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Human dignity is a classical concept in public international law, and a core element of the human rights machinery built after the Second World War. This book reflects on the past, present and future of the concept of human dignity, focusing on the role of international lawyers in shaping the idea and their potential and actual role in protecting the rights of certain vulnerable groups of contemporary societies, such as migrant women at risk of domestic servitude, the LGB community and indigenous peoples

Preliminary Material /Russell Miller and Rebecca Bratspies -- Foreword: Progress in International Law? /José E. Alvarez -- Progress in International Law – an Explanation of the Project /Russell a. Miller and Rebecca M. Bratspies -- Evidence and Promise of Progress: Increased Interdependence, Rights and Responsibilities, Arenas of Interaction, and the Need for More Cooperative Uses of Armed Force /Jordan J. Paust -- Making Progress in International Institutions and Law /Barry E. Carter -- The Turning Aside. On International Law and Its History /Alexandra Kemmerer -- The Necessity of International Law against the A-normativity of Neo-Conservative Thought /Sergio Dellavalle -- Yom Kippur in Hell: the Empty Life of International Law /Ed Morgan -- Progress in International Organization: a Constitutionalist Reading /Christian Walter -- On the Borders of Justice: an Examination and Possible Solution to the Doctrine of Uti Possidetis /Daniel Luker -- The Evolving Role of Treaties in International Law /Karin Oellers-Frahm -- Customary International Law in the 21St Century /Andrew T. Guzman and Timothy L. Meyer -- Treaties as Domestic Law in the United States /Alex Glashausser -- The "Unsatisfactory Condition" of Customary International Law in the United States /Julian G. Ku -- In Quite a State: the Trials and Tribulations of an Old Concept in New Times /Florian Hoff Mann -- Between Incapacity and Indispensability: Th E United Nations and International Order in the 21St Century /Andreas Paulus -- Coordination of International Organizations — Intellectual Property Law as an Example: Can There Be Safety in Numbers? /Karen Kaiser -- Individual Progress in International Law: Considering Amnesty /Leila Nadya Sadat -- The Challenges of Evaluating NGO "Success" in Cross-Border Rights Initiatives: the Examples of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines and the Autotrim/Customtrim Initiative under the NAFTA Labor Side Agreement /Monica Schurtman -- Paradoxes of Personality: Transnational Corporations, Non-Governmental Organizations and Human Rights in International Law /Russell A. Miller -- Transnational Networks and the International Public Order /Jenia Iontcheva Turner -- Progress in International Adjudication: Revisiting Hudson's Assessment of the Future of International Courts /Cesare P R. Romano -- The "Precedential Judge Hudson"? Rivers, Oceans, Equity, and International Tribunals /Betsy Baker -- The Role of Transnational Judicial Dialogue in Shaping Transnational Speech: International Jurisdictional Conflicts in Hate Speech and Defamation Law /Melissa a. Waters -- Expanding Influence: Regional Human Rights Courts and Death Penalty Abolition /Kelly Parker -- Triumph of Progress: the Embrace of International Commercial Arbitration /Mary a. Bedikian -- International Security and the Use of Force /Abraham D. Sofaer -- Reforming the Security Council to Achieve Collective Security /Brian J. Foley -- Security Multilateralism: Progress and Paradox /Margaret E. McGuinness -- Legality versus Legitimacy and the Use of Force /Petr Válek -- The Phantom of the Neo-Global Era: International Law and the Implications of Non-State Terrorism on the Nexus of Self-Defense and the Use of Force /L. Waldron Davis.

The announcement on September 1, 1909, by Dr. Frederick A. Cook, that he had discovered the north pole on April 21, 1908, and the almost contemporary declaration on September 6th, of Robert A. Peary, of the United States Navy, in command of the Roosevelt, that he had discovered the north pole on April 6, 1909, are, if substantiated, not only international events and scientific achievements of the greatest interest and value, but the culmination of centuries of effort, directed not merely to reach the pole, but to shorten commercial routes by the discovery of a northwestern and northeastern passage, to advance our knowledge of arctic geography and to make known in a disinterested and scientific spirit, the flora, fauna, and the physical configuration of the arctic regions.

Introduction -- States of origin and cultural heritage -- Availability of a legal basis for the return of China's cultural heritage -- Customary international law -- Return of cultural heritage looted during armed conflicts -- Return of cultural heritage stolen and illegally exported in peacetime -- Evolving social and ethical norms : practice of individuals, private museums, and auction houses -- Return of historically removed heritage.

