Suchergebnisse

Customs or cultural traditions may be defined as those forms of behaviour (activities, beliefs, values) which change so slowly that they give the impression of not changing at all, and are so because they are promoted throughout society. The complete set of such forms of behaviour for a given social group or whole society is the culture of that group or society. Traditions or customs are those ways of doing things which work in a particular geographic or social environment—they promote a society's interests and facilitate the achievement of common goals. Some customs travel but many do not: cultural traditions may cease to work in their own society, or be rejected by former adherents if there have been radical changes in locality or conditions. More often than not, however, people continue to activate old customs even when these customs have long ceased to be fulfil a social function in homes or in a new setting. There are two types of cultural tradition. The first is those that promote the general welfare of the group or community as a whole such as sharing and cooperation. These 'benign' customs are nearly strategies for survival in resourcepoor environments, as in the words of a proverb: Me'a si'i, femolimoli'i; me'a lahi, takitaha kai' (food in scarcity you must always share; in abundance, though, you need not care). As society expands in terms of membership, space and structure, things become more complex and a new category of traditional practices begins to emerge. These constitute our second class of customs and values and their function is to maintain or consolidate the power of the ruling élite. An example of this are political cultural traditions such as the kava ceremony which shows through the positioning of the participants how power is distributed (and should remain so) in a community, and how food and other resources should be shared or distributed. In the kava ceremony, while the beverage is being prepared, food in the form of cooked pork, sugar cane, or ripe bananas, is also distributed. But only the participating chiefs and their ceremonial attendants get a share, with the largest portion going to the highest-ranking chief, and so on. The commoners, who do all the work on such occasions, get very little or miss out altogether. Such rituals are object lessons or social theatre aimed at showing precisely where power lies. These two types of customs and values exist in all societies which have attained a certain level of complexity. The particular customs or traditions may vary from society to society due mainly to differences in environment and evolutionary history. Taken together, they are simply ways in which particular communities can smoothly function in particular environments. They start as required tasks and required constraints necessary for the survival of the community. However, as society becomes increasingly complex, conflicting demands clash more brutally in the social arena. The 'winning' demands become subsequently known as rights (rights are demands which can be made good). Cultural traditions may have the social force of law, though they are not technically legal. But law in the judicial or Benthamite sense is contingent on there being a recognised set of natural rights in the first place. ; AusAID

The attempt to bring peace to Spain on the part of goverment of José I and to extend the principles of the French Revolution to every part of life could not leave the army aside and thus we study three of the different but complementing measures taken by José¿s I goverment aimed at filfilling such objectives. First, the serious situation of the retired, pensioners, widows and army pensioners mirrors the evident general impoverished situation too. We will show the different meaures taken by the goverment of José I to amend this situation. He will completely fail in it though. Second, the wish to separate the civil and military administrations will lead to the Bill discussed during the last days of October 1809 to create the rank of War and Distribution supervisor responsible for the economic administration of every branch of the army. At the same time the rank of army quatermaster will be abolished but not its title. Last, we will supply information about Gonzalo O¿Farrill¿s report and plan for a Bill that reflects the need to destroy the old rank-biased law system for a new one that abolish the privileges and exemptions in the old system that will treat soldiers as citizens serviing the flag, with inalianable rights, among them the most important one the right to a fair and equal trial. At the same time, it should stop the interference of the army higher ranks in the region of civil life opposing to it, as a political weapon of the goverment, the ordinary law and courts. ; El intento de pacificar a España por parte del gobierno josefino y de trasladar a todos los ámbitos de su vida los principios emanados de la Revolución Francesa no podían olvidar al estamento militar, y de este modo hemos estudiado tres de las distintas y complementarias medidas encaminadas a conseguir tales fines. De una parte, la evidente depauperización generalizada, se refleja también, gravísimamente, en los jubilados, retirados, viudas y pensionistas militares; mostraremos los diferentes mecanismos arbitrados por el gobierno josefino para paliar tal situación, si bien fracasará estrepitosamente en tal intento. En segundo lugar, el deseo de separar la administración militar y civil se plasmará en el proyecto debatido en los últimos días de octubre de 1809 acerca de la creación del cuerpo de Comisarios Ordenadores y de Guerra encargados de la administración económica de todos los ramos del ejército al mismo tiempo que se suprimirá el grado de Intendente de Ejército aunque no su título. Por último hablaremos del informe y proyecto de decreto de Don Gonzalo O¿Farrill sobre la necesidad de destruir el viejo sistema judicial regimental a favor de uno nuevo en el que se supriman cuantos privilegios y exenciones pudieran existir dentro de su fuero y tratando al soldado como a un ciudadano bajo las banderas, con unos derechos naturales inalienables, de entre los cuales, el primordial es el derecho a una justicia justa e igualitaria, al mismo tiempo que se frena la injerencia de los jefes militares españoles en la esfera de la vida civil, al esgrimir como arma política del Gobierno, frente a tal tendencia, las leyes y tribunales ordinarios.

