Suchergebnisse

Electronics is a branch of industry in which the competitive position of European firms is relatively weak, compared to the chemical, motor vehicle and mechanical engineering industries. This fact appears to some observers—in view of the electronic industry's high rates of growth and its technologically "strategic" importance—to represent a threat to Europe's future industrial development. This has led to intensive political discussions in recent years and to a multitude of initiatives for the revitalisation of the European electronics industry. This paper analyses the extent to which the discussions and initiatives have in fact dealt with the problems in hand.

From Modernizing the Administration to State Reform.
Policies of modernizing the administration in European States resemble each other in some ways. One major objective is to reduce State spending but to also develop new techniques of public management. Yet, changes brought on by the establishment of these policies vary in function of the countries and their political environments. Likewise, the endeavor to modernize can be interpreted in different ways. Indeed, on the one hand, modernization may constitute a response to constraints imposed upon European States, but on the other hand, it can also serve as a means to find alternative solutions to the welfare State model.

Nongovernmental organizations are playing an increasingly important role in international litigation. This study will analyze the participation of nongovernmental organizations, primarily as amici curiae, in the proceedings of four permanent international courts: the International Court of Justice, the European Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. After discussing the impact of amici in national and regional courts, it recommends that the International Court of Justice expand its acceptance of submissions from nongovernmental organizations in appropriate cases. The Court has a jurisdictional basis to do so and amici have usefully contributed to cases before other courts.

AbstractMediation is often used in North America to resolve public policy conflicts. Its basic techniques are well understood, and its successes are well documented. Beyond the Western European context, however, we know much less about the cross‐cultural applicability of this process. This article chronicles an environmental mediation in a Central European nation that tested the transportability of North American public policy dispute resolution processes into a region with a radically different history that is now undergoing dynamic change. It offers a snapshot of the advantages and limitations of using mediation in cultures that lack our traditions of process neutrality and bureaucratic accountability.

IN FRANCE AS WELL AS IN NORTH AMERICA OR OTHER COUNTRIES OF WESTERN EUROPE, THE SHARE OF MIGRATING EUROPEANS HAS BECOME NEGLIGIBLE, WHILE THE NUMBER OF MIGRATING THIRD WORLD CITIZENS HAS GREATLY INCREASED AFTER THE FIRST OIL SHOCK, DOMESTIC ECONOMIC PRESSURES LED SEVERAL MEMBERS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY TO SEEK A REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF RESIDENT FOREIGN MIGRANT WORKERS, A WAY MIGHT BE FOUND TO OFFER RETIREES A MORE INTEGRATED SOCIAL ROLE BY HELPING TO ENSURE SUCH VITAL SOCIAL SERVICES AS TAKING CARE OF YOUNG CHILDREN OR TRAINING FOREIGN IMMIGRANTS. IN THIS WAY, NOT ONLY IMMIGRANTS BUT RETIREES MIGHT BE INTEGRATED MORE SUCCESSFULLY WITHIN FRENCH SOCIETY.

THE COMMUNITARY EDUCATIVE POLITIC The educative politic in the welfare states responds to the social economic and cultural necesities that this democratic society shows. The reforms of its educative system pretends to obtain higher levels of social justice, solidarity and tolerance. Sorne of the urgent objetives of the Communitary Educative Politic are: the European dimension of education (all of us are members of the European Community); the social integration in order to avoid the condition of an analphabet and the xenophobia; the teaching of foreign languages; the equality of opportunities in education; the equality of the professional education; the uni- versitary politic and the training of teachers.

The paper tries to provide an overview of the fiscal pressures on Eastern European governments during the transition from centrally planned to market economies, and what responses might be called for. In each case it is started by describing the conventional wisdom concerning how best to deal with such pressures in a developed market economy. Eastern European countries are not developed market economies, however, so the implications of various idiosyncratic features of these economies for fiscal policy are also discussed. Given the lack of experience and research on economies undergoing such a economic transition, these latter arguments are inevitably somewhat speculative.

231 Human rights — Right to respect for privacy and family life — Whether extending to search of business premises — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8 — Constitutional provisions protecting human rights — Principle that such provisions should be given wide interpretation — Comparison of provisions in different constitutions and in the European ConventionJurisdiction — Territorial — Crimes allegedly committed in territorial waters of State — Presumption that courts of that State have jurisdiction — Conspiracy to import drugsTerritory — Special territorial regimes — Cyprus — United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas — Waters off Sovereign Base Areas — Whether forming part of Sovereign Base Areas — Jurisdiction over crimes committed off coast of Cyprus — The law of Cyprus

Human rights — Freedom of expression — Freedom of opinion — Right to impart ideas — Freedom of the press — Journalist convicted of defamation — Whether necessary to protect reputation of others — Possible conflict between freedom of expression and right to respect for private life — Whether wider limits of criticism acceptable as regards politicians — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 10Damages — Compensation for breach of treaty obligation — Pecuniary damages — Fine and costs awarded against applicant in domestic proceedings — Legal costs and expenses of applicant before domestic courts and Convention institutions — Whether reasonable as to quantum — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 50

An analysis of the rhetoric generated by newly arriving colonists suggests that the Europeans coming to the new World viewed themselves as Christians in a non-Christian world & therefore, as possessing the right to take control of the new land. This perception was reinforced by applying the dualisms of Christian religious belief -- angels & devils, good & evil -- to the inhabitants of the New World, characterizing the Amerindians as heathens & associating them with malevolence & backwardness. Juxtaposed against this perception was the European identity of humanness, which was ultimately fused with ideals of trade, private property, capital accumulation through trade & investment, & progressive development. D. Generoli

Human rights — Freedom of expression — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 10 — Limitations on freedom of expression — Broadcasting — Ban on broadcasting direct speech of representatives of terrorist and related organizations — Whether justifiableRelationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Treaty not implemented by legislation — Whether part of domestic law — Presumption that Parliament does not intend to legislate contrary to treaty obligations — Extent of presumption — Unambiguous legislation — Legislation conferring discretion upon minister — Whether Parliament presumed to intend that discretion be exercised in accordance with treaty — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — The law of England

ONE CAUSE OF THE SIMULTANEOUS HARSHNESS AND INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE U.S. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IS THE ADVERSARIAL NATURE OF U.S. COURTS. ALL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, EXCEPT GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, AND NEARLY ALL THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES WITH A EUROPEAN CULTURAL HERITAGE EMPLOY VARIATIONS OF THE INQUISITORIAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE METHOD. ONLY THE ANGLO-SAXON COUNTRIES CLING TO A JUDICIAL PARODY OF THE MEDIEVAL TOURNAMENT: LAWYERS FOR THE STATE AND THE DEFENSE FIGHT FOR THE BODY OF THE ACCUSED BEFORE A JUDGE AS UMPIRE AND A JURY CAREFULLY SELECTED FOR ITS IGNORANCE OF THE PERSONALITIES AND THE ISSUES BEFORE IT.

Beyond Europe, by André Petit
The first attempt at a modem world organization — the League of Nations — failed for well known reasons. The United Nations was an improvement but it was paralysed for a long time by the cold war and by the demagogie character of its General Assembly. The European Community is an economie success but it is asking for trouble to expect it to become a sovereign entity especially in a world framework. The important task now is to progress a the third stage of world organization — putting aside traditional concepts of national sovereignty in ail countries including the United States and the European Community.