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The life and times of regional studies / Peter Vale -- The Association of South East Asian Nations / Lee Chong Kai -- Australia and the South Pacific forum / Philip McElligott -- The European Community / Jerome Heldring -- A form of regionalism and its challenges / Philippe Moreau-Defarges -- NATO today / Jonathan Alford -- A cultural analysis of regionalism in Latin-America / Roberto Escobar -- Regionalism, the Caribbean/Latin American experience / George Dhanny -- ECOWAS and other regional building blocks in West Africa / Helen Kitchen -- The Southern African Development Coordination Conference / B.V. Mancama -- South Africa's regional policy / Deon Geldenhuys.

Purpose. The purpose of the presented research is to discuss the key directions for the reformation of energy management in support of sustainable development policy implementation under conditions of transitional economy. In accordance with this aim the following objectives were formulated: 1) to analyse the experience of the EU and European countries, which have implemented the energy efficiency concept; 2) to identify the main methods for the implementation of energy efficiency concept in a transitional economy; 3) to suggest conceptual approaches for balancing targets of energy saving and economic growth in Ukraine.Methodology. The main arguments in the article are developed by analysing scientific papers on the issue of energy efficiency in the context of sustainable development, through comparative analysis of statistics in the area of energy consumption, energy efficiency and economic growth in various regions and countries, and by analysing experience of different countries in this field, Germany in particular.Conclusions. This article analyses the relationship between energy intensity and GDP growth, reviews the contemporary model for energy efficiency in the EU and studies differences between energy policies in various regions and the EU. The system approach allows to identify the main methods and measures that ensure the effectiveness of energy policy in Germany, which can be considered as useful for Ukraine.Originality. The study reviewed and analysed the main methods and measures that ensure the effectiveness of energy policy in Germany, including the domains of regulatory policy, funding, market instruments.Practical value. The proposed system of methods and measures may be useful for the planning of actions towards strengthening the capacity of energy efficiency in the conditions of the transition economy. ; Цель. Цель исследования состоит в определении ключевых направлений реформирования энергетического менеджмента в поддержку осуществления политики устойчивого развития в условиях переходной ...

Shortly after the beginning of the year 2000, multiple legal changes with impacts on the regulatory framework of clinical trials became effective almost simultaneously. They included the European Union (EU) Clinical Trial Directive (CTD) 2001/20 followed by major changes in national drug laws, the change in the legal status of German University Hospitals (1998), and a new disease-related groups (DRG)-based reimbursement system for hospitals in Germany (2000). Together, these changes created enormous bureaucratic and financial inhibition of activation and conduct of academic investigator-initiated clinical trials (IIT). Examples for activating clinical trials in oncology before and after 2004 are outlined and discussed, focussing on extended time frames, the establishment of centralized responsibility structures and the exploding financial consequences. In addition, the evolution of trial numbers and the distribution of trial initiators between "commercial" and "academic" over time are discussed together with the occurrence of clinical registries. At the same time, progress in molecular biology led to a plethora of new targets for effective pharmacological therapy of life-threatening diseases such as cancer, and the overall number of clinical trials has not decreased. Yet, judging the regulatory and administrative hurdles between scientific study design and first-patient on trial before and after 2004 and weighing these against the lack of evidence that this regulation has achieved its goal to enhance patient safety and trial quality, the necessity to completely overhaul this CTD becomes obvious. A main goal of such an initiative should be to minimize bureaucracy. For the specific situation in Germany, relocation of responsibility and freedom to operate in University Hospitals and Medical Faculties back to the physician–scientists and reduction in interference by legal divisions should be a goal as well as increasing the public financial support for IITs.

