites de análisis para dar cuenta del impacto de las decisiones de diseño en todas las etapas. Si bien ambos abordajes han sido de utilidad, en el ámbito de la gestión del diseño estas miradas resultan limitadas, porque en la práctica convergen algo más que objetos: los actores, las organizaciones y sus múltiples relaciones. Abonando a los criterios de sustentabilidad, cabe preguntarse cuáles son las herramientas y metodologías necesarias para un abordaje integral de los problemas en la gestión de Diseño. Herramientas que permitan ordenar la información y sirvan también como puente para el planteo conjunto de los problemas con los actores en el territorio. El enfoque PSS abandona la concepción tradicional de diseño, desarrollo y fabricación de productos para situarse en soluciones en donde la generación de valor se separa del consumo de recursos y energía (Vezzoli et al, 2014). De esta manera las innovaciones están puestas en el diseño de servicios y relaciones entre los actores., a partir de su aplicación práctica en un caso de estudio en la fase de análisis estratégico. Las Tecnologías para la Inclusión Social (TIS) en la misma línea, se orientan a la generación de capacidades de resolución de problemas sistémicos, y a la generación de dinámicas locales de producción, cambio tecnológico e innovación socio-técnicamente adecuadas que beneficien a todos (Thomas et al, 2012). En esta línea, el presente artículo revisa las nociones y herramientas propuestas por dos marcos teóricos, por un lado el enfoque Producto-Sistema-Servicio (PSS) y por el otro las Tecnologías de Inclusión Social con el objetivo de aportar a la perspectiva de los abordajes de sustentabilidad urbana a partir de una aproximación interdisciplinar. Se toma como caso de estudio el análisis del Circuito Formal de recuperación de residuos sólidos urbanos de Mar del Plata, analizando por un lado la "Situación-Problema" que determina el estado del sistema actual desde el marco de las Tecnologías de Inclusión Social, y por el otro lado la aplicación del Mapa sistémico como herramienta metodológica complementaria en el análisis. En la gestión estratégica y aproximaciones sistémicas, es fundamental comprender las problemáticas, expectativas, las capacidades de negociación y alineación de los actores así como a organización de las mismas dentro del territorio. La aproximación metodológica ha resultado complementaria permitiendo a través del marco de TIS la visibilización de la red heterogénea de actores de tienen relevancia significativa a nivel social, económico, político y cultural, y como cada Grupo Social Relevante perteneciente a esta red concibe las problemáticas en relación al objeto de estudio. Asimismo el Mapa Sistémico como herramienta de PSS aplicada en el análisis estratégico, contribuye a ordenar y visualizar las relaciones entre los actores, artefactos, tecnologías e instituciones, así como los flujos información, material, económicos, etc. ; Inicialmente, a abordagem do Design Sustentável na Argentina foi dominada por práticas de reciclagem, resolvendo problemas até o fim da vida dos produtos. Posteriormente, a noção de ciclo de vida permitiu expandir os limites de análise para explicar o impacto das decisões de design em todas as etapas. Embora ambas as abordagens tenham sido úteis, no campo do gerenciamento de design essas visualizações são limitadas, porque, na prática, elas convergem mais do que apenas objetos: os atores, as organizações e seus múltiplos relacionamentos. Aderindo aos critérios de sustentabilidade, é possível perguntar quais são as ferramentas e metodologias necessárias para uma abordagem abrangente dos problemas na gestão do Design. Ferramentas que permitem informações de pedidos e também servem de ponte para a apresentação conjunta de problemas com os atores no território. A abordagem PSS abandona a concepção tradicional de design, desenvolvimento e fabricação de produtos a serem colocados em soluções onde a geração de valor é separada do consumo de recursos e energia (Vezzoli et al, 2014). Desta forma, as inovações são colocadas no design de serviços e relações entre os atores, a partir de sua aplicação prática em um estudo de caso na fase de análise estratégica. As Tecnologias para a Inclusão Social (TIS) na mesma linha visam a geração de capacidades para resolver problemas sistêmicos e a geração de dinâmicas locais de produção, mudanças tecnológicas e inovações socio-tecnicamente apropriadas que beneficiam a todos (Thomas et al, 2012). Nesta linha, este artigo analisa as noções e ferramentas propostas por duas estruturas teóricas, por um lado, a abordagem do Produto-Sistema-Serviço (PSS) e, por outro lado, as Tecnologias de Inclusão Social com o objetivo de contribuir para a perspectiva da abordagem de sustentabilidade urbana com base em uma abordagem interdisciplinar. A análise do Circuito Formal de recuperação de resíduos sólidos urbanos de Mar del Plata é tomada como um estudo de caso, analisando, por um lado, o «Problema de Situação» que determina o status atual do sistema a partir da estrutura de Tecnologias de Inclusão Social e Por outro lado, a aplicação do Mapa Sistêmico como ferramenta metodológica complementar na análise. Na gestão estratégica e nas abordagens sistêmicas, é essencial compreender os problemas, as expectativas, a negociação e as capacidades de alinhamento dos atores, bem como sua organização dentro do território. A abordagem metodológica tem sido complementar, permitindo, através do quadro TIS, a visibilidade da rede heterogênea de atores de relevância significativa a nível social, econômico, político e cultural e como cada Grupo Social Relevante pertencente a esta rede concebe os problemas em relação para o objeto de estudo. Do mesmo modo, o Mapa Sistêmico como ferramenta PSS aplicada na análise estratégica, contribui para organizar e visualizar as relações entre atores, artefatos, tecnologias e instituições, bem como informações, materiais, fluxos econômicos, etc.

