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Address before the Institute of Pacific relations, Lucknow, United Provinces, Oct. 3, 1950.

Most studies of nationalism and war focus on the direct causal relationship between the two. Whereas the naturalist theories see strong national attachments as a primary cause of war, the formativist approaches understand nationalism as an inevitable product of warfare. This paper challenges both of these leading interpretations by problematizing the nature of group solidarity in the large scale violent conflicts. The author develops an alternative argument that emphasises the centrality of two institutional processes: centrifugal ideologization and the cumulative bureaucratization of coercion. The principal argument is that war does not create nationalism neither does nationalism generate wars. Instead the development of nationalism owes much to the macro historical institutional processes that have little to do with the actual battlefields.

Introduction : a return to nationalism -- Two visions of world order -- The roman church and its vision of empire -- The protestant construction of the west -- John Locke and the liberal construction -- Nationalism discredited -- Liberalism as imperialism -- Nationalist alternatives to liberalism -- Two types of political philosophy -- The foundations of political order -- How are states really born? -- Business and family -- Empire and anarchy -- National freedom as an ordering principle -- The virtues of the national state -- The myth of the federal solution -- The myth of the neutral state -- A right to national independence? -- Some principles of the order of national states -- Is hatred an argument against nationalism? -- The shaming campaigns against Israel -- Immanuel Kant and the anti-nationalist paradigm -- Two lessons of Auschwitz -- Why the enormities of the Third World and Islam go unprotested -- Britain, America and other deplorable nations -- The hatred of emperors and imperialists -- Conclusion : the virtue of nationalism

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