The law of construction insurance has benn, in a way, branded by the adoption of a daring text, the so-called spinetta law of 4 January 1978. the choices made by the legislator at the time, strongly interpreted since then by case law, explain the profound originality of the regulations which today govern insurance of the act of building in France. As evidence by the 43 publications presented herein, this originality is manifested both by the general priciples in force, particularly with regard to the dual-trigger insurance system, for which ou european neighbours have no equivalent, and by the legal regime concerning compulsory insurance, which differs in several aspects from ordinary insurance law. Highlighting the profound originality of the regulations which govern construction insurance makes it possible to better understand current case-law debates, and fuels reflection at a time in which possible reform looms before us. ; Le droit de l'assurance construction a été, en quelque sorte, marqué au fer rouge par l'adoption d'un texte audacieux, la loi dite Spinetta du 4 janvier 1978. Les choix faits à l'époque par le législateur, interprétés depuis lors avec fermeté par la jurisprudence, expliquent la profonde originalité des règles qui régissent aujourd'hui l'assurance de l'acte de bâtir en France. Comme en témoignent les 43 publications ici présentées, cette originalité se manifeste à la fois par les principes généraux en vigueur, avec en particulier un système d'assurance à double détente qui n'a pas d'équivalent chez nos voisins européens et par le régime juridique propre aux assurances obligatoires qui se démarque à plusieurs égards du droit commun de l'assurance. La mise en relief de la profonde originalité des règles qui régissent l'assurance construction permet de mieux comprendre les débats jurisprudentiels actuels et nourrit la réflexion à l'heure où se profile une possible réforme.

The law of construction insurance has benn, in a way, branded by the adoption of a daring text, the so-called spinetta law of 4 January 1978. the choices made by the legislator at the time, strongly interpreted since then by case law, explain the profound originality of the regulations which today govern insurance of the act of building in France. As evidence by the 43 publications presented herein, this originality is manifested both by the general priciples in force, particularly with regard to the dual-trigger insurance system, for which ou european neighbours have no equivalent, and by the legal regime concerning compulsory insurance, which differs in several aspects from ordinary insurance law. Highlighting the profound originality of the regulations which govern construction insurance makes it possible to better understand current case-law debates, and fuels reflection at a time in which possible reform looms before us. ; Le droit de l'assurance construction a été, en quelque sorte, marqué au fer rouge par l'adoption d'un texte audacieux, la loi dite Spinetta du 4 janvier 1978. Les choix faits à l'époque par le législateur, interprétés depuis lors avec fermeté par la jurisprudence, expliquent la profonde originalité des règles qui régissent aujourd'hui l'assurance de l'acte de bâtir en France. Comme en témoignent les 43 publications ici présentées, cette originalité se manifeste à la fois par les principes généraux en vigueur, avec en particulier un système d'assurance à double détente qui n'a pas d'équivalent chez nos voisins européens et par le régime juridique propre aux assurances obligatoires qui se démarque à plusieurs égards du droit commun de l'assurance. La mise en relief de la profonde originalité des règles qui régissent l'assurance construction permet de mieux comprendre les débats jurisprudentiels actuels et nourrit la réflexion à l'heure où se profile une possible réforme.

Gender violence figures are overwhelming. From this reality, the European Union has not remained impassive and, although it does not have specific legal basis to act in the gender violence area, this has not been an obstacle to fight against this scourge that crosses borders, since it is a necessary element to promote the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. From that spirit, different regulatory instruments have been adopted during these recent years to ensure that victims can freely move through the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, as well as to protect them. Directive 2011/99/EU, on the European Protection Order and Regulation 606/2013 on mutual recognition of protection measures in civil matters are proof of this. Both instruments, on the basis of mutual recognition principle, guarantee the recognition and enforcement throughout the territory of the Union of protection measures for victims issued by a Member state. Directive and Regulation rule the same measures and have practicallythe same objectives, but based on different recognition mechanisms. In this paper we examinate the protection system created and focus our analysis on Regulation 606/2013, instrument of judicial cooperation in civil matters that was basically conceived as a complement to the European Protection Order regulated by Directive 2011/99/EU. ; Las cifras de violencia de género son sobrecogedoras. Ante esta realidad, la Unión Europea no ha permanecido impasible y, aunque no cuenta con una base legal específica para actuar en el área de la violencia de género, ello no ha sido un obstáculo para luchar contra esta lacra, en tanto que elemento necesario para promover un espacio de Libertad, Seguridad y Justicia. Con ese espíritu, en los últimos años se han adoptado instrumentos normativos para garantizar que las víctimas se puedan mover libremente en el Espacio de Libertad, Seguridad y Justicia, y a hacerlo protegidas. La Directiva 2011/99/EU, sobre la Orden Europea de Protección, y el Reglamento 606/2013 relativo al reconocimiento ...