La grande rivelazione: esperienze di un musicoterapista registrato australianocon disabilità, un progetto di ricerca basato sull'arte La disabilità è un fenomeno umano vissuto non da una piccola minoranza, ma da una grande percentuale della nostra popolazione globale. La disabilità viene incontrata da persone di tutte le etnie, religioni, generi (e non conformi), sessualità, background socio-economici ed età. La recente letteratura musicoterapica ha richiesto una forza lavoro diversificata, e altre descrivono il valore dei musicoterapisti di adottare una lente intersezionale che consideri l'interconnessione fra identità sociali e politiche. Tuttavia, vi è un dialogo limitato di esperienze vissute da musicoterapisti di identità sottorappresentate, come la disabilità. Questa ricerca ha cercato di sondare le esperienze dei musicoterapisti registrati australiani che si identificano come disabili, e di esplorare come la loro disabilità possa avere un impatto o informare la loro pratica. È stato intervistato un musicoterapista registrato australiano (RMT) identificato come disabile. Lo studente-ricercatore si è impegnato nella ricerca artistica attraverso la composizione musicale, al fine di consentire un'analisi incorporata e presentare i risultati in un formato accessibile. Diversi sono i temi rivelati, tra cui: disabilità nascosta, divulgazione di disabilità, alleanza, transfert positivo, visibilità e identità. Questi risultati dimostrano l'importanza delle esperienze vissute nella comunità musicoterapica, nonché i richiami per amplificare le diverse voci di persone sia con disabilità che con altre identità intersecanti all'interno della nostra professione. Riconoscere il lavoro dei musicoterapisti disabili può ulteriormente sfidare gli atteggiamenti degli esperti nella nostra società, e fornire opzioni ai partecipanti che potrebbero preferire il lavoro con terapisti che hanno un'esperienza di vita rilevante. Traduzione di Claudio Comimardi ; La grande révélation: Les Expériences d'une Musicothérapeute Handicapé Enregistrée en Australie, Une projet de Recherche Basée sur les Arts Le handicap est un phénomène humain vécu non pas par une petite minorité mais par une grande pourcentage de notre population mondiale. Le handicap est rencontré par des personnes de toutes ethnies, religions, genres (et non-conformes), sexualités, milieux socio-économiques, et les âges. La littérature récente sur la musicothérapie a plaidé pour une main-d'œuvre diversifiée et d'autres décrivent la valeur pour les musicothérapeutes d'adopter une lentille intersectionnelle, qui considère l'interdépendance des identités sociales et politiques. cependant, il y a un dialogue limité sur les expériences vécues des musicothérapeutes de sous-représentés identités, telles que le handicap. Cette recherche a cherché à sonder les experiences des musicothérapeutes enregistrés en Australie qui s'identifient comme ayant un handicap et d'explorer comment leur handicap peut avoir un impact ou informer leur pratique. Un musicothérapeute australien enregistrée (RMT) identifié comme handicapé a été interviewé. L'étudiant-chercheur engagé dans la recherche artistique à travers la composition musicale pour permettre une analyse incarnée et présenter les résultats dans un format accessible. Plusieurs thèmes ont été révélés, notamment; handicap caché, divulgation du handicap, alliance, transfert positif, visibilité et identité. Ces résultats démontrent la importance des expériences vécues dans la communauté de la musicothérapie et appelle à amplifier diverses voix des personnes handicapées et d'autres identités qui se croisent au sein de notre profession. Reconnaître le travail des musicothérapeutes handicapés peut constituer un défi supplémentaire contre les attitudes capacitistes dans notre société et offrir des options aux participants qui pourraient préfèrent travailler avec des thérapeutes qui ont une expérience vécue pertinente. Mots-clés: handicap, identité handicapée, expérience vécue, divulgation, musicothérapie, recherche basée sur les arts Traduit par Danielle Jakubiak ; Disability is a human phenomenon experienced not by a small minority but a large percentage of our global population. Disability is encountered by people of all ethnicities, religions, genders (and non-conforming), sexualities, socio-economic backgrounds, and ages. Recent music therapy literature has advocated for a diverse workforce and others describe the value in music therapists adopting an intersectional lens, which considers the interconnectedness of social and political identities. However, there is limited dialogue featuring lived experiences of music therapists of underrepresented identities, such as disability. This research sought to canvass the experiences of Australian Registered Music Therapists who identify as having a disability and to explore how their disability may impact or inform their practice. One Australian Registered Music Therapist (RMT) who identified as disabled was interviewed. The student-researcher engaged with arts-based research through music composition to allow an embodied analysis and to present results in an accessible format. Several themes were revealed, including; hidden disability, disclosure of disability, alliance, positive transference, visibility, and identity. These findings demonstrate the importance of lived experiences in the music therapy community and calls to amplify diverse voices of those with disabilities and other intersecting identities within our profession. Acknowledging the work of disabled music therapists may further challenge ableist attitudes in our society and provide options to participants who might prefer to work with therapists who have relevant lived experience. ; Die große Offenbarung: Die Erfahrungen einer in Australien registrierten Musiktherapeutin mit Behinderung, ein künstlerisches Forschungsprojekt ZusammenfassungBehinderungen sind ein menschliches Phänomen, das nicht nur eine kleine Minderheit, sondern ein großer Prozentsatz unserer Weltbevölkerung erlebt. Menschen aller Ethnien, Religionen, Geschlechter (und geschlechts-nonkonformistische), sexueller Orientierung, sozioökonomischen Hintergründe und Altersgruppen sind mit Behinderungen konfrontiert. In der neueren musiktherapeutischen Literatur wird für eine vielfältige Zusammensetzung der Mitarbeiterschaft plädiert, und andere beschreiben den Wert einer intersektionalen Perspektive, die die Verflechtung sozialer und politischer Identitäten berücksichtigt. Es gibt jedoch nur einen begrenzten Dialog über gelebte Erfahrungen von MusiktherapeutInnen mit unterrepräsentierten Identitäten, wie z.B. Behinderungen. Mit dieser Forschung wurde versucht, die Erfahrungen von in Australien registrierten MusiktherapeutInnen, die eine Behinderung haben, zu erfassen und zu untersuchen, wie ihre Behinderung ihre Praxis beeinflussen oder beeinflussen kann. Es wurde ein australischer registrierter Musiktherapeut (RMT) befragt, der sich als behindert identifizierte. Die studentische Forscherin beschäftigte sich mit künstlerischer Forschung durch Komposition, um eine fundierte Analyse zu ermöglichen und die Ergebnisse in einem zugänglichen Format zu präsentieren. Es wurden mehrere Themen aufgedeckt, darunter versteckte Behinderung, Offenlegung von Behinderung, Zusammenschluss, positive Übertragung, Sichtbarkeit und Identität. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen die Bedeutung gelebter Erfahrungen in der Musiktherapiewelt und rufen dazu auf, die unterschiedlichen Stimmen von Menschen mit Behinderungen und anderen sich überschneidenden Identitäten in unserem Beruf zu stärken. Die Wertschätzung der Arbeit behinderter MusiktherapeutInnen kann die ablehnende Haltung der Gesellschaft weiter herausfordern und bietet den TeilnehmerInnen Optionen, die es vorziehen, mit TherapeutInnen zu arbeiten, die über relevante gelebte Erfahrungen verfügen. Schlüsselbegriffe: Behinderung, Identität, gelebte Erfahrung, Musiktherapie, künstlerische Forschung Übersetzung: Josephine Geipel ; 重大启示:澳大利亚残疾人音乐治疗师的经验,一项基于艺术的研究项目 摘要 残疾是一种人类现象,并非少数人经历,而是占全球人口的很大比例。残疾的发生不分种族、宗教、性别(不符合规定)、性特性、社会经济背景和年龄。最近的音乐治疗文献提倡多样化的劳动力,另一些则描述了利用交叉视角的音乐治疗师的价值。这种交叉视角包括社会和政治身份的相互联系。但是,对话的特点是音乐治疗师在未被充分代表的群体中,有着很局限的经历,例如残疾。这项研究旨在探寻澳大利亚有残疾的注册音乐治疗师的经验,并探讨他们的残疾可能影响或促进他们的工作实践。本文采访了一位自我身份认知为残疾人的澳大利亚注册音乐治疗师(RMT)。学生研究者通过音乐创作进行基于艺术的研究,以进行具体的分析并以可参与的形式呈现结果。结果揭示了几个主题,包括:隐藏的残障,残障的自我透露,同盟,积极的移情,可见性和身份。这些发现证明了在音乐治疗界中生命经验的重要性,并呼吁在我们的职业中扩大残疾人和交叉身份的人的声音。承认残疾人音乐治疗师的工作可能会进一步挑战我们社会中的健全主义者(ableist)态度,并为可能愿意找到具有相关生命经验的治疗师的来访者提供选择。 关键字:残疾,残疾身份,生命经历,透露,音乐治疗,基于艺术的研究 翻译:张婧雯

Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by Berg-Oliver Associates, Inc. (BOA) on behalf of the Harris County Flood Control District (HCFCD) to conduct a cultural resources inventory and assessment for the proposed Schiel Storm Water Detention Basin Project in Harris County, Texas (HCFCD Project No. L500-09-00-E003). The proposed undertaking would consist of constructing an extensive system of storm water detention basins and other drainage control measures within an approximately 335.8-hectare (829.9-acre) tract located near Hockley in northwestern Harris County. The project area generally flanks Little Cypress Creek and is bounded roughly on the west by Becker Road, on the south by Schiel Road, and on the east by Mason Road. For purposes of the cultural resources survey, the project area was assumed to consist of the entire 335.8-hectare (829.9-acre) tract. The proposed undertaking is being sponsored by HCFCD, a political subdivision of the state of Texas; as such, the project would fall under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas. In addition, the project would require the use of federal permits issued by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Galveston District, under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). As such, those portions of the overall project area that fall within the federal permit area would also fall under the jurisdiction of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). As the proposed project represents a publicly sponsored undertaking, the project sponsor is required to provide the applicable regulatory agencies with an opportunity to review and comment on the project's potential to adversely affect historic properties listed on or considered eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under the NHPA and/or for designation as State Antiquities Landmarks (SAL) under the Antiquities Code of Texas, as appropriate. Between February 2019 and April 2020, Horizon archeologists Charles E. Bludau, Jr., Luis Gonzalez, and Amanda Kleopfer conducted an intensive cultural resources survey of the project area. Jeffrey D. Owens acted as Principal Investigator, and the survey was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 8700. The purpose of the survey was to locate any significant cultural resources that potentially would be impacted by the proposed undertaking. Horizon's archeologists traversed the tract and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historic-age cultural resources. The project area consists of a vast tract that largely follows the channel of Little Cypress Creek. Areas adjacent to the creek were largely undeveloped and covered in moderately dense hardwood forests with a dense understory of shrubs, grasses, forbs, brambles, vines, and various grasses. Portions of the project area consisted of extensive cleared fields, some of which appeared to have been formerly cultivated, and most of which were in use as pastureland. Vegetation in the more open areas consisted of dense pasture grasses with isolated copses of hardwood trees. Whereas most of the project area is undeveloped and appears to be largely intact, various disturbances were observed. Several roadways traverse the project area, including State Highway (SH) 99, Bauer Road, and Mason Road, and a linear pipeline corridor passes northeast to southwest through the northern portion of the project area. An extensive sand-mining pit located immediately west of SH 99 has effectively destroyed approximately 35.8 hectares (88.5 acres) of the project area. Two large, contoured drainage channels have been constructed in the western portion of the project area that have disturbed a collective area of approximately 13.2 hectares (32.5 acres) of the project area. These drainage channels appear to be associated with a small residential subdivision located to the west of the project area off the eastern side of Becker Road that was under construction at the time of the survey. Visibility of the modern ground surface ranged from poor (<20%) in more heavily vegetated areas to excellent (80 to 100%) in cleared areas. The cultural resources survey was conducted prior to the implementation of revised archeological survey guidelines by the Council of Texas Archeologists (CTA) and Texas Historical Commission (THC) on April 17, 2020; as such, the prior guidelines of 2014 were utilized for the project. Under these guidelines, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) require a minimum of one shovel test per 1.2 hectares (3.0 acres) for project areas measuring 40.9 hectares (101.0 acres) or more in size. As such, a minimum of 211 shovel tests would be required within the 335.8-hectare (829.9-acre) project area. Horizon excavated a total of 633 shovel tests, thereby exceeding the TSMASS for a project area of this size. Shovel tests typically revealed sandy clay loam to sandy loam sediments overlying sandy clay. Mottling and iron staining was ubiquitous in shovel tests, suggesting that large portions of the project area are likely saturated on a seasonal or perennial basis. Extensive areas of standing water were observed over the course of the year during which the cultural resources survey was conducted. The majority of the project area is characterized by fluviomarine terraces created during the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene epochs, though the terraces of Little Cypress Creek are of Holocene age. While not all shovel tests contained iron concretions, they were encountered in enough of the shovel tests to suggest that shovel testing was capable of penetrating Holoceneage sediments with the potential to contain subsurface archeological resources. It is Horizon's opinion that shovel testing was capable of fully penetrating sediments with the potential to contain archeological deposits; as such, mechanical deep testing was not utilized. One newly recorded archeological site, 41HR1241, was documented within the project area during the survey. This site consists of the remains of the 20th-century farm of Alfred William (A.W.) and Mary Kathryn Petry. Historical maps indicate the farm was in operation as early as 1920, and it appears to have been abandoned by the 1980s. Formerly, the farm was composed of a domicile, at least one large outbuilding, and several smaller outbuildings, but all of the historicage structures have been demolished. Numerous large bulldozer push piles were observed on the site that contained concrete rubble and other construction debris, and it is likely these push piles are all that remains of the historic-age buildings that once stood on the site. Currently, all that remains of the Petry farm are several abandoned vehicles, a concrete well covered over with an overturned wheelbarrow, and a low-density surface and shallow subsurface scatter of domestic debris, including clear and brown glass shards, metal wire fragments, a railroad spike, a spark plug, construction debris (primarily concrete chunks), aluminum beer cans, glass beer bottles, and some polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping. Aside from the beer bottles and cans and the PVC piping, which are clearly of modern age and date from the end of the lifecycle of the farm, most of the cultural materials observed on the farm are only generally diagnostic of the 20th century. The only standing structure remaining on the site is a modern metal garage. Site 41HR1241 has been largely destroyed, and very little remains of the Petry farm. Based on the lack of standing historic-age buildings or intact cultural features, the ephemeral character of the surficial and shallow subsurface archeological deposits, and the absence of any known historical distinction of the members of the Petry family or association of the farm with events or trends of historical importance, site 41HR1241 is recommended as ineligible for inclusion in the NRHP and for designation as an SAL. Based on the results of the survey-level investigations documented in this report, no potentially significant cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good-faith effort to identify historic properties within the project area. No cultural resources were identified within the project area that meet the criteria for designation as SALs according to 13 TAC 26 or for inclusion in the NRHP under 36 CFR 60.4. Horizon recommends a finding of "no historic properties affected," and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, human burials, both prehistoric and historic, are protected under the Texas Health and Safety Code. In the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the inadvertent discovery, and the THC should be notified immediately. Following completion of the project, project records will be prepared for permanent curation at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL).

Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by Berg-Oliver Associates, Inc. (BOA) on behalf of the Harris County Flood Control District (HCFCD) to conduct a cultural resources inventory and assessment for the proposed Schiel Storm Water Detention Basin Project in Harris County, Texas (HCFCD Project No. L500-09-00-E003). The proposed undertaking would consist of constructing an extensive system of storm water detention basins and other drainage control measures within an approximately 335.8-hectare (829.9-acre) tract located near Hockley in northwestern Harris County. The project area generally flanks Little Cypress Creek and is bounded roughly on the west by Becker Road, on the south by Schiel Road, and on the east by Mason Road. For purposes of the cultural resources survey, the project area was assumed to consist of the entire 335.8-hectare (829.9-acre) tract. The proposed undertaking is being sponsored by HCFCD, a political subdivision of the state of Texas; as such, the project would fall under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas. In addition, the project would require the use of federal permits issued by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Galveston District, under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). As such, those portions of the overall project area that fall within the federal permit area would also fall under the jurisdiction of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). As the proposed project represents a publicly sponsored undertaking, the project sponsor is required to provide the applicable regulatory agencies with an opportunity to review and comment on the project's potential to adversely affect historic properties listed on or considered eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under the NHPA and/or for designation as State Antiquities Landmarks (SAL) under the Antiquities Code of Texas, as appropriate. Between February 2019 and April 2020, Horizon archeologists Charles E. Bludau, Jr., Luis Gonzalez, and Amanda Kleopfer conducted an intensive cultural resources survey of the project area. Jeffrey D. Owens acted as Principal Investigator, and the survey was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 8700. The purpose of the survey was to locate any significant cultural resources that potentially would be impacted by the proposed undertaking. Horizon's archeologists traversed the tract and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historic-age cultural resources. The project area consists of a vast tract that largely follows the channel of Little Cypress Creek. Areas adjacent to the creek were largely undeveloped and covered in moderately dense hardwood forests with a dense understory of shrubs, grasses, forbs, brambles, vines, and various grasses. Portions of the project area consisted of extensive cleared fields, some of which appeared to have been formerly cultivated, and most of which were in use as pastureland. Vegetation in the more open areas consisted of dense pasture grasses with isolated copses of hardwood trees. Whereas most of the project area is undeveloped and appears to be largely intact, various disturbances were observed. Several roadways traverse the project area, including State Highway (SH) 99, Bauer Road, and Mason Road, and a linear pipeline corridor passes northeast to southwest through the northern portion of the project area. An extensive sand-mining pit located immediately west of SH 99 has effectively destroyed approximately 35.8 hectares (88.5 acres) of the project area. Two large, contoured drainage channels have been constructed in the western portion of the project area that have disturbed a collective area of approximately 13.2 hectares (32.5 acres) of the project area. These drainage channels appear to be associated with a small residential subdivision located to the west of the project area off the eastern side of Becker Road that was under construction at the time of the survey. Visibility of the modern ground surface ranged from poor (<20%) in more heavily vegetated areas to excellent (80 to 100%) in cleared areas. The cultural resources survey was conducted prior to the implementation of revised archeological survey guidelines by the Council of Texas Archeologists (CTA) and Texas Historical Commission (THC) on April 17, 2020; as such, the prior guidelines of 2014 were utilized for the project. Under these guidelines, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) require a minimum of one shovel test per 1.2 hectares (3.0 acres) for project areas measuring 40.9 hectares (101.0 acres) or more in size. As such, a minimum of 211 shovel tests would be required within the 335.8-hectare (829.9-acre) project area. Horizon excavated a total of 633 shovel tests, thereby exceeding the TSMASS for a project area of this size. Shovel tests typically revealed sandy clay loam to sandy loam sediments overlying sandy clay. Mottling and iron staining was ubiquitous in shovel tests, suggesting that large portions of the project area are likely saturated on a seasonal or perennial basis. Extensive areas of standing water were observed over the course of the year during which the cultural resources survey was conducted. The majority of the project area is characterized by fluviomarine terraces created during the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene epochs, though the terraces of Little Cypress Creek are of Holocene age. While not all shovel tests contained iron concretions, they were encountered in enough of the shovel tests to suggest that shovel testing was capable of penetrating Holoceneage sediments with the potential to contain subsurface archeological resources. It is Horizon's opinion that shovel testing was capable of fully penetrating sediments with the potential to contain archeological deposits; as such, mechanical deep testing was not utilized. One newly recorded archeological site, 41HR1241, was documented within the project area during the survey. This site consists of the remains of the 20th-century farm of Alfred William (A.W.) and Mary Kathryn Petry. Historical maps indicate the farm was in operation as early as 1920, and it appears to have been abandoned by the 1980s. Formerly, the farm was composed of a domicile, at least one large outbuilding, and several smaller outbuildings, but all of the historicage structures have been demolished. Numerous large bulldozer push piles were observed on the site that contained concrete rubble and other construction debris, and it is likely these push piles are all that remains of the historic-age buildings that once stood on the site. Currently, all that remains of the Petry farm are several abandoned vehicles, a concrete well covered over with an overturned wheelbarrow, and a low-density surface and shallow subsurface scatter of domestic debris, including clear and brown glass shards, metal wire fragments, a railroad spike, a spark plug, construction debris (primarily concrete chunks), aluminum beer cans, glass beer bottles, and some polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping. Aside from the beer bottles and cans and the PVC piping, which are clearly of modern age and date from the end of the lifecycle of the farm, most of the cultural materials observed on the farm are only generally diagnostic of the 20th century. The only standing structure remaining on the site is a modern metal garage. Site 41HR1241 has been largely destroyed, and very little remains of the Petry farm. Based on the lack of standing historic-age buildings or intact cultural features, the ephemeral character of the surficial and shallow subsurface archeological deposits, and the absence of any known historical distinction of the members of the Petry family or association of the farm with events or trends of historical importance, site 41HR1241 is recommended as ineligible for inclusion in the NRHP and for designation as an SAL. Based on the results of the survey-level investigations documented in this report, no potentially significant cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good-faith effort to identify historic properties within the project area. No cultural resources were identified within the project area that meet the criteria for designation as SALs according to 13 TAC 26 or for inclusion in the NRHP under 36 CFR 60.4. Horizon recommends a finding of "no historic properties affected," and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, human burials, both prehistoric and historic, are protected under the Texas Health and Safety Code. In the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the inadvertent discovery, and the THC should be notified immediately. Following completion of the project, project records will be prepared for permanent curation at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL).