The two writers whose visions of a utopian future for humanity Malthus chiefly sought to puncture through his principle of population were Godwin and Condorcet. The objection Malthus had to both was that the prosperous and egalitarian society they envisaged would be undermined by the population growth it brought about. As Malthus himself acknowledged, this was not a novel argument: in the second (1803) edition of the Essay, he listed the authors from whom he had "deduced the principle"—David Hume, Robert Wallace, Adam Smith, and Richard Price. Wallace, the closest among these four to being a Utopian thinker, explicitly saw population growth as clouding the future: unlimited increase would impair prosperity, but efforts by the society to curtail it would require "cruel and unnatural customs."Wallace's views of Utopia are set out in his book Various Prospects of Mankind, Nature and Providence, published in 1761. There are twelve "prospects" in all. The first is titled "A general view of the imperfections of human society, and of the sources from whence they flow"; the second presents a "model of a perfect government"; the third investigates the feasibility of this model; and the fourth adduces the proposition "The preceding model of government, tho' consistent with the human passions and appetites, is upon the whole inconsistent with the circumstances of mankind upon the Earth." The remaining prospects go further into the natural world, the nature of happiness, and the afterlife. Prospects I and IV are excerpted below.Under a perfect government, "poverty, idleness, and war [would be] banished; the earth made a paradise; universal friendship and concord established, and human society rendered flourishing in all respects." Yet paradoxically, such a society would be overturned "not by the vices of men, or their abuse of liberty, but by the order of nature itself." This objection is enough to defeat the "airy systems" of the Utopians. Wallace calls for a middle way for government and society, "to set just bounds to every thing according to its nature, and to adjust all things in due proportion to one another." He writes: "it is more contrary to just proportion, to suppose that such a perfect government should be established in such circumstances, than that by permitting vice, or the abuse of liberty in the wisdom of providence, mankind should never be able to multiply so greatly as to overstock the earth."Wallace was born in Edinburgh in 1697 and died there in 1771. He was a presbyterian minister who held various offices in the Church of Scotland. In addition to the Prospects, his other major works were Characteristics of the Present Political State of Great Britain (1758) and Dissertation on the Numbers of Mankind in Antient and Modern Times (1753). The latter included a vigorous rejoinder to Hume's argument (in his Dissertation on the Numbers of Mankind, published the preceding year) that the classical world was not more populous than the present. Wallace's argument for the populousness of ancient nations supported the view earlier put by Montesquieu—who arranged for a French translation of Wallace's book.Modern editions of Wallace's writings appear in the series Reprints of Economic Classics published by Augustus M. Kelley, New York.

The internal mechanism of the existence of an economic system that ensures the interaction of economic phenomena is twofolded by its nature. The existence of a system can be expressed by the abundance of limit twofoldednesses: objectivity - subjectivity; naturalness - artificiality; self-organisation - organisation; accidentality - regularity; chaos - order; appearance - disappearance; complexity - simplicity; closedness - openness; statics - dynamics; stability - variability; freedom - compulsion; influence from personalities - influence from political groups; etc.The twofoldedness of existence of an economic system has an objective and subjective foundation: on the one hand, the existence is determined by regularities of functioning of the major complex systems; on the other hand, their dynamics is affected by the subjective factor, its diverse forms of manifestation, including the intellect that can foresee the variants of system development and turn it the direction wanted. People can recognise processes and influence them. People can create new life styles and alternative behaviour.I would assume that some kinds of twofoldedness of existence of an economic system should be considered initial ones transferring essential natural features into others. The comprehension of the natural twofoldedness is an important step in modelling derivative, transitional periods. To natural twofoldedness could be ascribed naturalness - artificiality, and self-organisation - organisation.The economic system is noted by way of self-organisation on the whole. The self-organisation of an economic system is a universal and general principle for its emergence and existence that does not depend on time and place (in place and time, certainly, only the form and range, the acknowledgement and negation, the limitation and encouragement of self-organisation may differ).A concrete economic system is noted for its exact way of external organisation, i.e., a concrete economic system has its own specifics. The organisation of the economic system depends on time and place, on goals of subjects participating in it and on their competence. In other words, different economic systems are noted for different ways of conscious organisation. Organisation could be regarded as a quality consciously ascribed to the economic system and improvement of the universal from of movement of the matter. If we want to understand the peculiarities of one or another economic system, we have to establish its structure and special ways of organisation.With regard to origin, functioning and possible transformation of the economic system, the following organisational forms of its existence should be specified: a) economic self-organisation that describes economics as a spontaneously developing, self-renewing. continuous phenomenon; b) economic organisation that introduces economics as an externally developed artificial phenomenon; c) economic disorganisation that expresses partial or whole destruction of organisation of the system and describes economics as an externally improved and modified artificial phenomenon; d) economic reorganisation that involves partial or whole construction of organisation of the system and describes economics as an externally renewed artificial phenomenon. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas ekonominės sistemos dvilypumas, kuris reiškia jos gyvavimo procesų išsiskaidymą, susidvejinimą ir priešingumą. Prie svarbiausių prigimtinių dvilypumų priskiriamas natūralumas - dirbtinumas ir organizacija - saviorganizacija. Ekonominės sistemos funkcionavimas susijęs su prigimtinių dvilypumų derinimusi, o ekonominės sistemos transformacija reiškia perėjimą nuo vieno dvilypumo prie kito. Visa tai savo ruožtu sukelia prieštaravimus, kritinius momentus ir kritines ribas. Straipsnyje atskleidžiama svarbiausių dvilypumų esmė ir konkrečios raiškos formos.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Fragestellungen zur Integration und Transformation auf den europäischen Agrar- und Ernährungsmärkten untersucht. Eine Weiterentwicklung der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik, die anstehende Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union (EU) sowie Auswirkungen von Ausländischen Direktinvestitionen (ADI) im Ernährungssektor mittel- und osteuropäischer Transformationsländer werden mit Hilfe von partiellen und allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen simuliert. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die separate, quantitative Analyse ausgewählter Aspekte der Integration und Transformation sowie das Aufzeigen von Wechselwirkungen zwischen ihnen. Die Ergebnisse sollen dazu dienen, die politischen Rahmenbedingungen in der europäischen Agrar- und Ernährungswirtschaft zu verbessern. Als Hauptinstrumente einer neuen EU-Agrarpolitik werden einheitliche Boden- und Arbeitssubventionen verbunden mit einem weiteren Abbau des Außenschutzes untersucht. Diese würden zu wesentlich geringeren Verzerrungen auf den Produktmärkten und zu deutlichen Budgeteinsparungen gegenüber der derzeitigen Situation führen. Eine einheitliche Bodensubvention mit einer weitergehenden Liberalisierung wird auch als Politikoption für die EU-Osterweiterung analysiert. Der Handel mit Agrar- und Ernährungsgütern innerhalb einer erweiterten EU würde sich in einigen Szenarien verdoppeln. Durch Handelsgewinne und Transferzahlungen aus dem EU-Budget käme es in den Beitrittsländern zu einem Wohlfahrtsgewinn in Höhe von etwa zwei Prozent des Bruttosozialprodukts. Die Bedeutung von ADI im Transformationsprozeß sollte nicht überschätzt werden. Die Modellrechnungen ergeben, daß der Zustrom von ADI seit 1992 zu einem zusätzlichen jährlichen Wachstum des Bruttosozialprodukts von unter einem Prozent in den mitteleuropäischen Ländern und in den Nachfolgestaaten der Sowjetunion geführt hat. Durch zusätzlichen Technologietransfer profitiert die Agrarwirtschaft nicht immer von ADI in der Nahrungsmittelverarbeitung. Grund hierfür sind zum Teil Einsparungen bei der Verwendung landwirtschaftlicher Rohprodukte. Schließlich zeigt die Analyse von ADI in der polnischen Zuckerindustrie, daß handelspolitische Eingriffe, wie z.B. Produktionsquoten, die lokalen Auswirkungen von ADI stark beeinflussen können. ADI sind nur dann deutlich wohlfahrtssteigernd, wenn sie auf relativ unverzerrten Märkten getätigt werden. Die verbesserte Wettbewerbssituation in der Zuckerindustrie würde zu teilweise deutlichen Gewinnen für die Zuckerrübenproduzenten führen. ; This dissertation consists of four essays covering various aspects of integration and transition on European agricultural and food markets. Further reform of the European Union's (EU) Common Agricultural Policy, a prospective Eastern enlargement, and the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in food industries of the transition countries are analyzed using partial as well as general equilibrium modeling approaches. The overall objective of the study is to quantify these processes separately as well as to demonstrate various interactions between them. The results should be useful for improving the political and economic environment in the European agricultural and food sector. In the discussion about further reform of the Common Agricultural Policy, uniform payments on agricultural land and labor have been proposed in connection with further reductions of border protection. The analysis shows that these policy options would be much less distortionary on product markets and they would lead to significant reductions in budget expenditures compared to the present situation. Furthermore, a uniform payment on land together with further liberalization is also analyzed as a policy option for the EU Eastern enlargement. Trade in agricultural and food products in an enlarged EU would double in some scenarios. Gains from trade and transfer payments from the EU budget would add up to a welfare gain of about two percent of total gross domestic product in the new member countries. The impact of FDI in the transition process should not be over-estimated. The model calculations show that total FDI inflows since 1992 induced additional economic growth of less than one percent per year in the Central European countries and the former Soviet Union. Additional transfers of new technologies into the food industry do not necessarily improve the situation in primary agriculture. The reason is partly input saving technical change which reduces the demand for agricultural raw products. Finally, the analysis of FDI in the Polish sugar industry reveals that trade policy interventions, like production quotas, have a strong influence on the local impact of FDI. Foreign investment is welfare improving to the local economy only if it occurs on more or less undistorted markets. Improved competition in the sugar industry would lead to considerable gains for local sugar beet producers.