Problem methodology evaluation of the economic security of modern enterprises in the process of development which requires its comprehensive solution considering the current trends of enterprises using new technologies and problems caused by crisis, which currently exist. In the article the its own vision of the requirements to be met by the method of estimating the level of economic security engineering companies, namely dynamic, representativeness, reliability, availability information and consideration of the most important components of economic security for the enterprise. The author of the method of evaluation of the level of economic security, as well as indicators that make it possible to carry out an economic assessment of the effects of internal and external factors and threats to the economic security of the company considering the unfavorable market environment. Author determined nine groups of indicators characterizing operational, financial, innovation, management, intellectual, human resources, legal, military and environmental components of economic security. For the purpose of the study is proposed to use two types of indicators: a synthesis (integral) indicator and extensive system of local indicators. ; Проблема методики оценивания уровня экономической безопасности современных предприятий находится в процессе разработки, что вызывает необходимость ее комплексного решения с учетом современных тенденций развития предприятий, использования новых технологий и проблем, вызванных кризисными состояниями, которые сейчас существуют. В статье предлагается собственное видение требований, которым должна соответствовать методика оценки уровня экономической безопасности предприятий, а именно: динамичность, репрезентативность, достоверность, информационная доступность и учет наиболее важных составляющих экономической безопасности для предприятия. Автором предлагается методика оценки уровня экономической безопасности предприятия, а также индикаторы, которые дают возможность провести оценку последствий воздействия внутренних и внешних факторов и угроз на экономическую безопасность предприятия с учетом неблагоприятного рыночной среды. Выделены девять групп показателей, характеризующих операционную, финансовую, инновационную, управленческую, интеллектуальную, кадровую, правовую, силовую и экологическую компоненты экономической безопасности. Для достижения цели исследования предложено использовать два вида показателей: обобщающий (интегральный) показатель и расширенную систему локальных показателей. ; Проблема методики оцінювання рівня економічної безпеки сучасних підприємств перебуває в процесі розроблення, що викликає необхідність її комплексного вирішення з урахуванням сучасних тенденцій розвитку підприємств, використання нових технологій та проблем, викликаних кризовими станами, що наразі існують. У статті пропонується власне бачення вимог, яким має відповідати методика оцінки рівня економічної безпеки підприємств, а саме: динамічність, репрезентативність, достовірність, інформаційна доступність та врахування найбільш важливих складових економічної безпеки для підприємства. Автором пропонується методика оцінювання рівня економічної безпеки підприємства, а також індикатори, які дають можливість провести економічну оцінку наслідків впливу внутрішніх і зовнішніх факторів та загроз на економічну безпеку підприємства з урахуванням несприятливого ринкового середовища. Виокремлено дев'ять груп показників, що характеризують операційну, фінансову, інноваційну, управлінську, інтелектуальну, кадрову, правову, силову та екологічну компоненти економічної безпеки. Для досягнення мети дослідження запропоновано використовувати два види показників: узагальнюючий (інтегральний) показник та розширену систему локальних показників