This editorial presents the communication channels that political science and international relations researchers have in the Scopus and Redalyc databases. This has been addressed from the theory of the analysis of the scientific domain, which consists in the study of the fields of knowledge (domains of knowledge) in direct connection with thought communities or discursive communities, based on the social division of work in society ( Hjorland & Albrechtsen, 1995).The scientific domain has as main characteristics the speech unit, the communication channels and the use of literature in a common way by the members of the community. In this case, the journals that are part of the communication channels through which researchers transmit and receive research advances in Political Science and International Relations will be analyzed. For this, the number of journals included in the databases that are linked to the subject area will be identified.Related to Scopus, it was decided to use the information registered by Scimago Rank, which uses Elsevier's information as input; on the other hand, the journals included in Redalyc were identified. In Scimago it was found that it is included in the area of social sciences and in the thematic category of political sciences and international relations. These are integrated by 463 journals worldwide, of which 405 are restricted and 58 have open Access; geographically, it is identified that in Latin America there are 16 journals of the subject matter, contributing 14 in open Access.Redalyc is a database with regional bias for Latin America, the categories are separated in the disciplines of politics and international relations. In politics 34 journals are included. It is identified that the countries that contribute with the most journals are Mexico, Colombia, Spain and Brazil. In international relations are 12 magazines, Mexico and Colombia contribute with more than 50% of them.This makes it possible to identify that researchers in political science and international relations have an amount that is close to 0.02% of journals in the thematic area of the universe of 24,702 journals that integrate the Scimago ranking globally. At a Latino-American level, the number of journals included in the disciplines of politics and international relations reach 0.03% of the universe of 1,314 included in Redalyc.The number of journals is smaller considering that political sciences and international relations have been present for a long time in the different countries where thematic researches are carried out. It is also an interdisciplinary connection science in the areas of exact sciences, social sciences (Islas, Vera, & Miranda-Medina, 2018), humanities and engineering (Núñez, Sánchez, Sotelo, Miranda-Medina, & Osorio, 2017; Miranda-Medina, 2018). For this reason, the number of researchers who develop studies on the subject matter is high, which leads to demand more spaces in order to share the findings. Even so, it is important to highlight that the trend of social science publications is concentrated in book publications, book chapters, proceedings of conference, among others.Taking into consideration the above presented, it can be seen that there is a need to strengthen and qualify journals that address the topics of political science and international relations in Latin America and globally, that promote the dissemination of research advances with perspectives from the glocal level (Brenner, 1998). Taking this need as a reference, the School of Political Science and International Relations, has decided to improve the editorial, scientific, stability, accessibility and visibility quality of Revista Política, Globalidad y Ciudadanía journal, thus providing a communication space where the scientist discourse is presented on the subject.Revista Política, Globalidad y Ciudadanía is presented as a scientific journal whose main objective is to disseminate research results articles, which contribute to strengthening the spectrum of scientific knowledge in political science and international relations. For this, the editorial process of the journal was restructured, all documents are submitted to arbitration processes under the double blind peer modality, the editorial criteria of international publications were included, its ethical policy was adjusted and editorial practices were improved, suggesting that the journal will be evaluated and indexed in the different databases that generate global impact. ; En este editorial se presentan los canales de comunicación con las que cuentan los investigadores de ciencias políticas y relaciones internacionales en las bases de datos Scopus y redalyc. Esto se hace abordado desde la teoría del análisis del dominio científico el cual consiste en el estudio de los campos de conocimiento (dominios de conocimiento) en conexión directa con comunidades de pensamiento o comunidades discursivas, basadas en la división social del trabajo en la sociedad (Hjorland & Albrechtsen, 1995).El dominio científico tiene como características principales la unidad de discurso, los canales de comunicación y el uso de la literatura de manera común por los miembros de la comunidad. En este caso se analizarán las revistas que son parte de los canales de comunicación por donde los investigadores transmiten y reciben los adelantos investigativos en las Ciencias políticas y Relaciones Internacionales. Para esto se identificará la cantidad de revistas incluidas en las bases de datos que están vinculadas al área temática. En cuanto a Scopus se decidió utilizar la información que registra Scimago Rank, el cual utiliza la información de Elsevier como insumo, por otro lado se identificaron las revistas incluidas en redalyc. En Scimago se encontró que la incluye en el área de las ciencias sociales y en la categoría temática de ciencias políticas y relaciones internacionales, estas están integradas por 463 revistas a nivel mundial, de las cuales 405 son de acceso restringidos y 58 open Access, geográficamente se identifica que en Latinoamérica existen 16 revistas del tema en cuestión, aportando 14 en open Access. Redalyc es una base de datos con sesgo regional a Iberoamérica, las categorías se encuentran separadas en las disciplinas de política y la de relaciones internacionales. En políticas se encuentran incluidas 34 revistas, se identifica que los países que más revistas aportan son México, Colombia, España y Brasil. En relaciones internacionales se encuentran 12 revistas, México y Colombia aportan más del 50% de las mismas.Esto permite identificar que los investigadores en ciencias políticas y relaciones internacionales cuentan con una cantidad que se acerca al 0,02% de revistas del área temática del universo de 24.702 revistas que integran el ranking de Scimago a nivel global. A nivel Iberoamericano, la cantidad de revistas incluidas en las disciplinas de políticas y relaciones internacionales alcanzan el 0,03% del universo de 1,314 que se encuentran incluidas en redalyc. La cantidad de revistas es menor teniendo en cuenta que las ciencias políticas y las relaciones internacionales hacen presencia desde hace mucho tiempo en los diferentes países donde se desarrollan investigaciones sobre la tematica. Así mismo es una ciencia de conexión interdisciplinaria en las áreas de ciencias exactas, ciencias sociales (Islas, Vera, & Miranda-Medina, 2018), humanidades y las ingenierías (Núñez, Sánchez, Sotelo, Miranda-Medina, & Osorio, 2017; Miranda-Medina, 2018), por esta razón la cantidad investigadores que desarrollan estudios sobre el tema en cuestión es alto, lo que lleva demandar mayor cantidad de espacios de divulgación para los hallazgos. Aun así es importante resaltar que la tendencia de las publicaciones en ciencias sociales se encuentra concentradas en las publicaciones de libros, capítulos de libros, actas de congresos entre otros. Es teniendo en cuenta lo anterior surge la necesidad de fortalecer y cualificar revistas que abordan las temáticas de ciencias políticas y relaciones internacionales en Latinoamérica y a nivel global, que promuevan la divulgación de adelantos investigativo con perspectivas desde lo glocal (Brenner, 1998). Tomando como referencia esta necesidad, la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales, ha decidido mejorar la calidad editorial, científica, de estabilidad, accesibilidad y visibilidad de la Revista Política, Globalidad y Ciudadanía, aportando así un espacio de comunicación por donde transita el discurso científico en la temática. Política, Globalidad y Ciudadanía, se presenta como una revista científica que su principal objetivo es de difundir artículos resultados de investigación, que contribuyan a robustecer el espectro del conocimiento científico en las ciencias políticas y las relaciones internacionales. Par esto se reestructuró el proceso editorial de la revista, todos los documentos son sometidos a procesos de arbitraje bajo la modalidad de doble par ciego, se incluyeron los criterios editoriales de publicaciones internacionales, se ajustó su política ética y se mejoraron las prácticas editoriales, propendiendo que la revista sea evaluada e indexada en las diferentes bases de datos que generan impacto a nivel global.

