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Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 1 STRUCTURES RELATED TO INTERESTS, RULES, OBLIGATIONS AND RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE LEGAL INTERESTS OF STATES -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Interests and their legal expression in international law -- 1.2.1. A definition of interests? -- 1.2.2. The distinction between interests pur sang and interests protected by international law -- 1.2.3. Interests and their protection by means of elaboration of primary rules of international law: the common interest -- 1.3. Obligations, rights and their correlation in international law -- 1.3.1. Obligations -- 1.3.2. Rights -- 1.3.3. Obligations correlative to rights -- 1.3.4. Rights correlative to obligations -- 1.4. The necessity of correlative rights, their sources, and the requirement of a legal interest -- 1.4.1. The possession of a correlative right as a prerequisite for the competence to demand performance of other subjects' obligations -- 1.4.2. The sources of the complementary rules laying down correlative rights -- 1.4.3. The exercise of correlative rights and the requirement of a legal interest -- 1.5. The criteria to determine the existence of a legal interest in the performance of obligations -- 1.5.1. States and the general interest in the performance of obligations -- 1.5.2. States and the common interest in the performance of obligations under rules of international law -- 1.5.3. Performance of obligations towards specific States -- 1.5.4. The effects of an internationally wrongful act as criterion to determine the existence of legal interests of States -- Material and moral damage -- Legal damage -- Effects of an internationally wrongful act upon (a) State(s) as generalized criterion to determine the existence of a legal interest.

Biological safety is one of the most important components of the overall security system of both individual states and the entire world community. Today it has become quite obvious that the problems of biosafety are more urgent than ever and require the maximum attention of the world community. Against the background of the emergence and spread of diseases caused, as a rule, by dangerous and especially dangerous microorganisms, a number of problems arise in the world not only in the field of health care, but also of a political, social and economic nature. A striking example of this is the COVID 19 coronavirus pandemic that has continued since the end of 2019. The issues related to biosafety in the agricultural sector and ecology are considered. It is obvious that constant monitoring and analysis of a wide range of biosafety problems, early development of measures to minimize the threats of exposure to already known dangerous pathogens not only on human health, but also on the environment, agricultural and food sectors are necessary. The issues related to the development of new research directions that can lead to the creation of biological systems with specified properties and functions that have no analogues in nature are discussed. In research aimed at the development of new biological technologies, to one degree or another related to the production of biological warfare, the primary and mandatory requirement is to ensure the safety of all personnel involved in these works and the availability of well-trained qualified scientists, as well as certified laboratory facilities in which these works are carried out. It is important to constantly pursue the purposeful development of multilateral international cooperation in the field of biosafety, and make creative decisions to ensure it on the territory of the Russian Federation. The importance of Russia's active international participation in solving existing and potential biological threats within the framework of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) is noted.

This dissertation is composed of three self-contained chapters on international trade and economic development, with a special focus on the involvement of the government or public-funded sectors. The first chapter investigates international trade of higher education, specifically its impact on native students and native workers in the exporting country. Theoretically, I show that, in a general equilibrium model with non-profit publicly- subsidized higher education providers (HEPs) that care about both education quality and the enrollment of native students, serving foreign students may improve natives' access to higher education, which eventually benefits all native workers. Empirically, I find that, during the period 2001 to 2007, the enrollment of one more foreign student in an Australian university leads to the enrollment of around 0.75 more native students in this university. The impact is identified using an instrumental variable, generated from the interaction between demand for Australian higher education from different countries during the sample period and student networks these countries had in different Australian HEPs during 1989 to 1994. The second chapter studies commercial development in the presence of economic agglomeration of commercial goods and services, a result of consumers' love of varieties and transportation costs associated with commercial consumption. I show that a low-income community may be under-served with commercial goods and services because a developer cannot capture all the profits of a commercial project. A block grant to a developer can solve the market failure and generate a total profit bigger than the grant. Employment tax abatements alone are much less effective and much more costly. The third chapter examines the long- run impact of trade in higher education. In an overlapping generation (OG) model with a higher education sector composed of non-profit research institutions and for- profit teaching institutions, I show that importing teaching services benefits low-ability individuals by increased number of research workers in production, and that it may also benefit high-ability individuals by providing better training to skilled workers to complement research workers

Examines the emergence of international norms to govern the spread of small arms, and the extent to which these norms have been established in the policies and practices of states, regions and international organizations.

With more frequent and more intense disasters, disaster risk reduction (DRR) has become increasingly important as a fundamental approach to sustainable development. Indigenous communities hold a unique position in DRR discourse in that they are often more vulnerable than non-Indigenous groups and yet also hold traditional knowledges that enable a greater understanding of hazards and disasters. This article provides an overview of multilateral agreements for incorporating Indigenous Peoples into wider debates on disaster policies as well as development agendas. Essential DRR strategies can be adapted for Indigenous communities through respect for Indigenous approaches in coordinating alliances; culturally appropriate incentives; accurate, appropriate, and ethical data collection; acknowledgment of Indigenous land use practices; use of Indigenous language, leadership, and institutions; collaboration with Indigenous knowledges; and acceptance of traditional healing approaches.