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Signed Asa Bird Gardner. ; Magazine of American history, 1883, 9. 251-265. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Cognitive processing requires the ability to flexibly integrate and process information across large brain networks. How do brain networks dynamically reorganize to allow broad communication between many different brain regions in order to integrate information? We record neural activity from 12 epileptic patients using intracranial EEG while performing three cognitive tasks. We assess how the functional connectivity between different brain areas changes to facilitate communication across them. At the topological level, this facilitation is characterized by measures of integration and segregation. Across all patients, we found significant increases in integration and decreases in segregation during cognitive processing, especially in the gamma band (50–90 Hz). We also found higher levels of global synchronization and functional connectivity during task execution, again particularly in the gamma band. More importantly, functional connectivity modulations were not caused by changes in the level of the underlying oscillations. Instead, these modulations were caused by a rearrangement of the mutual synchronization between the different nodes as proposed by the "Communication Through Coherence" Theory. ; The authors would like to thank all patients for their participation and the IMIM-Hospital del Mar Epilepsy Unit staff for their technical assistance in collecting the data. This work was supported by Gustavo Deco's ERC Advanced Grant: DYSTRUCTURE (n. 295129), from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. (HBP SGA1) and by the Spanish Research Project PSI2013-42091-P. M.L.K. is supported by the ERC Consolidator Grant CAREGIVING (n. 615539) and the Center for Music in the Brain, funded by the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF117).

Political and economic background and record of the GCC from 1981 to the present; future prospects. The Camp David accords, the Iranian revolution, the Soviet presence in Afghanistan and South Yemen, and the Iran-Iraq war; effects on Gulf state cooperation and the formation of the Council.