In the context of feminist and postmodern thought, traditional conceptions of masculinity and what it means to be a "Real Man" have been critiqued. In Genevieve Lloyd's The Man of Reason, this critique takes the form of exposing the effect that the distinctive masculinity of the "man of reason" has had on the history of philosophy. One major feature of the masculine‐feminine dichotomy will emerge as a key notion for understanding the rest of the paper: the dichotomy of reason‐feeling, a parallel and a foundational aspect to the dichotomy of masculinity and femininity. In exploring the history of symbolic conceptions of masculinity in ancient Greece, the Renaissance, and the present, one finds that the oppression of women is integrally linked to the traditional tie between masculinity and reason. There have been many efforts in recent feminist philosophy to rewrite or redefine "Woman" in such a way as to alleviate the oppression of women. I argue that the effectiveness of rewriting Woman for this purpose is problematic, primarily because any rewriting of this type must occur in the current historical context of hierarchical dualisms, like Man‐Woman, masculine‐feminine, male‐female. These binary oppositions arguably find their roots in Pythagorean philosophy and can be traced through the Renaissance to our current historical context. It is these dualisms that have traditionally valued the masculine side of the Man‐Woman dichotomy more than the feminine. Further, it will be argued that the hierarchical dualism of Man and Woman is so pervasive that if we rewrite or redefine the inferior, deprivileged side of that dualism, we cannot correct its devalued status. Instead, we redefine that which is undervalued but retain its devalued status. This particular aspect of attempts to critique hierarchical dualisms like reason and feeling has been reflected in the writings of many feminists, male and female. This paper will show that in cases where women attempt to redefine the dichotomy by revaluing the traditionally feminine (like feelings and emotions) over the traditionally masculine (like reason) their work is often mistakenly criticized for being purely political; conversely, when men attempt to redefine the same dichotomy in an attempt to allow men to "get back in touch with their feelings," to be nurturers, their work is described in terms of providing a better epistemology. The current literature on masculinity explores alternatives to rewriting or redefining Woman that try to avoid the problem of status remaining with redefinition. This alternative is rewriting or redefining Man. Through redefining Man, one may be able to reconceptualize the privileged side of the hierarchical dualism in such a way that it is no longer privileged. Deprivileging, as well as redefining Man, is argued by theorists of masculinity to be possible because while the devalued status of the inferior side of a hierarchical dualism tends to keep the same status when redefined, it may be possible to redefine the privileged side of the dualism in such a way that it loses its privileged status. Unfortunately, many of these attempts to rewrite or redefine masculinity have detrimental faults of their own. Finally, this paper will discuss more promising possibilities for new definitions of Man, as well as a vision for better interaction between the work of women and men in general.

This paper examines the economic adaptations and subsistence hunting involvement of households between the ages of 20 and 35 in the Copper Inuit community of Holman. Social, economic, and political changes throughout the Canadian Arctic have made it impossible for young adults to pursue the same mixed economic strategies as previous generations. A general decrease in subsistence hunting involvement is characteristic of the younger generation. Nevertheless, some young householders have made a conscious effort to remain active in subsistence hunting and fishing to provide for themselves and related households. Some have even increased subsistence hunting involvement as their own parents age and become increasingly infirm. Other householders are less active in hunting and fishing, but continue to view land-based harvesting as central to a sense of Inuit identity. The motivations, economic position, and family background of a sample of active and less active young adult hunters are explored in an attempt to understand the pressures experienced by young adults as they strive to make a place in a northern society radically different from that of their parents at a similar age. While the authors recognize the economic value of subsistence harvesting and the foods that result from it, we also emphasize the less easily quantified dimensions of subsistence ideology and its impact upon physical health, psychological well-being, and community integration.Key words: subsistence, harvest effort, Inuit identity, young adults, food sharing, health, self-esteem ; Cet article examine les adaptations économiques et l'activité de chasse de subsistance de chefs de ménage âgés de 20 à 35 ans, dans la communauté Copper Inuit de Holman. Les changements sociaux, économiques et politiques qui ont eu lieu dans tout l'Arctique canadien ont fait qu'il est impossible pour les jeunes adultes de poursuivre les mêmes stratégies d'économie mixte que les générations précédentes. La génération la plus jeune se caractérise par une diminution généralisée de l'activité de chasse de subsistance. Néanmoins, certains jeunes chefs de ménage ont fait un effort conscient pour poursuivre la chasse et la pêche de subsistance afin de subvenir à leurs propres besoins et à ceux de ménages apparentés. Certains consacrent même plus de temps à la chasse de subsistance à mesure que leurs propres parents vieillissent et deviennent physiquement incapables de se livrer à ces activités. D'autres chefs de ménage se consacrent maintenant moins à la chasse et à la pêche, mais continuent de considérer le prélèvement des ressources naturelles comme essentielle à l'identité inuit. On a exploré les motivations, la situation économique et les antécédents familiaux d'un échantillon de jeunes chasseurs adultes, certains plus actifs que d'autres, afin d'essayer de comprendre les pressions ressenties par les jeunes adultes alors qu'ils luttent pour se faire une place dans une société nordique radicalement différente de celle de leurs parents au même âge. Bien que les auteurs reconnaissent la valeur économique de la récolte de subsistance et de la nourriture qui en résulte, ils insistent aussi sur la dimension plus difficile à qualifier de l'idéologie de subsistance, et sur ses retombées sur la santé physique, le bien-être psychologique et l'intégration de la collectivité.Mots clés: subsistance, temps consacré au prélèvement, identité inuit, jeunes adultes, partage de la nourriture, santé, estime de soi

