Suchergebnisse

La salinidad en los suelos es un problema ambiental global. La causa principal del problema es el manejo inadecuado que se realiza sobre los suelos, lo cual se conjuga principalmente con el contexto social rural. Se debe trabajar en la búsqueda de soluciones sostenibles viables que perciban la complejidad del problema en sus aspectos sociales, culturales, económicos, políticos y técnicos, desde la perspectiva de la Producción Más Limpia. Ésta es una apuesta que complementa investigación y desarrollo en función del mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los habitantes de las regiones afectadas por salinidad, considerando la participación de diferentes actores sociales interesados. Propone complementar estudios analíticos y sintéticos de suelos como método de evaluación de las relaciones entre agua–suelo–planta-atmósfera; considera el saber tradicional y los métodos de la ciencia formal; e intenta complementar conservación (sostenibilidad ambiental) con producción (enfoque de producción más limpia). Abstract The salinity in soils is a global environmental problem. The main cause of the problem is the mismanagement that is performed on the soil, which is conjugated mainly with the rural social context. It is necessary to work in finding sustainable viable solutions perceiving the complexity of the problem in its social, cultural, economic, political and technical aspects, from the perspective of Cleaner Production. This is a bet that complements research and development in terms of improving the quality of life of the inhabitants of the regions affected by salinity, considering the participation of different concerned social actors. It proposes to complement analytical and synthetic soil's studies as a method for measuring the relations between water-soil-plant-atmosphere; considers traditional knowledge and methods of formal science and seeks to complement conservation (environmental sustainability) with production (cleaner production approach).

Pamidipani SS Sundar Rao LEPRA India, Secunderabad, India Abstract: Throughout its history, leprosy has been much feared and misunderstood. Today, we have the best knowledge, expertise, therapies, and surgical and physiotherapeutic skills to virtually cure and eradicate the disease, but the continuing high levels of stigma pose insurmountable obstacles in our efforts to remove the scourges of leprosy. In this review, the medical, social, and political aspects related to the impact of stigma on leprosy are elaborated, and strategies for providing access to equitable and effective care are described. Leprosy is a biosocial disease, and experience has shown that both the medical and social dimensions must be aggressively confronted. Stigma in leprosy is based on religious, sociocultural, psychological, and demographic experience over centuries of human existence. Therefore, any attempt to eradicate or reduce stigma will require strong multifaceted approaches that will permeate psychological, social, and mental layers of the human mind and result in necessary health-seeking behaviors. What then is needed is a social multidrug therapy similar to the medical multidrug therapy, where there would be one arm for curing the medical problems of leprosy, a second arm focusing on empowering the people, especially affected persons, through appropriate education, awareness, especially for early detection and treatment, encouraging positive attitudes and perceptions, and a third arm for advocacy, attacking derogatory and discriminatory laws, enabling opportunities for persons with leprosy disabilities to be profitably employed, and providing necessary rehabilitation facilities. Health can never be adequately protected by health services without the active understanding and involvement of communities whose health is at stake. The review cautions that without a social multidisciplinary approach using community-based participatory techniques, we cannot provide access to effective and acceptable health care to leprosy-affected persons. Keywords: leprosy, stigma, social, MDT, health access

The salinity in soils is a global environmental problem. The main cause of the problem is the mismanagement that is performed on the soil, which is conjugated mainly with the rural social context. It is necessary to work in finding sustainable viable solutions perceiving the complexity of the problem in its social, cultural, economic, political and technical aspects, from the perspective of Cleaner Production. This is a bet that complements research and development in terms of improving the quality of life of the inhabitants of the regions affected by salinity, considering the participation of different concerned social actors. It proposes to complement analytical and synthetic soil's studies as a method for measuring the relations between water-soil-plant-atmosphere; considers traditional knowledge and methods of formal science and seeks to complement conservation (environmental sustainability) with production (cleaner production approach).Keywords: Complementarity, Soil management, Cleaner production, Soil production potential, Soil salinity. ; La salinidad en los suelos es un problema ambiental global. La causa principal del problema es el manejo inadecuado que se realiza sobre los suelos, lo cual se conjuga principalmente con el contexto social rural. Se debe trabajar en la búsqueda de soluciones sostenibles viables que perciban la complejidad del problema en sus aspectos sociales, culturales, económicos, políticos y técnicos, desde la perspectiva de la Producción Más Limpia. Ésta es una apuesta que complementa investigación y desarrollo en función del mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los habitantes de las regiones afectadas por salinidad, considerando la participación de diferentes actores sociales interesados. Propone complementar estudios analíticos y sintéticos de suelos como método de evaluación de las relaciones entre agua–suelo–planta-atmósfera; considera el saber tradicional y los métodos de la ciencia formal; e intenta complementar conservación (sostenibilidad ambiental) con producción (enfoque de producción más limpia).Palabras claves: Complementariedad, Gestión de suelos, Producción más limpia, Potencial productivo del suelo, Salinidad del suelo.