Relevance of the research topic. After the national sovereignty proclamation, the Ukraine`s important task was to create a new model of socio-economic development of the country based on openness of the economy and integration into the world financial space. The process of integration is extremely complex and multifaceted, which involves the formation and implementation of an effective state policy in the field of international financial relations, raising the level of efficiency of the state administration system and creating conditions for the development of the real economy. Formulation of the problem. Transformations in the global economic environment, accelerating the processes of financial globalization are currently actualizing issues of countries integration into the world financial space. At the same time, the implications of integration are rather ambiguous, especially from the point of view of their financial component, which requires further scientific research of the theoretical and applied aspects of Ukraine's integration into the world financial space, in particular in the context of cooperation with the IMF and the World Bank. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problem of the globalization processes impact on the domestic economy, the development of international financial and economic relations is quite widespread today in the scientific research of famous foreign and domestic scientists: J. Buchanan, P. Samuelson, J. Stiglitz, T. Bogolib, V. Kolosova, G. Kucher, L. Lisyak, I. Lukyanenko, A. Mazaraki, V. Sidenko, I. Chugunov and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The issues mentioned above are actualized in connection with the acceleration of the financial globalization processes, which determine the solution of a significant range of tasks related to the integration of developed and transformational economies into the world financial space. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to determine the main directions of Ukraine's integration into the world financial space in the context of cooperation with the IMF and the World Bank. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to analyze and evaluate the peculiarities of Ukraine's cooperation with the IMF and the World Bank; to substantiate the influence of globalization processes on the development of the financial and economic environment in Ukraine, to reveal the peculiarities and to determine the main directions of Ukraine's integration into the world financial space. Method or methodology for conducting research. The article uses a set of methods of scientific research: system approach, statistical analysis, structuring, analysis and synthesis, etc. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The analysis and evaluation of the peculiarities of Ukraine's cooperation with the IMF and the World Bank is carried out. The globalization processes influence on the development of the financial and economic environment in Ukraine is substantiated. The peculiarities and the main directions of integration of Ukraine into the world financial space are determined. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be applied in the process of formation and implementation of Ukraine's fiscal policy. Conclusions according to the article. Cooperation with international financial organizations is a powerful tool for attracting external state loans aimed at addressing the strategic objectives of socio-economic development of countries. Investments of international organizations create appropriate conditions for accelerating economic growth. The domestic economy restructuring in combination with the measures proposed by international financial organizations creates the basis for increasing the population welfare. The article substantiates that Ukraine's integration into the world financial space is a complicated and multi-faceted process, and the continuation of cooperation with international financial organizations will allow to receive financing on attractive conditions and to increase international reserves.

Introduction. Over the last two years, in the official documents of the Government of the Russian Federation there has been the requirement to organize the professional training of students in accordance with the professional standards. The verification of the compliance with the standards should be provided through the procedures of objective assessment of qualification of college and university graduates. Thus, in the current conditions arose the need to searching for new assessment tools or ways to improve the previous ones. The authors believe that the new and original ideas can be derived from the fields of real sectors of productive-economic and social activity where the aspects of determination of quality of the final product are worked out far better, and interpretations of the results of activity are unambiguous and consistent Aim. Taking into account the aspects of education management and established practices of assessment procedures, the aim of the present publication is to discuss general methodological approaches to organization of scientific-methodical maintenance of the expertise on the results of professionals' training in educational institutions. Methodology and research methods. The research is based on the qualimetric and system-based approaches, methods of comparative analysis of the content of the local and foreign normative documents as well as a wide range of scientific publications that describe the theory and practice of application of assessment in educational technical, economic and management systems. Results and scientific novelty. According to the introduced professional standards, methodological problems of measurement of students' knowledge and adequacy of their assessment are designated. Various approaches to assessment of education quality and its results are described; assessment procedure and its main tools are presented: criteria, parameters, indicators and norms as a reference point in the choice of standards for assessment. It is stated that the traditional methods and means of assessment accepted today in education are severely outdated and continue to lag far behind progressive tendencies of quality measurement. In particular, widespread test measurements of educational achievements of graduates of the higher (and secondary) school are not holistic therefore cannot be considered as valid, especially concerning the level of professional qualification. On the basis of synthesis of the approaches to assessment in various spheres, the possibility of their application in the organizations of professional education is approved. The considered technique and technology of development of evaluative judgments are based on the results of the formalized expert procedures; thus enabling to draw various conclusions about activity of the separate organizations and education systems in general, to reveal the level of bringing them into line with norms and standards of the received results and deviations from the rated values, as well as to perform the required training correction procedures. The authors stress the need for formation of a team of the qualified experts capable to provide development and implementation of effective technologies for the organization of assessment activities. Practical significance. The problem research area on the search for new approaches to internal procedures for assessment of the graduates' competencies is determined. The objectivity of evaluation and reliability of the results of such procedures have to be comparable to similar performance characteristics of the Centers for Independent Assessment of Professional Qualifications. It will enable to significantly reduce transactional costs of all agents of educational services, and will create conditions for transition from the existing standard-qualification reference books to the system of professional standards. © 2018 Obrazovanie i Nauka. All rights reserved.