[Extract] The Senate Standing Committee on Employment Education and Training's recent Report on Priorities for Reform in Higher Education commented that Universities have produced law graduates who "are usually well grounded in the knowledge and skills essential to the practice" of the legal profession, but who are not familiar in any disciplined sense with the society in which they are going to practise their chosen profession, who are not analytical, creative thinkers, whose education does not provide the basis for adequate flexibility, who are not sufficiently attuned to the need for "lifelong" learning, and who are not good communicators. In short, the Committee noted, "Australia is producing highly training technicians who are under-educated in the broader sense of the term". A major factor highlighted by the Committee was the low quality of teaching in the education sector. It is difficult to argue against these comments made by the Senate Committee, and their application to law teaching in Australian Universities. They substantially describe my own experience as a law student, researcher and teacher in law schools since 1980. The focus of law teaching in university law schools, with a few notable exceptions is narrow, focusing primarily on exposition of legal doctrine, and rather halfheartedly, its application, with scant regard for the history, philosophy and political economy of the society within which law is practised and enforced. Despite some undoubted progress during the last few decades, law schools still have some way to go to break down the strong focus of professionalism and specialisation, where "knowledge has become cut up into innumerable separate parcels", with a "specialist profession" as "custodian and user of each of these parcels". A few years ago, in a perceptive article about the history of legal scholarship in Australia, Chesterman and Weisbrot pointed out that Australian legal scholarship has been "predominantly positivist" and unquestioning, eschewing any recognition of legal pluralism. A major factor encouraging the development of this approach has been the particularly close link between legal education and the legal profession.6 Until recently, university law faculties were "generally viewed as adjuncts to the legal profession, rather than truly academic institutions dedicated to liberal educational aims". Law teaching was carried out mostly by practitioners, and there were very few fulltime academics. Little legal research was done, and the general approach in courses taught was fairly uniform. What distinguished Australian legal education from the English system was that the professional authorities did not themselves take responsibility for the "practitioners" subjects such as Evidence, Procedure and Conveyancing. Instead the law schools became "trade schools" providing almost all of the substantive law courses required for admission to practice. The professional authorities were not prepared to accord recognition for professional entry purposes to a university law degree unless it had a substantial "hard law" content in subjects directly relevant to legal practice.9 As Chesterman and Weisbrot noted: Australian university law schools, having won the right to be the principal providers of legal education and socialisation, also inherited the imperatives of practice from the profession. This included the empiricist tradition of English legal training, with its emphasis on pragmatic, inductive reasoning, and its lack of concern for sociological jurisprudence.

Bibliography: pages 296-303. ; This dissertation involves a case study in the application of job evaluation in the City Council of Cape Town. The purpose was to gain insight into the dynamics of the process in a local government environment from the point of view of principal actors - political office bearers, senior officials, trade unions, compensation specialists and employees at large. The methodology was that of "participant-as-observer" and "complete participant". Complementing this was extensive use of primary documentation. A survey using a structured questionnaire was administered to other major local authorities to identify job evaluation usage. The introductory chapter provides an overview of the concept of job evaluation, its principles and practice and the different methods employed. The historical and contemporary usage of job evaluation both abroad and in South Africa is covered in the following chapter. The most prevalent systems are described including the Five Factor System applied in the City Council. Methodological issues are aired in the following chapter whilst Chapter 4 provides context to the study through an analysis of the structure and function of the constituent organisational parts and a review of policies and practices relevant to the personnel/remuneration process. In Chapter 5 the background to formal job evaluation in the organisation is traced by focusing on the salary and wage negotiating process 'leading in' to the decision to introduce formal job evaluation. A review of an earlier evaluation of senior management posts using the Hay method is also presented. Chapter 6 provides an overview of the principles and practice of Council's job evaluation programme, primarily from the perspective of the compensation specialists. It describes the rationale for the choice of procedures and provides further insight into the method adopted. Each phase is considered in the light of accepted practice. Chapters 7, 8 and 9 are focal points in the study and deal with senior management response, union perspectives and employee reaction to the plan. The analysis oscillates between micro and macro issues, examining the interplay of system content, procedures and differing value orientations. Perspectives of senior management are critically examined and assessed where possible against objective evidence. Discussion of the issues brought forward by management is pursued in order to place these within a framework of principle and practice. The contrasting roles of the two trade unions provide the central focus in Chapter 8. One adopted a participative approach aimed at monetary benefit; the other showed a preference for negotiation based on results of the job evaluation, emphasising factors not included in the formal system. Chapter 9 examines employee grievances as an indicator of employee acceptance applying equity theory. Grievance factors are analysed and mini case studies of responses to perceived inequity are illustrated. In the concluding chapter some specific recommendations for improvement to the system and its application are made as well as conclusions applicable to job evaluation in general. The overall conclusion reached is that deficiencies in systemic, procedural and value dimensions led to partial attainment of objectives - this attributable to an absence of commitment. The absence of organisational consensus created tension in the equilibrium of the organisation. With the new structure installed, secondary benefits of a more conscious corporate approach are being manifested through system maintenance.