El Protectorado español de Marruecos fue legitimado por administradores coloniales y africanistas como el fruto de una relación de proximidad histórica e incluso biológica entre españoles y marroquíes. Esta retórica remarcaba una supuesta hermandad que, en realidad, justificaba la tutorización paternalista del marroquí. El artículo presenta las claves de dicha retórica y contrasta su dimensión ideológica con el terreno práctico de las relaciones sociales y cotidianas entre españoles y marroquíes, con sus barreras y entrecruces. Estas relaciones estuvieron conformadas por múltiples mecanismos de separación: en el espacio y en las formas de relación social, dadas las respectivas prohibiciones sexuales y matrimoniales. A pesar de estas barreras, los datos presentados, a partir de fuentes coloniales y entrevistas, indican que existieron relaciones de proximidad, especialmente entre las clases bajas. Dichas relaciones contrastan con otro tipo de diferencias que dividían a la sociedad colonial española, como la frontera social entre civiles y militares. ; The Spanish Protectorate of Morocco was legitimised by colonial administrators and specialists in African affairs, and was the result of the historical, and even biological, relationship of proximity between Spaniards and Moroccans. This rhetoric also highlighted an apparent brotherhood that actually justified the paternal tutoring of Morocco. This article puts forward the key points of this rhetoric and contrasts its ideological aspects with the practical field of social and day-to-day relationships between Spanish and Moroccan people -the barriers and cross-overs. These relationships comprised numerous separation mechanisms: in terms of space and in the types of social relationships due to the respective sexual and marital prohibitions. Despite these barriers, the data presented from colonial sources and interviews points to the existence of proximity relationships, particularly among the lower classes, and contrasts with other kinds of differences that divided the colonial Spanish society, such as the social frontier between civilians and members

El orden del día de las agendas de los estudiosos de la alimentación está repleto de fenómenos que, formando parte de procesos históricos más amplios, deben ser tratados desde el conocimiento de las diferencias culturales, de las diversas formas de desigualdad social y de las implicaciones sociales, económicas y políticas que la comida tiene para la salud humana, el entorno y las sociedades. La producción, distribución y consumo de alimentos implica numerosos ámbitos y agentes en cualquier lugar y nos llevan desde las actividades agrícolas hasta el procesamiento de los alimentos, desde el restaurante o el comedor escolar al hogar, desde el individuo al grupo social; intervienen, a su vez, en el proceso de salud/enfermedad/atención. A pesar de la abundancia aparente, el sistema de producción alimentaria actual no asegura las necesidades básicas entre las personas, ni el reparto equitativo de los alimentos, ni la capacidad regenerativa de los recursos utilizados ni tampoco la preservación de la diversidad biocultural. Tampoco favorece la confianza en los alimentos producidos, ni el deseo tan humano como legítimo de querer preservar y mejorar la calidad de vida. ; Those who study food and diet are no strangers to phenomena that are part of historical processes and that need to be studied with an awareness of cultural differences, the various forms of social inequality and the social, economic and political implications that food has for human health. The production, distribution and consumption of foods in any place involves numerous settings and individuals and these aspects lead us from agricultural activities to food processing, from the restaurant or school dining room to the home, and from the individual to the social group. They also involve the processes of health, ill