[eng] This study tries to tackle the notion of "urban aesthetics" as it was articulated throughout the first three decades of the 20th century in Portuguese writing on the city, and practised in different forms of spatial production. A diffuse vocabulary – estética urbana, estética citadina, estética da cidade, das edificações, da rua… – signals a persistent understanding of the city as a work of art, both in the way it was experienced – an "urban aesthetic" – and contrived – an "urban aesthetics." The general ambition of this study is to give visibility to and to reconstruct the conditions of legibility of this set of writings and practices which responded to the once alluring call of the aesthetic. The territory elected to trace the conceptual and practical unravelling of these ideas – so intricately linked to the particularities of place – is Lisbon. In this city, the topic becomes almost unavoidable in writings on urban presents and futures after 1900. Aesthetic arguments were consistently and insistently employed to critically describe urban beauty or, more frequently, urban ugliness, to advocate aesthetic improvement and to justify or criticize concrete ideas and projects. This phenomenon is studied against a background of intense international exchange during this formative phase of the modern planning disciplines, from Town and City Planning to Städtebau and Urbanisme. Aesthetic considerations were manifestly present, and it is argued that aesthetic discourse in Lisbon signals the reception of internationally circulating ideas, words, images and people. More precisely, this study proceeds to a kind of archaeology of the gaze and discourse of "urban aesthetics," studying the functions it performed within different social, cultural and political contexts and the relations and tensions with relevant urban realities which pervaded it. One conclusion is that the notion of an "urban aesthetics" remained ill-defined, a common place relying on shared adversity to the modern urban landscape rather than any explicit program or solution. Subsequently, the assimilation by municipal regulation and institutions of public demands of "aesthetic supervision" is reconstructed. The four years of municipal council activity of the architect Miguel Ventura Terra, from 1908 to 1913, were crucial in this tentative articulation of actual practices of aesthetic control and urban design, even if along the subsequent decades they were never given the desired legal and institutional breath. Finally, during the 1930s the vocabulary of "urban aesthetics" was appropriated by a new generation of architects, urban planners and politicians and put at the service of the urban ideals of a dictatorial New State, signalling the persistence of aesthetic considerations in the local institution of the discipline of planning. An epilogue proposes that the viewpoint of urban aesthetics can contribute to new perspectives over the production and experience of Lisbon during the first decades of the 20th century. ; [spa] ciudad y los diferentes modos de hacer cuidad durante las primeras tres décadas del siglo XX. Un copioso vocabulario – estética urbana, estética citadina, estética da cidade, das edificações, da rua… – señala un entendimiento persistente de la ciudad experimentada y deseada como obra de arte. La aspiración global de la investigación es dar visibilidad y reconstruir las condiciones de legibilidad a este conjunto de escritos y prácticas que respondían a la llamada antes atractiva del estético. Lisboa es el territorio elegido para rastrear su enredo conceptual y material. Sobre todo a partir de 1900 el tema se http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/password-loginvuelve una parada casi obligatoria en escritos sobre el presente y futuro de la ciudad. El uso de argumentos de carácter estético para describir críticamente la belleza o, más comúnmente, la fealdad urbana, para promover mejoras estéticas o para justificar o criticar ideas y proyectos concretos era consistente e insistente. En el trasfondo se apunta el cerrado intercambio internacional durante la formación de las modernas disciplinas urbanísticas, de la Town and City Planning a la Städtebau y el Urbanisme. Dentro del horizonte disciplinar, las consideraciones estéticas tenían lugar relevante, y el desarrollo de la "estética urbana" en Lisboa es interpretado como manifestación de la recepción de ideas, palabras, imágenes y personas que circulaban internacionalmente. Asimismo, se propone una especie de arqueología de la mirada y del discurso de la "estética urbana," estudiando las funciones que la noción ejercía en distintos contextos sociales, culturales y políticos y las relaciones y tensiones que nacían del embate con realidades urbanas relevantes. Una de las conclusiones es que la noción de "estética urbana" apenas se definía; era un lugar común que se alimentaba más de la hostilidad compartida ante el moderno paisaje urbano que de un programa o solución explícito. Por otro lado, se indaga como las exigencias de la opinión pública de "supervisión estética" eran asimiladas o no en ordenanzas e instituciones municipales o nacionales. Los cuatro años en los que el arquitecto Miguel Ventura Terra integró el ayuntamiento de la ciudad, de 1908 a 1913, resultan decisivos en el pretendido despliegue de prácticas eficaces de controlo estético y diseño urbano, incluso cuando no recibieron la deseada amplitud legal e institucional durante las dos décadas siguientes. Después de 1926 el vocabulario de la "estética urbana" fue, por ende, apropiado por una nueva generación de arquitectos, urbanistas y políticos y puesta al servicio de los ideales urbanos de la dictadura del Estado Novo, sugiriendo que motivos estéticos persistan en la constitución de la moderna disciplina urbanística. Un epílogo propone que la mirada hacia y desde la estética urbana puede contribuir a esbozar nuevas perspectivas sobre la producción y experiencia de la ciudad de Lisboa durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX. ; [por] Este estudo aborda a noção de "estética urbana" ou "da cidade," tal como foi formulada durante as primeiras três décadas do século XX em escritos sobre a cidade, e praticada em diferentes formas de produção de espaço. Um profuso vocabulário – estética urbana, estética citadina, estética da cidade, das edificações, da rua… – assinala um entendimento persistente da cidade experimentada e desejada como obra de arte. A ambição global deste estudo é a de dar visibilidade a e reconstruir as condições de legibilidade deste conjunto de escritos e práticas que respondiam ao apelo outrora tentador do estético. O território elegido para rastrear a trama conceptual e prática destas ideias – tão intrincadamente ligadas às especificidades do lugar – é Lisboa. Sobretudo a partir de 1900 o tema torna-se passagem quase obrigatória em escritos sobre o presente e o futuro da cidade. Argumentos de carácter estético eram mobilizados de forma consistente e insistente para descrever criticamente a beleza e, mais comummente, a fealdade urbanas, para promover "embelezamentos" e para justificar ou criticar ideias e projectos concretos. Este fenómeno é visto contra o fundo de um denso intercâmbio internacional durante a formação das modernas disciplinas urbanísticas, da Town and City Planning à Städtebau e ao Urbanisme. Neste panorama, considerações estéticas marcavam presença, e o florescimento da "estética urbana" em Lisboa é entendida como sintoma da recepção desta circulação internacional de ideias, palavras, imagens e pessoas. Mais especificamente, este estudo propõe uma espécie de arqueologia do olhar e do discurso da "estética urbana," estudando as funções desempenhadas por este termo em diferentes contextos sociais, culturais e políticos e as relações e tensões que nasciam do seu confronto com realidades urbanas relevantes. Uma conclusão é que a noção de "estética urbana" ficou por definir; era um lugar comum que dependia mais de uma animosidade partilhada perante a moderna paisagem urbana do que um programa ou solução explícita. De seguida, a assimilação (e não-assimilação) das exigências públicas de "supervisão estética" em regulamentos e instituições municipais ou nacionais é rastreada. Os quatro anos em que o arquitecto Miguel Ventura Terra foi vereador da cidade, entre 1908 e 1913, revelam-se cruciais nesta tentativa de articular práticas efectivas de controlo estético e desenho urbano, mesmo se durante as duas décadas subsequentes estas nunca receberam a desejada abrangência legal e institucional. A partir de 1926 o vocabulário da "estética urbana" foi apropriado por uma nova geração de arquitectos, urbanistas e políticos, e posto ao serviço dos ideais urbanos da ditadura do Estado Novo, sinalizando a persistência de motivos estéticos na constituição da moderna disciplina urbanística. Um epílogo propõe que o olhar para e desde a estética urbana pode contribuir a trazer novas perspectivas sobre a produção e experiência da cidade de Lisboa durante as primeiras décadas do século XX.

