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© 2012 Wageningen Academic Publishers The Netherlands.In much of Europe the importance of religion has been waning for at least a hundred and fifty years, probably much longer. However, somewhat to the surprise of many people, religion continues to be important in much of European social life and politics. In certain areas, including aspects of education and bioethics, it may, if anything, be increasing in influence in some countries. This chapter will concentrate on the relevance of this to science education and bioethics. What role, if any, should religion play in these matters and how should we decide this question? I shall argue that science education and bioethics need to respond quite differently to the issue of religion, and that the reason for this difference stems from the different aims of science education and bioethics and the different ways in which the two disciplines arrive at their claims about valid knowledge.

В современной жизни такое языковое произведение, как слоган, внедряется и занимает любое свободное пространство (в том числе и в памяти людей) благодаря своей компактности и высокой функциональности. Широкое распространение и особое положение занимают слоганы на одежде. В данной статье рассматривается не только современный статус данного явления, но и история его становления. Кроме этого, анализируются функции коммерческих, политических и социальных слоганов и предлагается авторское видение такого аспекта слогана на одежде, как функционирование. ; In modern life such linguistic production as slogan becomes embedded in and occupies any free space (including people's memory) due to its compactness and high functionality. Slogans on clothes are wide spread and occupy special position. The author considers not only the current status of this phenomenon, but also the history of its formation, in addition analyzes the functions of commercial, political and social slogans, and suggests the author's vision of such aspect of slogan on clothes as functioning.

Capítulos en libros ; -- ; The role played by entrepreneurship in a country s economy is crucial, since its potential catalyzes job creation, economic growth and social impact. Case studies developed on the behaviour pattern and characteristics of the European entrepreneurship, distinguishing between male and female entrepreneurs, show that, today, gender gaps remain persistent. Progress, though, has been achieved in key areas related to gender equality between men and women. Given this context, the primary purpose of this chapter is to implement an approach to the profile of current European entrepreneurs, analyzing the main defining features, through their contribution to the European economy. Specifically, part of the chapter focuses on the study of the potential distinguishing traits of both male and female entrepreneurs in the European Union, with regard to aspects such as employment, education, activity sectors or access to finance, in comparison with other reference countries. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Although the Low Countries formed a political unity only for short periods they have been seen by other European nations as a region in its own right. What created some kind of unity, as experienced by the inhabitants? My concept started from the geographical conditions of a delta of three major rivers, in a generally flat area facilitating transport. This was a basic condition for urban growth. The core questions were therefore – what at different times in the various regions, led to that extraordinary level of urbanisation on a European scale? Why and how did the successive 'golden ages' come to an end, and what remained in the previous core areas? Why did some regions remain peripheral? How do the various aspects interrelate – geographical conditions, social and political institutional arrangements, economic developments, and how do cultural phenomena fit into these patterns? This response is part of the discussion forum 'Four Golden Ages' (Wim Blockmans).

Рост миграционных потоков на территорию Российской Федерации актуализировал потребность в разработке концепции государственной миграционной политики РФ, направленной на повышение эффективности управления миграционными процессами и оптимизацию интеграции мигрантов в российское общество. В связи с этим автор предлагает рассмотреть основные направления повышения эффективности государственной миграционной политики современной России. ; Рolitical and economical transformations in the modern world, started in the second half of the 20th century including, first of all, decolonization of the third world, globalization of economical relations and increase of social polarization on a world scale caused a multiple growth of migratory processes which had become popular by the end of the 20th century and affected almost every country all over the world. Migration, which became one of the key challenges of the 21th century, entailed a number of serious problems worldwide and this explains why the author addresses the problem of migration in the aspect of political science.

This article highlights role of it's the local government and his staff in executing duty or function of community empowerment, including identifying supporter factor and community empowerment process resistor. Community empowerment intended focused at various aspects related to life public as nation community, that is empowerment in educational, economics, culture social, psychology, and politics. Community empowerment is absolutely has to be done, and every its the local government and his staff must stand is big poweredness member of his its, especially stimulates, pushs, or motivates every individual to have ability or powered to determine what becoming its the life choice. Local government role (govern or Regent, or Mayor, and area his staff) meant to increase strength from public weakness, or preparation to public in the form of resources, opportunity, knowledge, and expertise to increase public itself capacities in determining their future, and to be able to participate and influences life of community society itself in area.

Introduction. The immediate goal of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) is to ensure a social safety net for vulnerable groups by providing a fall-back source of employment when other alternatives are scarce. However, its long-term goals are to create durable rural assets and infrastructure which meet local needs and help address chronic poverty and to foster a model of governance based on the principles of grass-root democracy and transparency (Ministry of Rural Development, 2008). While several papers have examined pertinent aspects of the functioning of the programme, such as targeting (Jha et al., 2009), impact on consumption (Ravi and Engler, 2009) and various implementation issues including corruption (Rai, 2008; Institute of Applied Manpower Research, 2008) there is limited work on the quality and upkeep of the infrastructure built through the programme and indeed whether the constructed projects meet local needs. .