This conference paper was subsequently published by Wiley as: CHERNILO, D., 2014. The idea of philosophical sociology. British Journal of Sociology, 65 (2), pp.338-357. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. The definitive published version can be found at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12077. ; This article introduces the idea of philosophical sociology as an enquiry into the relationships between implicit notions of human nature and explicit conceptualizations of social life within sociology. Philosophical sociology is also an invitation to reflect on the role of the normative in social life by looking at it sociologically and philosophically at the same: normative selfreflection is a fundamental aspect of sociology's scientific tasks because key sociological questions are, in the last instance, also philosophical ones. For the normative to emerge, we need to move away from the reductionism of hedonistic, essentialist or cynical conceptions of human nature. Sociology needs equally to grasp the conceptions of the good life, justice, democracy or freedom whose normative contents depend on more or less articulated conceptions of our shared humanity rather than on strategic considerations. The idea of philosophical sociology is then sustained on three main pillars and I use them to structure this article: (1) a revalorization of the relationships between sociology and philosophy; (2) a universalistic principle of humanity that works as a major regulative idea of sociological research, and; (3) an argument on the social (immanent) and pre‐social (transcendental) sources of the normative in social life. As invitations to embrace posthuman cyborgs, nonhuman actants and material cultures proliferate, philosophical sociology offers the reminder that we still have to understand more fully who are the human beings that populate the social world.

ResumenEl artículo analiza la presente coyuntura económica y política en el marco de una crítica geográfica de la hegemonía neoliberal. Se desvelan las trampas geográficas empleadas por dicho discurso y se defiende que una conceptualización alternativa del espacio puede ayudarnos en nuestras prácticas políticas. En ese sentido se indica que el espacio es simultáneamente un producto y un condicionante social; está impregnado de aspectos políticos. El espacio es relacional y debe comprenderse como la esfera de la posibilidad de existencia de la multiplicidad, la esfera en la cual puede coexistir una variedad de trayectorias sociales diversas. Es, por tanto, la dimensión que nos obliga a plantearnos cómo vivir juntos, cómo construir una democracia basada en el respeto al otro; pero también la dimensión que abre el futuro a un abanico de vías posibles, refutando así la idea dominante de que no hay alternativa política y social al neoliberalismo.Palabras clave: Espacio, neoliberalismo, responsabilidad del lugar, sentido global del lugar, multiplicidad.Abstract The article analyses the present economic and political conjuncture through a geographical critique of neoliberal hegemony. It reveals the geographical trap used by neoliberal discourses and contends that an alternative conceptualization of space can help us in our political practices. In this sense space is simultaneously seen as a social product and condition; it is full of political aspects. Besides, space is relational and we must understand it as the sphere of the possibility of the existence of multiplicity, the sphere in which distinct social trajectories coexist. It is, therefore, the dimension that obliges us to think how to live together, how to build a democracy based on the respect of the other; but it is also the dimension that opens up the future to a diversity of possible paths, thus contesting the dominant idea that there is no political and social alternative to neoliberalism. Keywords: Space, neoliberalism, responsibility of place, global sense of place, multiplicity.

Nagrinėjamas inteligentijos vaidmuo formuojant viešąją nuomonę ir kuriant tapatybės modelius kultūrinėje spaudoje, Lietuvos tautinių atgimimo sąjūdžių laikotarpiais. Analizuojant socialinį fenomeną – kaip spauda dalyvauja aktyvinant kaitos procesus – taikomas aiškinamasis tyrimas, kokybinės analizės, lyginamasis ir interpretacinis metodai, atliekama literatūros apžvalga.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kaita, inteligentai, tapatybė, kultūrinė spauda.The Role of Lithuanian Intelligentsiain Establishing the Identity ConstructsJolita Linkevičiūtė-Rimavičienė SummaryThe article reviews the role of intelectuals in shaping the public opinion in Lithuania during the period of national revival movements and national consciousness development during political, social and economic changes in the public sphere, when in a revolutionary way the repressive regime is being destroyed and democracy begins developing, almost without a certain historical framework. When analysing in the media aspect, it becomes important that the nature and interpretation of information and reality are truthful when people are being mobilized for social changes, as are also social elite regulation, relevant for the implementation of the new goals and concepts.Historically, the cultural and political revival of the Lithuanian press is associated with the concept of freedom: freedom of speech, which arouses pepole's awareness – raising and dissemination of nationalidentity and publications as the national statehood, self-esteem and the idea of implementing measures of publishing and spreading advanced experience. When analysing the importance of culture publications in the periods of a social and political crisis, the role of intelectuals manifests itselfs. Academia and culture representatives become the editors of actual publications, and the limited periodicals are first of all vivifying and reconstructing historical memory and ethnic cultural heritage, identifying the revoliutionary situation and fulfilling the self-monitoring, self-observing function. Finding the connections between the previous periods of national liberation and their intellectual leaders is actual while analysing the significance of culture publications and their impact on the historical and social breaks.Keywords: intelligentsia, social changes, cultural periodics, identityx;">