Backhaus examines urban multilingualism in the linguistic landscape of Tokyo, the capital city of Japan. In this monograph, the linguistic landscape is seen as a sub-discipline of sociolinguistics. The significance of this monograph to linguistic landscape research is that it represents the first comprehensive approach tackling multilingualism in the linguistic landscape and overcoming a range of methodological problems facing former studies. In this sense, Backhaus's approach in data collection and analysis may help linguistic landscapers and researchers to undertake research in multilingualism in the linguistic landscape. The current work comprises acknowledgements, a foreword by Bernard Spolsky, six chapters, an appendix, references, and an index. While the first three chapters represent an introduction and theoretical background, the fourth chapter in turn paves the way for the application of an empirical study in Tokyo's linguistic landscape, applied in chapter five.That chapter one discusses the examination of written language in the public space of metropolises is the bulk of Backhaus's work. In this respect, the author (p.1) refers to previous studies such as Halliday (1972), who considers the city not only a place of talk, but also a place of writing and reading. At the same time, this work focuses on 'urban language contact in the written medium: the languages of the signs'. Backhaus (p.1) holds:Every urban environment is a myriad of written messages on public display: office and shop signs, billboards, and neon advertisements, traffic signs, topographic information and area maps, emergency guidance and political poster campaigns, stone inscriptions, and enigmatic graffiti discourse.The author maintains that these messages contribute to the making of the linguistic landscape of any given place.In chapter two, Semiotic Background and Terminology, Backhaus gives an introduction to the main features of language use on signs, arguing that the examination of multilingualism on signs in the public space differs from other modes of communication in written and spoken contexts. In addition, the writer discusses different definitions and interpretations of the term linguistic landscape and senses and types of the term 'sign'. After Itagi and Singh (2002), the author (p.10) draws a distinction between the noun 'linguistic landscape' and the gerund 'linguistic landscaping'. While the former refers to 'the planning and implementation of actions pertaining to language on signs', the latter relates to 'the result of these actions'. Throughout his monograph, Backhaus maintains a distinction between these two terms as cited above. As maintained by Backhaus (p.12), only the paper introduced by Landry and Bourhis (1997) established this field of study as a coherent discipline, even though several previous studies employed linguistic landscape research. This is mainly apparent in Backhaus's expansion upon the definition of survey items suggested by Landry and Bourhis (1997). In chapter three, Previous Approaches to the Linguistic Landscape: An Overview, Backhaus gives a comprehensive overview of previous linguistic landscape studies conducted in different urban settings, including Brussels (Tulp, 1978), Montreal (Monnier, 1989), Paris and Dakar (Calvet, 1990,1994), and Lira, a town in Uganda (Reh, 2004). In light of these studies, the author notices that the language policy of the state does not indicate which code(s) prevail(s) in the public space, whose language(s) is /are mainly manifested in language practices on nonofficial signs. The author also discusses the methodological issues followed in the above studies to arrive at a congruent methodological framework aiming at examining multilingualism from a sociolinguistic point of view.In the light of the methodology followed in the abovementioned studies, Chapter four outlines the main concerns that envelope the sociolinguistics of the linguistic landscape. Interestingly, the chapter aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice by introducing three research questions aiming at directing the current work. These research parameters include linguistic landscape by whom, for whom, and the general language situation. To accomplish this study, the writer applies both qualitative and quantitative procedures while gathering and analysing data. According to the writer, this chapter attempts to find a coding scheme suitable for carrying out a sociolinguistic study in the linguistic landscape and devoid of methodological problems.In chapter five, the author (p.64) introduces a frame for studying the linguistic landscape and applies a fine-grained coding scheme to a corpus of signs. According to Backhaus, a sound data collection procedure requires two conditions: the determination of the geographical limits of the survey area and the unit of analysis. Backhaus investigated the linguistic landscape of 29 survey areas of the Yamanote Line, a circular railway line connecting a number of major city centres in Tokyo. These stations represent a multi-layered picture of the city centre in the sense that they include very busy and less crowded districts. The boundaries of each survey area were specified as consisting of an area located between the traffic lights of two consecutive intersections , wherein the poles of traffic lights represent the end of any given survey area. The survey items were also thoroughly defined (p.66):A sign was considered to be any piece of written text within a spatially definable frame. The underlining definition is physical, not semantic. It is rather broad, including anything from the small handwritten sticker attached to a lamp-post to huge commercial billboards outside a department store. Items such as push and pull stickers at entrance doors, lettered foot mats, or botanic explanation plates on trees were considered signs, too.In analysing data collected, the first step is to categorise countable items into monolingual and multilingual signs. Backhaus has excluded monolingual Japanese signs from data collected because he wants to examine urban multilingualism in Tokyo. A sign will be considered multilingual if it contains two languages or more, say Japanese and English (p.67). Backhaus presents a congruent methodology to study the linguistic landscape by introducing research parameters and analytical categories. These research questions include 'linguistic landscaping by whom?, linguistic landscaping for whom?, and linguistic landscape quo vadis?'. These guiding questions are analysed according to nine criteria: languages contained, combinations, top-down and bottom-up forces, geographic distribution, code preference, part writing, visibility, idiosyncrasies, and layering (p.65).In chapter six, the writer closes his book by summarising the findings of the Tokyo sample, which are guided by the questions cited above. It reveals that nonofficial agencies are almost the main responsible for the majority of multilingual signs in the linguistic landscape of Tokyo, whereas official forces participate in the construction of multilingualism on signs by less than 30 per cent. The presence of complete and partial translations and transliterations on signs is very useful for the readers from the foreign and Japanese populations. It was noticed that English is generally confined to slogans, titles, and business names, while Japanese relates to more specific information. The general linguistic situation reveals the impact of language interference from Japanese into English, which is apparent in the number of linguistic idiosyncrasies noticed in the linguistic landscape. In comparing the older and newer versions of signs, there is a noticeable preference toward the use of foreign languages at the expense of Japanese, which shows signs of multilingualism in Tokyo's linguistic landscape. However, Japanese will be the predominant language at least in the near future. As pointed out throughout, Backhaus presents a congruent methodological approach, which has added new dimensions to the existing field of linguistic landscape. More specifically, Backhaus identifies three guiding research questions: Linguistic Landscape by whom? Linguistic landscape for whom? Linguistic landscape quo vadis?. At the same time, his definition of the unit of analysis as described above contributed greatly to linguistic landscape research. Although Backhaus relies on former studies, Backhaus has created analytical categories neglected by previous studies, especially linguistic idiosyncrasies, and uses his own terminology, particularly 'part writing' with its main types adopted from the field of musicology: homophonic, mixed, polyphonic, monophonic signs. The same notions with the exception of monophonic signs have been implemented by Reh (2004), but the terminological designations are different. I wonder why Backhaus uses the term 'polyphonic signs', which might be replaced by code mixing or switching in that it may be mainly subdivided into intra-sentential code-switches and inter-sentential code-switches. This work also counts on the observations made by Scollon and Scollon (2003), especially those on code prominence and layering. For example, code preference as an analytical category in Backhaus' quantitative study relies on placement and size in case that there is a conflict, font size outweighs order. As far as my current project is concerned, the relevance of this work comes from the methodological considerations provided, which will help to expand upon Backhaus' paradigm to apply in the linguistic landscape of urban Jordan. In other words, we will adapt and build upon this methodological framework to devise a coding scheme suitable for the linguistic landscape of Jordanian cities.

