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Directions of changes in the world economy occurring in recent years show the transition from industrial era economy to knowledge-based economy. Increasing investments in fixed assets is no longer a sufficient way of ensuring permanent economic growth. Research-development activity, innovation and human capital become decisive factors of development. As an essential determinant of the innovativeness level of individual economies are considered expenditures on research and development designed to conduct basic, applied research and development activities as well as effects of these research appearing in the form of innovations. The objective of the article is to analyze correlative connections between the two main variables describing knowledge-based economy, that is between the share of R&D expenditures in GDP and R&D expenditures per capita, and the remaining characteristics of knowledge - based economy. Another aim of the article is to assess the impact of these two variables on the basic macroeconomic indicators in the European Union countries, and, connected with them, to analyze the impact of knowledge-based economy on economic development of these countries. ; Kierunki przemian w gospodarce światowej, zachodzących w ostatnich latach, wskazują na przechodzenie od gospodarki ery industrialnej, opartej na ekonomii skali, do gospodarki wiedzochłonnej, opartej na potencjale technologicznym i innowacyjnym. Zwiększanie inwestycji w środki trwałe nie jest już wystarczającym sposobem na zapewnienie trwałego wzrostu gospodarczego. Czynnikami decydującymi o rozwoju stają się działalność badawczo - rozwojowa (B+R), działalność innowacyjna oraz tzw. kapitał ludzki. Za istotną determinantę poziomu innowacyjności poszczególnych gospodarek uznaje się nakłady na badania i rozwój, przeznaczane na prowadzenie badań podstawowych, stosowanych i prac rozwojowych, jak i efekty tych badań, występujące w postaci innowacyjnych rozwiązań stosowanych w praktyce. Celem artykułu jest analiza związków korelacyjnych między dwiema głównymi zmiennymi opisującymi gospodarkę opartą na wiedzy, tj. między udziałem nakładów na B+R w PKB i nakładami na B+R per capita, a pozostałymi charakterystykami GOW, jak również ocena wpływu tych dwu zmiennych na podstawowe wielkości makroekonomiczne w krajach Unii Europejskiej, a co za tym idzie analiza wpływu gospodarki opartej na wiedzy na rozwój gospodarczy tych krajów.

Introduction /Matej Avbelj and Jan Komarek --Constitutionalism and pluralism in global context /Neil Walker --Rethinking constitutional authority : on the structure and limits of constitutional pluralism /Mattias Kumm --Three claims of constitutional pluralism /Miguel Poiares Maduro --Systems pluralism and institutional pluralism in constitutional law : national, supranational and global governance /Daniel Halberstam --Multilevel constitutionalism and constitutional pluralism /Franz C Mayer and Mattias Wendel --The fallacy of European multilevel constitutionalism /Rene Barents --Federalism as constitutional pluralism : 'letter from America' /Robert Schütze --Out with the new, in with the old - neo-Roman constitutional thought and the enigma of constitutional pluralism in the EU /Ola Zetterquist --Institutional dimension of constitutional pluralism /Jan Komarek --Legal pluralism and institutional disobedience in the European Union /Julio Baquero Cruz --Constitutional disagreement in Europe and the search for pluralism /Gareth Davies --The silent lamb and the deaf wolves /Daniel Sarmiento --Constitutional dialogues, pluralism and conflicting identities /Xavier Groussot --Monism : a tale of the undead /Alexander Somek --Can European integration be constitutional and pluralist--both at the same time? /Matej Avbelj -- --

Leading international economists assess the effects of the 2004 expansion of the European Union.In May 2004 the European Union will undergo the largest expansion in its history when ten countries--Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia--become members. The number of new members and their diversity make this "big bang" enlargement particularly challenging. Not only do these countries vary widely in language, culture, and geography, but also their per capita income is less than half that of existing members. EU officials believe that expanded integration will serve the EU's objectives of peace, stability, prosperity, and democracy; but the less abstract questions of costs and benefits of enlargement are more complex.Each of the chapters in this CESifo volume addresses a different aspect of EU expansion. The contributors, all leading international practitioners and scholars, consider such topics as the effect of euro zone expansion on European Central Bank monetary policy making; using the euro as an external anchor for a national currency; worker migration and income differentials; the Swiss experience with immigration policy in a direct democracy framework; detailed sector analysis using a computable general equilibrium model of the world economy; investment and job creation and destruction in incumbent member countries; and the asymmetric effects of enlargement on high- and low-income incumbent countries. Taken together, the chapters provide useful guidance in shaping the EU policies of the future.

Corruption dynamics in the European Union -- Does competition in the European Union corrupt? -- "Corruption is our friend" : exporting graft in infrastructure, arms, and oil -- The myth of the market : privatization -- Decentralization, democracy, and graft -- The corruption of campaign and party financing -- The pathologies of an international organization -- The European Union, the international political economy, and corruption

"This book explores the work of the European Ombudsman and her or his contribution to holding the EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies to account, through examination of complaints on maladministration, own-initiative inquiries and other proactive efforts. It considers the Ombudsman's current institutional and constitutional position and her or his 'method' of dealing with complaints, and unravels the depth of subject matters that fall under the Ombudsman's remit. A separate chapter focuses on transparency and access to documents. The last part of the book critically reflects upon the present mandate and practice of the Ombudsman, and discusses a number of possible proposals for improvement. This work has interdisciplinary appeal and will engage scholars in law, political science and public administration, as well as EU and national policy-makers."--

Thousands of lobbyists lobby decision-makers in Brussels every day, but little is known about their impact on policy. 'Lobbying in the European Union' addresses this research gap and analyses the conditions under which interest groups can successfully lobby the European institutions