Il semble que le débat sur les débuts et la nature de la Géographie appliquée et sur l'aménagement du territoire se pose dans des termes analogues à ceux qui ont entouré la naissance de l'urbanisme moderne. Les penseurs utopiques, aussi bien que les "fonctionnaires", ont réfléchi sur l'espace agraire et la possibilité de son utilisation à des finalités à caractère économique ou politico-social. On peut considérer la recherche de l'équilibre territorial et, en général, la volonté d'ordre spatial liées au discours agronomique depuis le XVIIIème siècle comme étant les débuts de cette réflexion. Avec les nouvelles politiques de réforme de l'agriculture Espagnole du XIXème siècle se développe un processus d'objectivation du territoire en tant que condition préalable de son contrôle. Ce processus s'exprime dans l'élaboración de rapports et de topographies statistiques, médicales ou fiscales dans lesquelles la connaissance des données spatiales est étroitement liée à l'hypothèse du réaménagement territorial. Dans l'agrarianisme espagnol du XIXème siècle on doit souligner le souci du problème de la distribution de la population rurale. L'idéal du "peuplement rationnel" de Jovellanos, associé, comme chez Rousseau, à des positions anti-urbaines et d'équilibre territorial, devient la formulation de Fermín Caballero concernant "l'encouragement de la population rurale" déjà dans la deuxième moitié du XIXème siècle; une position davantage liée à la productivité et qui cherche à imposer un ordre homogène dans tout le territoire au moyen de la création du "coto redondo acasarado" et la dispersion absolute de la population rurale. Ce "modèle territorial" fait partie d'un project qui prétend la mise en valeur uniforme de l'espace agraire moyennant la répartition homogène de la population, des éléments de l'infrastructure aussi bien que des services. ; The debate on the origins and nature of applied geography and regional planning appears to be stated in analogous terms to the birth of modern urbanism. Not only utopian intellectuals but also "civil servants" have meditated on the rural environment and the possibility of its utilization for economic or socio-political ends. The search for regional balance, and, in general, the quest for spatial order present in agronomical discussion since the eighteenth century can be considered to be the origins of such meditation. New reform policies applied in Spanish agriculture in the nineteenth century mark the beginning of a process of definition of the rural environment as a prerequesite for its control. This process is achieved through the production of statistical, medica1 and legal documents and topographies in which the understanding of spatially organized statistics is closely related to regional planning hypotheses. In nineteenth century Spanish agrarianism, the preocupation with the problem of the distribution of rural population stands out. Jovellano's ideal of "rational settlement", which, as in Rousseau's theory, was associated with an anti-urban focus and regional balance, is replaced, in the second half of the nineteenth century, by Fermin Caballero's ideas on the enouragement of rural settlement. Cabellero's is a much more productive point of view, an attempt to impose homogeneous order in the entire region by means of individual farm units, possesing contiguous properties ("coto redondo acasarado") and the total dispersion of the rural population. This "regional model" formed part of a project which aimed at the uniform valuing of the rural environment by means of the homogeneous distribution of population, infraestructures and "service" elements.

