Suchergebnisse

Socially desirable responding (SDR) is an often-reported source of bias in survey interviews. It describes the tendency of a respondent to answer in a way that is socially desirable rather than to answer truthfully. This response bias also threatens the reliability and validity of survey-based environmental valuation techniques such as the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Therefore, the study deals with the assessment of the conditions for the occurrence of SDR in CVM interviews. A behavioral model is devised to take into account a set of factors triggering SDR responses. The impact of these factors of SDR on willingness to pay (WTP) responses is tested. The results reveal that the relevant factors do not affect WTP statements simultaneously but rather influence them in an independent manner. These findings can improve future CVM studies by identifying respondents who are prone to be influenced by SDR.

This study aims to assess how to prevent the loss of academic potential due to the full-scale war unleashed by Russia on the territory of Ukraine. The paper establishes the relationship between the location of Ukrainian researchers and their ability to engage in scientific activity and determines the factors that decrease scientific efficiency during the war. Moreover, it identifies the influence of the scientists' place of residence on their scientific efficiency. The sample comprises 172 lecturers from Berdyansk State Pedagogical University, Ukraine. This university was chosen because it was located in the temporarily occupied territory at the beginning of the war and later was relocated to another city. 40.8% of respondents who left the temporarily occupied territory for the Ukraine-controlled territories noted a decrease in the effectiveness of their scientific activities. Furthermore, 33.8% could not think about science at all. The most challenging situation is for those who went abroad: 55.6% show decreased scientific activity, and 27.7% note its complete absence. The most significant reasons that prevent scientific activity are financial instability, lack of access to equipment, loss of relevance of previously started research, inability to concentrate on science, poor quality or lack of Internet, and adaptation to a new residence.

Using a large sample of men, we examine alternative models of the way in which testosterone may influence adult deviant behavior. The results indicate a significant and moderately strong relationship between testosterone and adult deviance, and this relationship between testosterone and adult deviance is largely mediated by the influence of testosterone on social integration and on prior involvement in juvenile delinquency. In addition, testosterone level moderates the relationship of social integration to adult deviance: The restraining influence of social integration is less necessary for men with lower levels of testosterone. Further, prior delinquency interacts with social integration in the same fashion, accounting for much of the moderating effect of testosterone. This pattern of results supports the conclusions that (1) testosterone is one of a larger constellation of factors contributing to a general latent propensity toward deviance and (2) the influence of testosterone on adult deviance is closely tied to social factors. Our findings show that there is considerable promise in a biosocial approach that integrates social and biological explanations, rather than playing them off against one another.

SummaryDEVELOPMENT AND RURAL SOCIAL STRUCTURE: The experiences during more than 20 years of fundamental change in the world after the Second World War have shown that agriculture and rural life remain a serious problem. Notwithstanding many efforts to improve conditions for the production of food, there are more hungry people in the world than ever before. The work of rural sociologists has contributed too little to solving this problem. One reason for this failure may be that rural sociology, in its present form originating from the us A gives too much attention to adjustment problems within the existing social order, too often studies the individual instead of the group, and takes development in the Western world too easily as a model for all development. Rather than study the adjustment problems of individual farmers or small communities, it would be better to undertake studies of the position of the peasant class in the larger society by means of a macro‐sociological approach, and by integrating cultural anthropology and history with rural sociology. Rural sociology should look at agriculture and rural life as they are imbedded in the national social structure, thus broadening its scope, and so become more able to understand the rural revolution.ZusammenfassungENT'WICKLUNG UND LÄNDLICHE SOZIALSTRUKTUREN: Die Erfahrungen über den grundlegenden Wandel in der Welt während der vergangenen 20 Jahre haben gelehrt, dass die Land‐wirtschaft und das Leben auf dem Lande weiter ein ernstes Problem darstcllen. Trotz vieler Anstrengungen, die Grundlagen der Nah‐rungsproduktion zu verbessern, gibt es mehr Hunger in der Welt als je zuvor. Die Arbeit der Landsoziologen hat ziemlich wenig dazu beigetragen, diese Schwierigkeiten zu überwinden. Ein Grund für das Versagen besteht darin, dass die ländliche Soziologie, die in der gegenwärtigen Form ihren Ursprung in den USA hat, zuviel Bedeutung den Anpassungsproblcmen innerhalb der bestehenden Sozial‐ordnung beimisst, dass sie zu sehr das Individuum anstatt die Gruppe sieht und dass sie die Entwicklung der westlichen Welt zu einfach als ein Modell für jeden Entwicklungsprozess nimmt. Besser als die Arbeiten über Anpassung einzelner Landwirte und kleiner Gemeinden wäre, Untersuchungen büer den Standort der Landwirtschaft in der grösseren Gesellschaft mittels makro‐soziologischer Methode und durch Integration der Kulturanthropologie und Kulturgeschichte mit der ländlichen Soziologie durchzüftihren. Diese sollte die Landwirtschaft und das Leben auf dem Lande als Bestandteil der nationalen Sozialstruktur sehen, um so ihren Gesichtskreis zu erweitern und die ländliche Revolution besser erfassen zu können.

Abstract The social psychological dimensions of intergroup consensus and conflict are explored as a framework for interpreting police‐minority group relations The limitations of the cultural systems model (cross cultural perspective) are discussed and an intercultural approach is proposed as an alternative. This model, which focuses on the interpenetration of perspectives in social relations, is applied to the analysis of intergroup relations in both interactional and organizational contexts The specks problems of social coordination presented by the enforcement process are examined as a basis for predicting police‐minority conflict. The implications of the analysis for social policy are outlined in both organizational and interactional terms.

Albert Hirschman fue un gran científico social comprometido con la justicia y la democracia. Este artículo, un pequeño homenaje en su memoria, analiza su libro principal, La estrategia del desarrollo económico, y sus reflexiones sobre la industrialización tardía, la inflación, el déficit de balanza de pagos, la hipótesis de los eslabonamientos y la relación entre la teoría del desarrollo y la teoría económica.