From gunboats to BITs : the evolution of modern international investment law / O. Thomas Johnson, Jr. and Jonathan Gimblett -- Report on manufactures (1791)(excerpt) / Alexander Hamilton -- The defence (1795)(Nos. XIII (excerpt), XIV, XV, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, and XXXVI) / Alexander Hamilton -- Third annual message (1903)(excerpt) / Theodore Roosevelt -- The basis of protection to citizens residing abroad / Elihu Root -- Address before the Pan American Conference on Arbitration and Conciliation (1928) / Calvin Coolidge -- The Hull Formula (1938) / exchange of letters between Cordell Hull and the Mexican government -- Special message to the Congress recommending point 4 legislation (1949) / Harry. S. Truman -- Annual address (World Bank) (1963)(excerpt) / George D. Woods --Statement announcing United States policy on economic assistance and investment security in developing nations (1972) / Richard M. Nixon -- Fourth annual report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy (1973) / Richard M. Nixon -- Statement on international investment policy (1983) / Ronald Reagan -- Statement on international trade and investment policy (2007) / George W. Bush -- Statement by the president on United States commitment to open investment policy (2011) / Barack Obama -- U.S. Inbound foreign direct investment (2011) / Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisers -- The definitive Treaty of Peace (1783) / the Government of the United States of America -- Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between Great Britain and the United States (Jay Treaty) (concluded 1794; entered into force 1796) / the government of the United States of America and Great Britain -- Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights (1923)(excerpts) / the government of the United States of America and Germany -- Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1953) / the government of the United States of America and Japan -- Treaty with Argentina concerning the reciprocal encouragement and protection of investment (including message of the President of the United States transmitting the treaty to the Senate) / the government of the United States of America and Argentina -- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994)(excerpts and Chapter 11) / the government of Canada, the government of the United Mexican States and the government of the United States of America -- U.S. Model Bilateral Investment Treaty (2004) / the government of the United States of America -- United States-Peru Trade Promotion Treaty (environmental and labor side agreements) (signed 2006; entered into force 2009) / the government of the United States of America and Peru -- U.S. Model Bilateral Investment Treaty (2012) / the government of the United States of America -- Limitations on coercive protection / Edwin Borchard -- The "minimum standard" of the treatment of aliens / Edwin Borchard -- Property-protection provisions in United States commercial treaties / Robert R. Wilson -- Treaties for the encouragement and protection of foreign investment : present United States practice / Herman Walker, Jr. -- Responsibility of states for injuries to the economic interests of aliens / Louis B. Sohn and R.R. Baxter -- What constitutes a taking of property under international law?/ G.C. Christie -- "Constructive takings" under international law : a modest foray into the problem of "creeping expropriation" / Burns H. Weston -- The charter of economic rights and duties of states and the deprivation of foreign-owned wealth / Burns H. Weston -- The breakdown of the control mechanism in ICSID arbitration / W. Michael Reisman -- Arbitration without privity / Jan Paulsson -- Investment liberalization and economic development : the role of bilateral investment treaties / Kenneth J. Vandevelde -- Why LDCs sign treaties that hurt them : explaining the popularity of bilateral investment treaties / Andrew T. Guzman -- The once and future foreign investment regime / Jose E. Alvarez -- Public vs. private enforcement of international economic law : of standing and remedy / Alan O. Sykes -- Do BITs really work : an evaluation of bilateral investment treaties and their grand bargain / Jeswald W. Salacuse & Nicholas P. Sullivan -- Empirically evaluating claims about investment treaty arbitration / Susan D. Franck -- Investor-state arbitration as governance : fair and equitable treatment, proportionality, and the emerging global administrative law / Benedict Kingsbury and Stephan Schill

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Blockchain is the first global mechanism for the transfer and storage of value. Despite being conceived as an alternative to state and law, the technology and its use cases raise many legal questions, most notably, regarding jurisdiction and applicable law with respect to transactions and assets recorded on the blockchain. The issue is complex given the decentralised nature of the network. In this volume, academics and practitioners from various countries try to provide detailed answers to these questions as they relate to crypto-assets, cryptocurrencies, crypto derivatives, stablecoins, Central Bank Digital Currencies and Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs), as well as specific transactions and issues, such as property rights, secured transactions, smart contracts and bankruptcy. With specific chapters on national approaches (Germany, Japan, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, United States), the volume explores the need and possibility for legal harmonisation of these issues through global fora, such as the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) UNIDROIT.