The development and allocation of the water resourcse within a state require water planners to prepare plans far in advance of the actual time new facilities are required. It is not easy to identify and evaluate all the possible alternatives for providing water which incorporate broad objectives such as economic efficiency, social welfare, regional development, recreation benefits, and conservation of environment. Water resources development entails the modification of a natural hydrologic system to better meet man's needs. The interrelationships among elements of the hydrologic system to better meet man's needs. The interrelationships among elements of the hydrologic system are relatively simple in comparison to the social, legal, economic, and institutional interdependencies involved. The relationships are so complex as to require that planning of water resource development be accomplished on a systems basis. It has become apparent that water resource planning must consider mass transfer of water encompassing areas which have potential for economic growth competing with other areas already highly developed economically. The wisest political decisions and the greatest benefit to the public will result if a method is used to explore the probable consequences of alternative water resources development and management policies and plans. The objective of this study is to extend the capability of systems analysis and operations research to the problem of interregional planning of water resources allocation for the State of Utah. The hydrologic characteristics and cost of water in each of the ten hydrologic study units of the state were determined. Hydrolgoci data from hydrologic inventories and estimates from the Utah Division of Water Resources were used to determine availability, reservoir storage-draft relationships, evaporation loss from reservoirs, agricultural use return flow, and municipal and industrial use return flow. Cost data were developed for storage facilities, diversion and canal works, artificial recharge facilties, treatment of waste water, and treatment of municipal supply. Supply functions for water in each of the ten hydrologic study units of the state were determined. Two sets of functions were developed--one for agricultural use and one for municipal and industrical use. Parametric linear programming was employed to develop a function map of the shadow price (marginal cost) of water for each of the two uses. The shadow price of imported water (value) to each of the study units was also determined to show the possible economic consequences of inter-basin transfers. In general, imported water was of little or no value if water presently being evaporated from Great Salt Lake is available for diversion upstream. A statewide model was developed to determine a least-cost allocation of water resources to meet projected requirements. This linear programming allocation model was developed subject to constraints such as hydrologic characteristics, limits on inter-basin transfers, limits on artificial groundwater recharge, and existing water requirements. Parametric programming was utilized to determine the impact of changing availability which reflects policies regarding inflow requirements of the Great Salt Lake and interstate agreemetns, increased agricultural use and municiapl and industrical use which reflects population increases projected for the future and changing groundwater availability which reflects legal constraints. The primary facotr affecting inter-basin transfer of Colorado River water is the degree to which evaporation from Great Salt Lake is reduced.

Durante las últimas décadas se ha verificado en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (RMBA) un notable proceso de génesis y consolidación de formas alternativas de transporte. El mismo responde a un conjunto de factores, entre los que destaca el surgimiento de movilidades vulnerables ligadas tanto al deterioro de la accesibilidad, como a la degradación del transporte público. Sin embargo estas condiciones también derivan de procesos más amplios que modificaron profundamente la estructura socio-territorial metropolitana y nacional. Así se observa la consolidación de una sociedad marcadamente dual, con profundas brechas riqueza-pobreza y en la que los contrastes hipermovilidad - inmovilidad se constituyen en rasgos distintivos. Nuestro trabajo presenta datos empíricos e inferencias siguiendo la hipótesis de que en la RMBA se ha consolidado una fase de movilidad estratificada, la que asociada a procesos de segregación socio-territorial, potencia las fragmentaciones preexistentes. Tras el objetivo de describir e interpretar la aparición y consolidación del transporte alternativo en la región, el estudio ofrece un panorama general sobre las principales características de la movilidad diaria, desde los años 70 hasta la actualidad, referida tanto a modos masivos tradicionales como a los alternativos (legales e ilegales). Consideramos asimismo, grandes lineamientos políticos, procesos de urbanización y características sociodemográficas prevalecientes en los distintos sectores o distritos que conforman la metrópolis. Para el sostén de los argumentos planteados analizamos articuladamente diversas fuentes secundarias y primarias: estadísticas sectoriales oficiales, observación de campo, entrevistas y estudios específicos sobre la temática. ; During the last decades a remarkable process of genesis and consolidation of alternative forms of transportation has been verified in the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires (RMBA). It responds to a set of factors, among which the emergence of vulnerable mobility linked to both the deterioration of accessibility and the degradation of public transport. However, these conditions also derive from larger processes that profoundly altered the metropolitan and national socio-territorial structure. Thus we see the consolidation of a society markedly dual, with deep wealth-poverty gaps and in which the hypermobility-immobility contrasts constitute distinctive features. Our paper presents empirical data and inferences following the hypothesis that a stratified mobility phase has been consolidated in the RMBA, which associated with processes of socio-territorial segregation, reinforces the preexisting fragmentations. With the goal of describing and interpreting the emergence and consolidation of alternative transportation in the region, the study provides an overview of the main characteristics of daily mobility, from the 1970's to the present referred to both, traditional and alternative mass modes (legal and illegal). We also consider broad political guidelines, urbanization processes and sociodemographic characteristics prevailing in the different sectors or districts that make up the metropolis. In order to support these arguments, we analyze several secondary and primary sources: official sector statistics, field observation, interviews and specific studies on the subject. ; Fil: Kralich, Susana Haydee. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Geografía "Romualdo Ardissone"; Argentina ; Fil: Pérez, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; Argentina