[spa] Este trabajo se centra en la descripción de un proceso que, sin duda a lugar, puede considerarse de influencia minoritaria: el de los grupos de mujeres que trabajan por un cambio político y social en defensa del colectivo femenino. Hemos seleccionado cinco grupos de acuerdo con su relevancia para el feminismo o para la política de mujeres en general: dos de ellos definidos como parte del movimiento feminista independiente y otros tres insertos en partidos políticos decisivos para la vida política de nuestro país. Se trataba de realizar un estudio empírico y retrospectivo a partir de la observación, durante una época larga -de 1975 a 1996¬, de la evolución ocurrida en cada uno de los grupos respecto a la defensa de temas asociados tradicionalmente al feminismo militante, las relaciones entre ellos y las posibles influencias mutuas. Y lo hemos hecho a través de la observación del discurso. Para ello hemos utilizado un programa informático de análisis de contenido utilizado por primera vez y desarrollado por el Dr. José Manuel Cornejo que nos ha permitido un análisis exhaustivo de todos los textos desde el primer año analizado hasta el último (veintiún años en total). Nuestro planteamiento de entrada consistió en considerar a los grupos feministas independientes como agentes de cambio social. Según nuestra hipótesis, estos grupos a pesar de su aparente rechazo social debido a la radicalidad de sus posiciones, tendrían una influencia significativa sobre los grupos de mujeres dependientes de partidos políticos, y éstos últimos actuarían probablemente de difusores a la sociedad sobre las ideas asumidas. Los resultados de nuestro estudio muestran una razonable evidencia de que, efectivamente, ése es el proceso seguido a lo largo de estos años por los grupos analizados, a pesar de las diferencias en la evolución específica de cada uno de ellos. Cabe suponer, por tanto, que los cambios producidos en los grupos dependientes se deben a la influencia de los grupos feministas independientes ya que son la única fuente posible de influencia en estas cuestiones. Y todo parece indicar que la influencia se ha producido a pesar e incluso en contra de la voluntad consciente de los grupos influenciados. Nos referimos a que los grupos dependientes de partidos políticos (siempre sujetos a las expectativas electorales) suelen mantener una distancia prudente respecto a los independientes, cuando no una actitud clara de rechazo, por considerarlos excesivamente radicales y discrepar en sus estrategias de actuación. Además de hacerse eco del rechazo social, las mujeres de grupos dependientes raramente se consideran feministas como grupo, precisamente para huir de las connotaciones negativas que ese término conlleva socialmente. Nos hallamos por tanto ante la circunstancia de que, en un momento en que se habla del fin del movimiento feminista independiente que hemos conocido hasta ahora, los grupos dependientes de partidos políticos han recogido el testigo que llevaban sus compañeras y defienden las clásicas ideas feministas. Pensamos que el mecanismo que explica este proceso en gran medida es el de la conversación o influencia inconsciente, por lo menos hasta el momento en que la influencia se hace pública y manifiesta. Si consideramos que los grupos feministas independientes analizados se han comportado como grupos minoritarios que se han esforzado en tener visibilidad y reconocimiento social , factores imprescindibles para lograr influencia, y si aceptamos también que el estilo cognitivo y de comportamiento ha sido consistente aunque radical, podemos aceptar que reunían las características necesarias para ejercer influencia de tipo interindividual (respecto a otros grupos de mujeres) y en relación a la posición de la mayoría social. Hay que sumar a esto otra condición que considera importante, y es que su actuación se ha movido de acuerdo "con el espíritu de la época", o lo que es lo mismo, inserta en las líneas de evolución social ya que, de lo contrario, su influencia hubiera sido mucho mejor e incluso nula. A lo largo de este trabajo se puede observar cómo los grupos minoritarios fracasan en la influencia manifiesta y sin embargo provocan cambios de reestructuración cognitiva en el blanco de influencia que llevan a sumir sus posiciones aunque de forma latente e inconsciente. En este caso, por parte de los grupos de mujeres dependientes de partidos políticos, adherirse públicamente a las posiciones de los grupos feministas radicales, sobre todo en las dos primeras épocas analizadas, podría implicar atribuirse rasgos negativos de desviación social, aquellos con los que está estereotípicamente connotada la minoría feminista. Sin embargo, los grupos de mujeres dependientes de partidos políticos, aunque diferentes de los minoritarios, están más cercanos a sus posiciones que la mayoría social de las mujeres ya que comparten sus intereses fundamentales: la defensa de las mujeres. Este será otro factor que propicie la influencia, ya que se ha demostrado mayor influencia en los grupos cercanos en posicionamiento a la minoría que en los que parten de posiciones iniciales distantes. ¿Qué es en este caso lo que permite la exteriorización de la conversión? Pensamos que no se da en el feminismo español el proceso de otros países, como por ejemplo Italia, en los que la existencia de una meta supraordenada unifica a los diversos grupos feministas y les da visibilidad y aceptación social. No es ésa al menos la evolución detectada en este estudio. Más bien como si se produjera uno de los efectos de la conversión: el llamado efecto retardado ( sleeper effect ) del cambio de actitudes. Se trata el proceso mediante el cual, con el paso del tiempo, se produce una "criptomnesia" social por la que las personas o los grupos sometidos a una influencia, olvidarían el origen y la identidad de la influencia pero asumirían en cambio su contenido. En nuestro estudio, a juzgar por los discursos de la última época, los grupos dependientes de partidos políticos han asumido en gran parte las ideas feministas radicales, modificando el tono de sus discursos e incrementando la experiencia subjetiva, pero no por ello asumen públicamente el feminismo, es decir, siguen sin reconocer la influencia de la minoría radical. Pensamos que éste es un ejemplo de que, efectivamente, se habían subestimado las posibilidades de influencia de las minorías exogrupo y va en la línea de los estudios que muestran que las minorías exogrupo tienden a influir tanto, o incluso más, que las minorías intragrupo (considerando en este caso a los grupos independientes como minorías exogrupo respecto a los dependientes debido a su carácter antinormativo) probablemente debido al mayor proceso de validación de sus argumentos que implícitamente exigen. ; [eng] This work describes an intergroup process of influence base don the minority influence theory, and presents some corrections to usual predictions of this theory. It describes the influence of radical groups of women belonging to the feminist movement on other groups of women included in majoritary political parties in Catalonia (Spain). We observed the evolution of five of these groups through the analysis of their written documents during twenty-one years (since Franco's death and first democratic movements in 1975 to recent 1996). Then we tried to establish the flow of influences using their texts. According to the minority influence theory and social influence studies, in-group influence should have more relevant effects in group production than out-group influence. On the contrary, our hypothesis stated that independent feminist groups should be considered the agents of social change. These groups have significant influence on the women majoritary groups in spite of their initial apparent social rejection. These groups act as active minorities showing a cognitive and consistent style and achieving social visibility and recognition. The method used was content analysis of written documents. We used a PC DOS BASIC program developed by J.M. Cornejo, professor of the University of Barcelona. The program allows select words, cluster them and categoryze then in relevant items according the feminist political lines of action. The results were analyzed through multivariate correspondence analysis and cluster analysis programs. The results confirm the hypothesis showing clear influences from out-groups to in-groups. This is a latent unconscious influence according to the "conversion theory" described by Moscovici, Mugny and Pérez (1987). The conclusions show that previous studies had underestimated the possibilities of influence of out-group minorities. Out-group minorities have at least the same or more influence that in-group minorities, probably due to the strongest validation process of the arguments that they implicity demand.