The article focuses on the forms of American school and community partnership as since the adoption of the Education Act "Goals 2000: Educate Act America" (1994) a partnership of school, family and community has been recognized as one of the principal objectives for all schools in the country at the legislative level. Moreover, the vast majority of American scholars, educators, practitioners and parents are aware that effective cooperation with families of school students and local communities can be an effective means of reforming schools and improving the quality of student education. The aim of the study is to analyze forms of school and community collaboration which are given by American researchers, as success of partnership of school, family and community much depends on their activities and results. In the article a complex of interrelated and complementary research methods have been used. In particular: general scientific - analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization; component-structural, system-structural, system-functional, which give the opportunity to study and identify the main trends in developing school and community partnership and define efficient forms of community involvement. As the majority of school administrators and teachers realize that intensive involvement of communities into school activities is an essential condition for effective management of the educational process, they have started their work to build stronger partnership relations believing that these strategies will help to increase academic skills, create safer school environment and improve the well-being of families and communities. American researchers claim that the school and community partnership (SCP) takes a variety of forms and they give a classification of potential partners of schools, namely: 1) business structures; 2) universities and education institutions; 3) institutions of public health and child protection; 4) government and military institutions; 5) national services and volunteer organizations; 6) religious institutions; 7) senior citizens organizations; 8) cultural and recreational institutions; 9) other community organizations; 10) community individuals. Summarizing American experience, it should be emphasized that collaboration of school and community as a component of partnership of American school, family and community has a long history, but it becomes especially significant at the end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI centuries, when more complex conditions for the work of the school and the need for workers, whose professional competence is higher than the basic level appeared in the country. Nevertheless, this study does not fully cover the above mentioned issues. We believe that the following forms of cooperation should be further thoroughly studied and analyzed: a) cooperation with government and military agencies; b) religious organizations, as these institutions may considerably help schools solve their burning problems especially when they experience a lack of financial, materiel and social resources. ; Форми партнерства школи та громади в контексті аналізу організаційно-педагогічних основ партнерства школи, сім'ї та громади у США. У статті схарактеризовано особливості співпраці школи з громадою як складової партнерства американської школи, сім'ї та громади. Проаналізовано форми співпраці та потенційні партнери, що є відкритими до партнерства зі школою. Доведено, що партнерство соціальних інститутів може набувати різноманітних форм співпраці, серед яких співпраця з бізнесовою громадою (бізнес- підприємствами, компаніями місцевого рівня та національними корпораціями) є найбільш поширеною у США. Визначено роль і місце співпраці школи з університетами, що мають певний вплив на якість навчання, виховання та професійну підготовку школярів, які є їхніми потенційними студентами. Розглянуті проблеми розвитку партнерства між школою та закладами охорони здоров'я, що передбачає запровадження шкільних клінік здоров'я, оскільки питання надання якісного медичного обслуговування підростаючому поколінню країни стали пріоритетними для працівників охорони здоров'я ще в кінці ХХ ст.

The article analyzes the development of corporate structures in agricultural production, proves the influence of corporate formations on the efficiency of agrarian production. On the basis of the analysis of official information of agro holdings, an assessment was made of the efficiency of their activities and a conclusion was made about the optimal size of their structural subdivisions. The advantages and disadvantages of integrated structures are highlighted, peculiarities of formation of their land relations are determined. Issues of expansion of land masses of agro holdings related to the conclusion of land lease agreements are considered.The association of separate agro-industrial enterprises of various industrial-economic orientation form an independent legal entity - a legal entity. The economic feasibility of the creation and functioning of corporate associations is objective based on obtaining the greatest effect, the essence of which is that the result of the joint corporate activities of economic structures will always be higher compared to the results of the individual work of each of them.Corporate forms of management in agriculture were founded in Ukraine on the basis of the general theoretical model of an open, competitive, multi-faceted agricultural market economy type, aimed at an integrated world economic system. The methodology of construction involves taking into account the world economic trends and the national specificity of the country's agricultural development; it is aimed at finding rational forms of organization of agricultural production, mechanisms for overcoming crisis phenomena, stabilizing the economy and creating conditions for further qualitative and quantitative growth of the agrarian sector of the economy. For many years, leading American co-operators have been distributing concepts and concepts that are perceived and used throughout the world. This work is coordinated by the Organization for International Cooperative Development in Agriculture, and thanks to its efforts, many countries in the world have implemented projects for the development and strengthening of cooperative organizations owned by agricultural producers. The experience of cooperative and corporatization in the US agriculture can be useful for restructuring the agriculture of countries undergoing a stage of market transformation, and Ukraine has the necessary conditions for developing, along with production agricultural cooperatives, corporate and partner forms of management.The essence of corporate structures in agriculture consists in the grouping of owners of land and property, funds of agricultural enterprises in a certain form of organization. The highest form of corporate education is considered to be those in which not individuals are integrated, but enterprises of different profile who work for the final consumer product.The consolidation of the land masses of agricultural holdings is largely due to the advantages of integrated structures: firstly, significant savings on the scale of acquisition of means of production: second, not new conditions of collateral - agricultural products are a pledge for non-agricultural activities of holdings.In order to improve the procedure for forming the land masses of integrated structures, it is necessary to: improve the system of state land resources management, continue to formulate the necessary legislative and normative base on issues of agrarian land use and functioning of the agricultural land market; to form an effective mechanism for the functioning of a fully-fledged, state-regulated market of agricultural land: to improve the economic mechanism of regulation of land relations.Keywords: corporate structures, agricultural production, efficiency, production activity, market economy. ; У статті проаналізовано розвиток корпоративних структур у сільськогосподарському виробництві, доведено вплив корпоративних формувань на ефективність аграрного виробництва. На основі аналізу офіційної інформації агрохолдингів проведено оцінку ефективності їх діяльності та зроблено висновок про оптимальний розмір їх структурних підрозділів. Висвітлено переваги та недоліки інтегрованих структур, визначено особливості формування їх земельних відносин. Розглянуто питання розширення земельних масивів агрохолдингів пов'язані з укладанням договорів оренди земель.Ключові слова: корпоративні структури, сільськогосподарське виробництво, ефективність, виробнича діяльність, ринкова економіка.