Los habitantes de la comunidad periqueña, como los de la provincia de Jujuy en general, fueron testigos de una realidad ferroviaria fruto de la conjunción de las políticas nacionales aplicadas al sector, la impronta de los procesos históricos en la región y las particularidades propias de estos espacios. Aunque para más de un contemporáneo el desenlace de principios de los noventa se presentó como una "muerte anunciada", no fueron pocos los que, a lo largo de los años, apostaron a un cambio y orientaron esfuerzos a identificar obstáculos y dimensionar el problema, buscando receptividad en la opinión pública y/o en las esferas gubernamentales. A partir tanto de la identificación de voces de actores sociales individuales y colectivos plasmadas en fuentes escritas (informes y discursos oficiales, diarios y revistas, petitorios elevados a los poderes públicos desde la sociedad civil) como de la recuperación de fragmentos de "memoria ferroviaria" que subsisten en algunos habitantes de la localidad jujeña de "Ciudad Perico", el presente artículo propone una aproximación a la incidencia de las políticas ferroviarias sobre realidades económico-sociales regionales singulares y a las representaciones tejidas en torno a la situación del ferrocarril en la provincia norteña, en un marco temporal que recorre desde los años previos a la irrupción del peronismo –signados aún por las secuelas de la crisis económica mundial- hasta finales de la década de 1980, tiempo previo a la instalación sin reservas del neoliberalismo en el horizonte político y económico de gran parte de la dirigencia a lo largo del país, que puso punto final a cualquier expectativa de recuperación y apuntalamiento del transporte ferroviario. ; The inhabitants of Perico Community, and also those of the province of Jujuy, were witness of a railway reality that was the result of the conjunction of national policies applied to the sector, the mark of historical process in the region and the typical particularities of these spaces. Although for more than a contemporary man the early 1990's outcome took shape of an "announced death", they were not few those that, throughout the years, betted for a change and directed efforts to identify the obstacles and to measure the problem, looking for receptivity in public opinion and/or in the spheres of government. On the basis of the identifi cation of individual and collective social actors voices contained in written sources (offi cial discourses and reports, newspapers and reviews, requests lodged to public power since civil society) and also based on fragments of "railway memoirs" that subsist in some inhabitants of "Perico City", in Jujuy, this article proposes an approximation to the impact of railways policies on singular regional economic and social realities and to the representations weaved around the situation of railway in the northern province, in a period of time that covers since the years that preceding Peronism irruption –still marked by the after-effects of global economic crisis- until the end of 1980's, before the setting up of liberalism, without reserves, in the political and economic horizon of a great part of the leading sectors along the country, that put an end to any hope of recovery and shoring-up of the rail transport.

Poster for Brooks Hays' gubernatorial campaign ; BROOKS HAYS PLANS TO PUT ARKANSAS ON THE MOVE NEW IDEAS FOR A NEW ARKANSAS It's a new day in Arkansas, a great day. At last we have a chance to vote for a man who all his life has stood for what is right. The stands Brooks Hays took in the past are important—they show where he will be in the future. He is THE candidate with a steady record of serving ALL the people—teachers, working people, school children, the men who build industries—rich and poor alike. Brooks Hays will bring new jobs, new opportunity, new industry to Arkansas. SPEAKING ON JOBS, BROOKS HAYS has said publicly that his goal would be to improve the income of Arkansas workers by at least 20 percent. He also has a vital interest in every man having a chance to hold the best job of which he is capable. He has a definite manpower program for training and educating through vocational schools and colleges ALL people for better paying jobs. FOR PENSIONERS, BROOKS HAYS is committed to a goal of raising the old age pension checks from $75 to $125 a month. This can be done through a change in the Federal formula with no tax increase. He has said publicly that he feels a person has a right to live in dignity in his old age. IN EDUCATION, BROOKS HAYS is committed to better education opportunities for ALL Arkansas school children. He favors providing free textbooks and the elimination of student fees as rapidly as funds are available to do this without interfering with other areas of the school program. He stands for free kindergartens for pre-school children. He has pledged himself to raise ALL teacher salaries at least $500 a year until they reach the national average. He has committed himself on support of a teacher tenure law to insure job security. IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER!!! IF YOU WISH TO VOTE FOR OTHER CANDIDATES BESIDES GOVERNOR YOU MUST VOTE DEMOCRATIC JULY 26! WHY?? Because the Democratic ballot will list all candidates for your choice like this : APPROXIMATE DEMOCRATIC BALLOT Senator and Congressmen □ GOVERNOR-BROOKS HAYS X Six other candidates □ State Officers □ Supreme Court and Chancellors □ State Legislators □ County Officials such as sheriff, judge, clerk, collector, etc □ Local officials □ The Republican ballot has only one contest for Governor and NO OTHER RACES ARE LISTED.* APPROXIMATE REPUBLICAN BALLOT 1. The Republican candidate to be on November ballot 2. His opponent YOU WILL NOT RECEIVE BOTH BALLOTS YOU MUST CHOOSE * One other race in Pulaski only. YOU CAN VOTE DEMOCRATIC JULY 26 FOR STATE AND LOCAL OFFICIALS AND CHOOSE AGAIN IN THE NOVEMBER GENERAL ELECTION. POINT OF LAW!! The Voter Registration Law does NOT require PARTY registration !! BROOKS HAYS CAN GET THINGS DONE IN WASHINGTON HE IS A FRIEND AND ADVISOR TO PRESIDENTS "Brooks Hays has been a tower of strength in Congress, a friend and valued advisor . a great public servant." -John F. Kennedy "As always, you are doing the usual highly effective job that I-and all your friends expect of you, whatever the task." -Lyndon B. Johnson VOTE FOR BROOKS HAYS FOR GOVERNOR MARION HOTEL POLITICAL AD PAID FOR BY STEELE HAYS FR 6-3071