Suchergebnisse

This paper is the result of investigations founded by the research projects «La Sanidad internacional y la transferencia de conocimiento en Europa 1900-1975» (HAR 2011-23233) and «Politicas de Salud en la Europa del siglo XX» (HAR 2014-51859-C2-1P). ; In the late-nineteenth century the regulation of food quality and safety experienced a clear turning point with the establishment of new sites for food controls, the emergence of new experts and the passing of food laws. One of the main changes in the regulation came with a reconceptualization of quality based on composition; a change which was in accordance with the standardizing trends then applied in each and every area of knowledge. In Spain, the Royal Academy of Medicine was one of the main authorities quoted in the search for official definitions of edible foodstuffs and for standardized compositions. The paper will focus on the assessment activity fulfilled by the Royal Academy between 1877 and 1902. Taking into account four relevant controversies on food regulation (those dealing with foodstuffs such as oil, wine, saccharin and paprika) it shall address its contribution to the establishment of food quality standards. The paper shows that this task was carried out very poorly and discusses the different factors which can explain this type of contribution. In order to fulfil this latter discussion, the training as well as the social and political activities of the main academicians involved in food quality assessments (such as Gabriel de la Puerta, Ángel Pulido, Juan Ramón Gómez Pamo, and Ángel Fernández-Caro) deserves special attention. ; (HAR 2011-23233) ; (HAR 2014-51859-C2-1P)

Secessionist wars are considered one of the most important sources of violence in international politics. Scholars studying why states adopt coercion or concessions against secessionists have only pointed to domestic factors, such as ethnic heterogeneity or political institutions. By contrast, I argue that state strategy is determined by the external security implications of the secessionist movement. Because secession entails a large and rapid shift in the international balance of power, it generates a commitment problem: Only a state sanguine about future threats can be conciliatory to separatists. Conversely, if the state fears war after border changes, either against the seceded state due to deep identity divisions with the ethnic separatists, or an existing regional adversary due to the war-proneness of its neighborhood, it will adopt coercion. If states choose to coerce, their calibration of violence depends on secessionists' external support; for materialist and emotional reasons, the more third-party support, the more violent the state. Using data from more than 110 interviews, diplomatic papers, and news archives, I test the theory first by contrasting Czechoslovakia's Velvet Divorce with Israeli intransigence on Palestinian statehood at Oslo, an outcome existing theories would not predict, and then by examining internal variation in India, the country most beset by separatism, across three states in the 1980s: Assam, Punjab, and Jammu and Kashmir.

This article analyzes the Government of Canada's decision to lobby the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to lead the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan in 2003. Although studies have been conducted on Canada's choice to deploy to Kandahar province, the decision to lobby NATO, and the diplomatic efforts that resulted, have been given little attention. In addition, Ottawa's decision to propose joint leadership of the mission with Germany in 2003 warrants further study. This article considers three key motivations evident in the Canadian government's thinking—first, its view of deployment to Afghanistan as an alternative to deployment to Iraq; second, its interest in developing relations with Germany; and finally, its more general motivation to return to the conflict.

The dwell-fatigue responses of high temperature materials, such as IN718, manufactured via additive manufacturing processes with different microstructures is of practical interest in terms of time-dependent cracking resistance at elevated temperature. In the present study, the dwell-fatigue cracking behaviours of IN718 manufactured via selective laser melting (SLM) with different heat treatments, and via electron beam melting (EBM) with different scanning strategies were compared at 550 degrees C and with a long 2160 s dwell-holding period. Comparison has also been made with a conventional forged counterpart. Detailed microstructure characterizations have been done to correlate the role of dislocation substructures on the dwell-fatigue damage mechanisms and cracking resistances. A mechanism regarding the susceptibility of the dislocation cell substructure in SLM materials to creep damage is proposed. In addition, the effects of other microstructure features on the dwell cracking resistance are also discussed. ; Funding Agencies|Faculty grant SFO-MAT-LiU from Linkoping University [2009-00971]; Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova)Vinnova [2016-05175]; Chinese Scholarship CouncilChina Scholarship Council; Agora Materiae

This paper develops the argument that institutional mechanisms support changes in organizational strategies in ways that contrast with the standard interpretation of institutional "iron cages" that pressure organizations to conform. We specify three institutional process mechanisms that support organizational change" dominant logic-consistent activity, external charters, and peer emulation" and we test these claims with longitudinal data on the emerging strategies in early U.S. intercollegiate athletics. We argue that the supporting institutional mechanisms affect the incorporation patterns of intercollegiate programs in basketball, ice hockey, and lacrosse over the period from the late nineteenth century to the present. The research strategy of examining the spread of three different sports programs, each a proxy for different strategies of resources and visibility, provides evidence on the comparative pattern of effects of the three institutional mechanisms. Results indicate that all three institutional support mechanisms affect the incorporation of the intercollegiate programs. Differences in the pattern of incorporation across the three strategies provide robust evidence for alternatives to a prevailing "iron cage" view of institutional pressures and constraints. These findings also reinforce the importance of specifying field-level mechanisms to supplement a focus on organization-level mechanisms.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES VARIATION IN THE RATE OF CIVIL LITIGATION IN A STATE GENERAL JURISDICTION TRIAL COURT FROM 1820 TO 1977. THE THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE VIEWS LEGAL VITY AS A BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTIC OF A LEGAL SYSTEM THAT IS GENERATED AND INFLUENCED BY A CHANGING ARRAY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. THE ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOLLOWS GENERALLY THE THEORETICAL LOGIC OF EARLIER WORK, BUT DIFFERS BY ATTEMPTING TO MERGE SOME IDEAS THAT ARE TREATED SEPARETELY IN THE LITERATURE. THE ANALYSIS RELIES UPON AGGREGATE DATA, AND A MULTIVARIATE MODEL IS USED TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF THE COMBINED PRESENCE OF SEVERAL MACROCONTEXTUAL FACTORS THOUGHT TO BE IMPORTANT TO THE ROLE OF COURTS IN PRIVATE CONFLICT. THE FINDINGS ENHANCE THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE POLITICAL MILIEU AFFECTS THE DISPUTE RESOLUTION ROLE OF COURTS AND, IN PARTICULAR, THAT LITIGATION CAN BE AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL FORMS OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION. IN ADDITION, THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE EFFICIENT OPERATING CAPACITY OF A COURT CAN BE ESTIMATED AND THAT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXCESS CAPACITY AND LITIGATION BEHAVIOR CAN BE APPRAISED. THE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT COURT RESOURCE LIMITATIONS ARE PERCEIVED AND ACTED UPON BY THE CLIENTELE POPULATION. FINALLY, THE ANALYSIS SUGGESTS THAT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE RATE OF LITIGATION MAY NOT BE SIMPLY CURVILINEAR, AS IT IS TYPICALLY DEFINED IN THE LITERATURE, BUT IS PERHAPS CYLICAL.