It is known that the Guarani army that was created within the Jesuitical reductions gradually became the most important force at the service of the Spanish Crown in the whole region of the River Plate and in Paraguay. This aspect has been mentioned by many researchers, but has not been deeply analyzed until now. This article tries to understand the process of the creation and consolidation of this defensive force, which lent to the social organization of the reductions' space a unique military character from the very beginning of the daily life of the missions. On the basis of the documentary sources and the military actions, the author discusses the military, political and social functions of the army. In this way she tries to understand the exceptional importance it got in the defense of the territory, in the social organization, in the acquired privileges and in the conflicts with the local Paraguayan society. Key words: Guarani army, jesuitical reductions, conflicts. ; Sabemos que el ejército guaraní creado al interior de las reducciones se transformó con el tiempo en la fuerza más importante al servicio de la Corona Española en toda la región del Río de la Plata y Paraguay. Este aspecto ha sido mencionado por muchos investigados aunque poco profundizado hasta el presente. El trabajo intenta comprender el proceso de creación y consolidación de esta fuerza defensiva que le imprimió a la organización social del espacio reduccional, un carácter militar singular que se arraigo desde sus inicios en la vida cotidiana de las misiones. A partir de las fuentes documentales y de las acciones militares emprendidas, la autora analiza la función militar, política y social de las milicias para comprender la importancia excepcional que adquirieron en la defensa del territorio, en la organización social de las reducciones, en los privilegios adquiridos y en los conflictos suscitados con la sociedad local del Paraguay. Palabras clave: milicias, reducciones, conflictos.

Nagrinėjamas inteligentijos vaidmuo formuojant viešąją nuomonę ir kuriant tapatybės modelius kultūrinėje spaudoje, Lietuvos tautinių atgimimo sąjūdžių laikotarpiais. Analizuojant socialinį fenomeną – kaip spauda dalyvauja aktyvinant kaitos procesus – taikomas aiškinamasis tyrimas, kokybinės analizės, lyginamasis ir interpretacinis metodai, atliekama literatūros apžvalga.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kaita, inteligentai, tapatybė, kultūrinė spauda.The Role of Lithuanian Intelligentsia in Establishing the Identity ConstructsJolita Linkevičiūtė-Rimavičienė
SummaryThe article reviews the role of intelectuals in shaping the public opinion in Lithuania during the period of national revival movements and national consciousness development during political, social and economic changes in the public sphere, when in a revolutionary way the repressive regime is being destroyed and democracy begins developing, almost without a certain historical framework. When analysing in the media aspect, it becomes important that the nature and interpretation of information and reality are truthful when people are being mobilized for social changes, as are also social elite regulation, relevant for the implementation of the new goals and concepts.Historically, the cultural and political revival of the Lithuanian press is associated with the concept of freedom: freedom of speech, which arouses pepole's awareness – raising and dissemination of national identity and publications as the national statehood, self-esteem and the idea of implementing measures of publishing and spreading advanced experience. When analysing the importance of culture publications in the periods of a social and political crisis, the role of intelectuals manifests itselfs. Academia and culture representatives become the editors of actual publications, and the limited periodicals are first of all vivifying and reconstructing historical memory and ethnic cultural heritage, identifying the revoliutionary situation and fulfilling the self-monitoring, self-observing function. Finding the connections between the previous periods of national liberation and their intellectual leaders is actual while analysing the significance of culture publications and their impact on the historical and social breaks.Keywords: intelligentsia, social changes, cultural periodics, identityx;">

