Suchergebnisse

It is natural for the market economy that companies are forced to leave the market when they are not able to survive anymore. This paper is focused on the age structure of the companies in default. The age is considered a period between corporate establishment and insolvency declaration. The paper analyzes whether companies, which report financial accounting statements, have different age structure than non-reporting entities. Data sample consists of 212 companies (147 reporting and 65 non-reporting entities). Moreover, the analysis points out if corporate financial standing differ according to the age structure observed. Using descriptive statistics tools, the observed relationship between the company age and the frequency of insolvency cases is expressed. The evaluation of the financial standing is based on a ratio analysis. Indicators such as return on assets, return on sales, debt ratio, cash and non-cash liquidity, and asset turnover are applied. The results show there are not significant differences in the age structure between the reporting and non-reporting enterprises. Values of financial indicators seem to be independent on the age structure. The paper provides explanations and brings a classification of specific differences observed such as a distinction between reasons due to sector specificities and partly due to the specifics of the current business environment in the Czech Republic (monitored period 2014 – first quarter 2019).
AcknowledgmentsThe authors are thankful to the Grant Agency of Academic Alliance (renamed the Grant Agency Academia Aurea) No. GAAA 10/2018 "Financial characteristics of enterprise in bankruptcy" for financial support to carry out this research.

Including chapters from some of the leading experts in the field, this handbook provides a full overview of the nature and challenges of modern diplomacy and includes a tour d'horizon of the key ways in which the theory and practice of modern diplomacy are evolving in the 21st century.

A History of Money looks at how money as we know it developed through time. Starting with the barter system, the basic function of exchanging goods evolved into a monetary system based on coins made up of precious metals and, from the 1500s onwards, financial systems were established through which money became intertwined with commerce and trade, to settle by the mid-1800s into a stable system based upon Gold. This book presents its closing argument that, since the collapse of the Gold Standard, the global monetary system has undergone constant crisis and evolution continuing into the present day.

Wie können wir Gewichte in archäologischen Kontexten identifizieren? Welche ökonomischen Veränderungen zog die Verwendung solcher Objekte nach sich? Und waren Marktplätze der übliche Raum, in dem diese metrologischen Hilfsmittel genutzt wurden? Dies sind einige der Fragen, die während zweier Workshops (in München in 2016 und in Göttingen in 2017) untersucht wurden. Der Band "Weights and marketplaces" beinhaltet 21 Beiträge. Thema des ersten Teils ist das Problem der Identifizierung und der Nutzung von frühen Gewichten vom Chalkolithikum/Bronzezeit in Westasien bis in das Frühmittelalter Nordeuropas. Im zweiten Teil des Bandes wird die Phänomenologie von Marktplätzen von der Bronzezeit bis in die moderne Zeit innerhalb eines globalen Rahmens diskutiert. Beide Workshops wurden durch das Projekt ERC-2014-CoG ›WEIGHTANDVALUE‹: Weight metrology and its economic and social impact on Bronze Age Europe, West and South Asia' [Grant no. 648055] finanziert. In der neuen Reihe »Weight & Value« werden Ergebnisse des Projekts und verwandte Untersuchungen publiziert werden.

Marx's theory of modes of production is a theory of SC structure as well. Thus, the three SCs of non-Ur Mexico -- "agrarian bourgeoisie, Ru proletariat," & peasantry -- are defined by their relationship to traditionally shaped modes of production. Historical perspective on Mexican agrarian evolution is offered with reference to political aspects as well as economic dimensions. Lenin's theory of the two paths to capitalist development in agriculture -- through slow transformation of the landholding economy, or revolutionary destruction of the landholding economy -- is discussed & mention is made of the "depeasanting" process that accompanies each & results in an "agrarian proletariat wrenched, with greater or lesser violence, from the land." D. Abrahams.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- CHAPTER I. Europe and the Theologico-Political Problem -- CHAPTER II. Machiavelli and the Fecundity of Evil -- CHAPTER III. Hobbes and the New Political Art -- CHAPTER IV. Locke, Labor, and Property -- CHAPTER V. Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers -- CHAPTER VI. Rousseau, Critic of Liberalism -- CHAPTER VII. Liberalism after the French Revolution -- CHAPTER VIII. Benjamin Constant and the Liberalism of Opposition -- CHAPTER IX. François Guizot: The Liberalism of Government -- CHAPTER X. Tocqueville: Liberalism Confronts Democracy -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Index