This article discusses about the positivism influence to jurisprudence and law development, especially in Indonesia, and the analysis of the strength and the weakness of the positivism influence. Through the positivism which was introduced by August Comte, the rational and empiric truth and the standard of natural sciences were used also in the social sciences, law and jurisprudence. The concept of legal positivism is the proof of the positivism influence in law and jurisprudence. Legal positivism develops as the written law which is formulated by the legitimated state organ which has the power and souveregnity. It is separated from the moral and the right and wrong values. There were many scholars who use the positivism in their legal opinion, namely Hart, Hans Kelsen and John Austin. The concept of legal positivism in Indonesia also follows the legal positivism opinion, which seen in many aspect such as the written law, law unification, and legislation.

This article aims to discuss the role humour plays in politics, particularly in a media environment overflowing with user-generated video. We start with a genealogy of political satire, from classical to Internet times, followed by a general description of "the Downfall meme," a series of videos on YouTube featuring footage from the film Der Untergang and nonsensical subtitles. Amid video-games, celebrities, and the Internet itself, politicians and politics are the target of such twenty-first century caricatures. By analysing these videos we hope to elucidate how the manipulation of images is embedded in everyday practices and may be of political consequence, namely by deflating politicians' constructed media image. The realm of image, at the centre of the Internet's technological culture, is connected with decisive aspects of today's social structure of knowledge and play. It is timely to understand which part of "playing" is in fact an expressive practice with political significance.

AbstractNorth Korea's anti‐American state power has operated in individuals' everyday practices by focusing on its post‐war militant nationalism. Existing studies have neglected an aspect of North Korea's nationalist power that has been neither necessarily top‐down nor violent, but rather productive and diffusive in people's everyday lives. While the regime's anti‐American mobilization has come from above, people's politics of hatred, patriotism, and emotion have been reproduced from below. Along this line, I examine the historical and social changes in North Korea's militant nationalism and people's ways of life through a comparison between two periods: from the 1950s through the 1980s and from the 1990s through the present. I focus on how the state's anti‐American power was legitimated by people's solid micro‐fascism from the 1950s through the 1980s, and how it has been contested and recreated through both change and persistence in people's micro‐fascism from the 1990s through the present.

This paper examines how the general systems theory informs institutionalism, a strand of heterodox economic theory founded by Thorstein Veblen that is marked by a critical attitude towards the operation of real‐world markets. Focusing on Laszlo's systems philosophy and Bogdanov's Tektology, the paper shows that the general systems theory supports the institutionalist critique of the market but is more explicit about the significance of the market in ensuring the material self‐provisioning aspect of society. In line with the institutionalist critique, both Bogdanov and Laszlo share the concern that the market may not deliver the appropriate level of systemic integration within society, nor between society and the encompassing nature. However, both Bogdanov and Laszlo are shown to moderate the institutionalist critique by emphasizing the market's stabilizing and protective role, which is needed to safeguard the maintenance of social and technological complexity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Information security has become an established discipline as more and more businesses realize its value. Many surveys have indicated the importance of protecting valuable information and an important aspect that must be addressed in this regard is information security awareness. The academic sector is one that regularly addresses information security awareness. Because many successful security intrusions are the result of either social engineering or user complacency, there is a need for students in non IT-related disciplines to become as security literate as possible. The proposed research investigates the level of security awareness amongst the online population. For this reason sample data from a university environment was used in order to examine the state of information security awareness in the academic sector and investigate the awareness needs of students. Since information technology grows at a rapid pace, it is important for the academic sector to identify new trends and developments in information security and adapt the curricula appropriately.

In asymmetric conflicts, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are a favoured tool of insurgents. They have long been used by extremists, insurgents and resistant groups and are currently a primary threat in Iraq and Afghanistan. The US military has put a great deal of effort into reducing these types of attacks, ranging from improved methods for locating the devices to social models that attempt to predict where insurgent behavior will spread. By considering behavioral aspects leading up to an IED event as a system, we are able to evaluate intervention strategies that focus on the process by which individuals become involved in insurgent IED activities. This paper presents models of the influences and the behaviors associated with individuals involved in IED‐related activities and treats them as a system. This approach allows us to explore societal systems to see how motivation (and deterrents to motivation) may play out. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The question of how new organizational forms are created remains an unsolved problem in new institutional theory. We argue that one important way that new organizational forms emerge is through a process of bridging institutional entrepreneurship, which involves an institutional entrepreneur combining aspects of established institutional logics to create a new type of organization underpinned by a new, hybrid logic. Building on an in-depth case study of a social enterprise in the United Kingdom, we present a model of the institutional work required for this type of institutional entrepreneurship. The model highlights the multilevel nature of bridging institutional entrepreneurship, showing that it entails institutional work at the micro-, meso-, and macrolevels. The study contributes to the literature by examining an important way that institutional entrepreneurs create new organizational forms; shedding light on the relationship between individual, organizational, and societal level institutional processes; and exploring the relationship between entrepreneurship and institutional entrepreneurship.

Since the early 1990s, studies on the transformation of the post-Mao state have increasingly approached the issue from local perspectives and attacked national-level state studies. A counterbalance to this trend, this article draws on the broader social sciences literature about the state and contends that national-level state studies will remain a valuable part of the China field, despite acknowledging local state studies' critique of national-level studies for their failure to disaggregate the "state" concept. This article proposes an analytical template that regards the Chinese Communist Party's state transformation efforts as proceeding along the two dimensions of "structure" and "modes of governance," each of which are explored from several aspects. The article is intended to provide a broad-brush portrayal of state transformation in reform-era China, including the achievements, limitations, and implications of this transformation. It also assesses the current state of China studies. (Asian Perspect/GIGA)