Gas masks are distinctive, iconic, and evocative objects. As a technology, a uniform, a symbol, and a mask, the gas mask defies simple categorization. In this article I use memory narratives to examine the active social lives of children's gas masks in Second World War Britain; their uses, misuses, and disposal. By focusing on the unique sensory aspect of the gas mask, I consider a range of interconnected themes, including the effects of poison gas, the aesthetics of childhood learning, and the connections between memory and the senses. This study builds on recent criticisms of social constructivism and 'asymmetry' in the study of people and material culture; the child's gas mask thus emerges not only as a social and physical mediator between children and the world at war they inhabited, but as an actor shaping the aesthetic experience and memories of that world.RésuméLe masque à gaz est un objet distinctif, iconique, évocateur. Équipement technologique autant qu'uniforme, symbole et masque, il défie les catégorisations simples. L'auteur utilise ici des récits de souvenirs pour étudier la vie sociale active des masques à gaz pour enfants dans la Grande‐Bretagne de la seconde Guerre mondiale, leur utilisation, leurs abus, leur mise au rebut. En se concentrant sur l'aspect sensoriel unique des masques à gaz, l'auteur aborde plusieurs thèmes interconnectés : effets des gaz toxiques, esthétique de l'apprentissage dans l'enfance, liens entre mémoire et sens. Cette étude se fonde sur la critique récente du constructivisme social et de « l'asymétrie » dans l'étude des peuples et des cultures matérielles. Le masque à gaz pour enfant apparaît ainsi non seulement comme un médiateur social et physique entre l'enfant et le monde en guerre dans lequel il vivait, mais comme un acteur donnant forme à une expérience esthétique et aux souvenirs de ce monde.

El interés de este artículo es evaluar el tema de la construcción de "una opinión pública" ilustrada como camino de consolidación de la democracia moderna en Colombia. Este aspecto constituye un elemento fundante, pues integra la complejidad de la democracia a través del diálogo entre sistema y mundo de la vida. Igualmente, desde la opinión pública y sus posibilidades, puede evaluarse la consolidación democrática como prueba de funcionamiento del conjunto de las instituciones sociales, en su búsqueda de libertades en ámbitos de eficiencia, justicia y armonía social; en el sentido de una democracia deliberativa-radical, y siguiendo a Amartya Sen, por un desarrollo como libertad. En el caso colombiano, con las debilidades de su estructura estatal, fenómenos como el narcotráfico y la lucha guerrillera, el precario desarrollo de una ilustración entre la población, y en particular la inequidad económica y social, se erigen como impedimentos en el proceso de construcción de una opinión pública madura, beligerante y decisoria. ; This article aims at evaluating the topic of "public opinion" construction illustrated as a road toward modern democracy consolidation in Colombia. This aspect constitutes a basis element, because integrates democracy complexity through a dialog between life system and life world. Furthermore, from the public opinion and its potentialities, the democratic consolidation can be evaluated as evidencing that social institutions work as a group on seeking freedom in the realms of efficiency, justice, and social harmony; within the meaning of a radical-deliberative democracy and following Amartya Sen in the pursuance of development as freedom. As for Colombia with the government structures' weaknesses, phenomena such as narcotrafic and guerrilla group fight, poor development of population literacy and particularly, the social and financial inequity arise as impairments to the process of building a mature and belligerent public opinion with decisionmaking power.

Este artigo argumenta que a democracia e a boa governação em África são actualmente enfraquecidas pela comparativa ausência de actores colectivos capazes de exigir prestações de contas ao Estado. Esta fraqueza tem a sua origem na construção social da selfhood, ou subjectividade, prevalecente no continente e que geralmente assume formas fragmentadas ou contraditórias. Por sua vez, este fenómeno é visto como ligado à natureza articulada da formação social em África. A base material do selfhood fragmentado e da fraca acção colectiva é um aspecto ao qual os estudos liberais, radicais e pós-modernos sobre África prestam uma atenção insuficiente. ; This article argues that democracy and good governance in Africa are currently weakened by the comparative absence of collective actor capable of holding the state strongly to account. It traces this weakness to the social construction of selfhood, or subjectivity, on the continent, which typically takes a fragmented or contradictory form. This in turn is linked to the articulated nature of Africa's social formation. The material foundation of fragmented selfhood and weak collective action is a phenomenon given insufficient attention by liberal, radical and post-modern writers on Africa. ; Cet article avance l'hypothèse que la démocratie et la bonne gouvernation en Afrique sont actuellement affaiblies par la relative absence d'acteurs collectifs capables de demander des comptes à l'État. Cette faiblesse a son origine dans la cnstruction sociale de la selfhood, ou subjectivité, qui prévaut sur le continent et qui assume généralement des formes fragmentées ou contradictoires. A son tour, ce phénomène est considéecomme lié à la nature articulée de la formation sociale en Afrique. La base matérielle do selfhood fragmenté et la faible action collective est un aspect auquel les études libérales, radicales et post-modernes sur l'Afrique prêtent une attention insuffisante.