Purpose– Though prior research has recognized business skills as one of the keys to successful information system development, few studies have investigated the determinants of an IS developer's behavioral intention to learn such skills. Based on the motivation-ability-role perception-situational factors (i.e. the MARS model), the purpose of this paper is to argue that the intention of IS developers to acquire business skills is influenced by learning motivation (M), learning self-efficacy (A), change agent role perception (R), and situational support (S).Design/methodology/approach– Data collected from 254 IS developers are analyzed using the partial least squares technique.Findings– Results show that a developer's intention to learn business skills is positively influenced by intrinsic learning motivation and both absolute and relative learning self-efficacy. Furthermore, in comparison to two other change agent roles, the advocate role leads to a significantly higher level of learning intention. Finally, work and non-work support positively influence both extrinsic and intrinsic learning motivation. Notably, non-work support has a greater impact on both absolute and relative learning self-efficacy.Research limitations/implications– Though many of the proposed hypotheses were supported, results showed several interesting and unexpected findings. First, regarding the change agent role perception, people who perceived themselves as advocates displayed a higher level of intention to learn business skills than did those who identified with the other two roles (i.e. traditionalist and facilitator). Second, when compared to extrinsic learning motivation, intrinsic learning motivation contributed more to the intention to learn business skills. Third, the study contributes to the literature by finding that, in terms of direction and magnitude, the two types of self-efficacy have similar influence on an IS developer's behavioral intention to learn business skills. Finally, work support was found to have a positive impact on both extrinsic and intrinsic learning motivation. However, it was interesting to note that work support did not lead to significantly higher levels of relative and absolute learning self-efficacy.Practical implications– The findings of this study provide several critical implications for practitioners seeking to encourage IS developers to learn b-skills. First, organizations should strongly encourage IS developers to take on the advocate role in ISD projects, and urge them to acquire business skills through formal education and on-the-job training. Second, organizations should also help IS developers understand how learning business skills is important for their future work and potential self-growth, rather than focusing solely on extrinsic benefits such as promotion or remuneration. Third, organizations can also make use of the strategies to enhance IS developer's learning self-confidence and beliefs, which will, in turn, increase their intention to learn business skills. Finally, support from others is influential in the formulation of positive work attitudes and behaviors, so organizations will benefit when employees are well supported.Originality/value– While prior research has emphasized the importance of business skill possession for IS developers during the system development process, few studies have explored the factors affecting an IS developer's behavioral intention to learn those business skills. This study intends to bridge this gap by investigating factors that drive IS developers' intention to learn business skills. The findings of this study are useful to researchers in the development and testing theories related to IS developer learning behavior, and to practitioners to facilitate business skill learning for their IS development staff.