This biography traces the life of Manitoban Beatrice Alice Brigden (b.1888 - d.1977) from her early childhood to her mid-forties (1932), when she was a recognized political and social activist and an executive member of the newly formed political party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. Based on her extensive collection of personal journals, work-related correspondence and political writing, this thesis examines aspects of Brigden's personal life and experience, to identify important influences, understand her motivation and perspective. It identifies traits she held in common with many of her contemporary social reformers and suggests that much of Brigden's life fits the familiar pattern taken by many men and women - that of moving from religious reform within the church, to social reform, to political reform. By presenting personal details, the biography adds to our understanding of the ordinary lives of young girls and women in Manitoba in the early decades of the twentieth century. It also examines Brigden's rather unusual career as a "social purity worker" to explore both the practical reality of the job and its influence on her political development. Finally, it offers insight into the attitudes of similar women active in some of the social and political reform movements of the time; insight which requires an examination of formative years, not merely the reconstruction of a successful adult career. Brigden was active in, or at least witnessed many important historical developments in western Canada in the 1910's - 1930's; the Winnipeg and Brandon General Strikes, the Labor Church movement and the birth of the CCF. She also organized two grassroots groups focusing raising political awareness and the participation of women in the political process, the People's Forum Speakers Bureau and the Labor Women's Social and Economic Conference. Brigden's gender is as much a part of her story as her religious and ethnic background and their influence on her choices is discussed. Her biography also sheds light ...

Cet article rend compte des différents modes de pensée égalitaire rencontrés au cours de trois enquêtes pilotes menées en Pologne en 1973. Ces enquêtes n'ont pas été conduites auprès d'échantillons représentatifs de la population. Elles permettent pourtant, grâce à l'analyse du discours des répondants, de dégager certaines idées forces de la pensée égalitaire.
L'article essaie de cerner les différents aspects de la représentation de l'égalité chez les Polonais, et de voir l'articulation de cette représentation avec la représentation de la justice sociale, et le pessimisme ou l'optimisme sur la réalisation pratique des idéaux égalitaires. Forment-elles un système cognitif cohérent ?
L'égalité sociale a été « définie » par nos répondants de façon très variée. En fait, nous repérons ici les associations différentes de nos répondants autour de « mots clés » comme justice sociale, égalité sociale, égalité des chances qui nous ont été donnés dans nos premières interviews.
Pour certains, l'égalité sociale est une somme de droits dans différents domaines : l'égalité des chances pour obtenir un bon niveau d'instruction, plus le droît égal à se faire soigner en cas de maladie, plus le droit à la défense devant la justice, plus l'égalité des salaires, plus le prestige égal pour toutes les professions dans la société.
Pour d'autres, la notion d'égalité est associée à toutes les injustices et à toutes les inégalités qui existent actuellement dans la société.
Comme nous allons le voir, on trouvera des différences selon les points de départ de ces définitions : pour les ouvriers, le point de départ est l'injustice perçue, pour les membres de l'intelligentsia c'est la hiérarchie des valeurs.
L'analyse de contenu des interviews semi-directives permet de dégager d'autres lignes de partage et de connaître aussi les arguments contre le système social égalitaire.
Pour les uns, la représentation de l'égalité évoque l'égalité des besoins, pour les autres, l'égalité des récompenses pour l'effort fourni, pour les troisièmes, l'impossibilité de réaliser les idéaux égalitaires.