News coverage is a critical component of modern presidential nomination campaigns. In this study, the geographic distribution of news coverage during several such campaigns is analyzed. Controlling for the size of the state delegation and other factors, contests that are part of a regional primary receive less coverage than contests that are not. As an illustration, it is shown that the southern states involved in Super Tuesday, 1988 received less coverage than would normally be expected considering the early date and large number of delegates at stake.
AbstractThis paper continues the development of the theory of stochastic duels to include the distribution of the number of rounds fired. This distribution is principally of interest in estimating stock levels and resupply requirements in appropriate combat situations. Most generally, the duel between two contestants who fire at each other with constant kill probabilities per round is considered. The time between rounds fired may be either a continuous random variable or it may be constant. These two cases are treated separately. The number of rounds available to each contestant at the beginning of the duel may be limited and is a discrete random variable. Besides the distribution of rounds fired, its first two moments and right tail are obtained. In addition to general results, special cases and specific examples are worked out.
The recent literature has found that rising income inequality in many countries is harmful for their sustainable growth (Dabla-Norris and others (2015), Easterly (2007), Ostry, Berg, and Tsangarides (2014). In Han, Kim, and Lee (2016), we narrow down the scope and quantitatively study the effect of rising income inequality in China, Japan, Korea, and the U.S. on the Korean economy. To do that, we first relate the empirical proxies corresponding to income inequality to data on consumption, investment, and employment. The proxies are income shares held by the highest 10 percent, the highest 5 percent, the highest 1 percent, the highest 0.1 percent, and the inverted Pareto-Lorenz coefficient from the World Wealth and Income Database (WID). Our regression results show that there might be opposing forces at work in the effect of rising income inequality on consumption, investment, and employment. An increase in either income held by top 10 percent or 0.1 percent tends to have negative effects on consumption, investment, and employment. On the contrary, the income share held by top 1 percent tends to have positive effects. As a result, our predicted effect of an increase in top income shares, arising from rising inequality, on consumption, investment, and employment depends on the combination of the predicted path of top income shares weighted by the estimated coefficients. In addition, the inverted Pareto-Lorenz coefficient, which represents a country's degree of income inequality, does not have any significant effect.
Purpose- The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation between governance of a country and its impact on income inequality. The World Bank, Economic Freedom Network, Fraser Institute and World Economic Forum have been defining and measuring the governance indicators. Methodology/Sample – This study takes six governance indicators score from -WWGI for the year 2000 and 156 counties data to calculate correlation between wealth Gini and governance indicators. The statistical analysis is comprised of OLS estimation and Correlation analysis. Findings - We found significant negative relation between governance indicators and wealth inequality, income inequality. Bad governance has deep impacts on the economy of Pakistan. Excessive debt, high fiscal deficit, high inflation, low tax to GDP ratio, high trade deficit, lack of adequate capital formation and severe energy crisis are some economic challenges faces by Pakistan from decades. Practical Implications – This study suggests that improvement in governance is not a single day task, it cannot be achieved at once, and it is not related to any department or institution. It's a process that will establish equality, effective management of economic resources.
This article addresses possible structural alternatives for the dissemination of the results of intellectual activity (RIA), which reflect setting of optimal price and level of technical protection. The paper argues that digital piracy is not always a negative factor for the author or copyright owner but may be a signal indicating an inefficiently of RIA distributing method. The developed model demonstrates the choice of RIA distribution strategy depending on various factors: author's popularity, the difference in quality between the original RIA and pirated copy, legal protection level. The findings regarding the possibilities of combining legal and technical protection, consumer behavior and the positive effects of digital piracy will help the regulator to apply more effective measures. The article is written on the basis of the RANEPA state assignment research program.
This report recommends reforming Federal Work Study to better serve low-income students working their way through school, and providing them with experience and skills for todays economy. They authors recommend: Implementing a new distribution formula focused on enrolling, serving, and graduating Pell recipients. Promoting FWS as a career-ready program through the expansion of Job Location Development Programs. Creating a Career Internships Program within FWS. Requiring students, institutions, and employers to agree on what constitutes course of study. Survey the FWS program to further inform policy reforms. ; Young Invincibles
This paper compares the level and source of income for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians using data from the 2011 wave of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. Three sources of income are considered: wages and salaries; government benefits; and income from businesses, investments and other private transfers. Consistent with many previous studies, Indigenous Australians have, on average, lower total income than non-Indigenous Australians, with this difference being largest for those who are full-time employed. The difference is also larger for males than females. In terms of non-wage income, Indigenous men and women receive a much smaller proportion of income from other sources than their non-Indigenous counterparts (primarily business and investment income). This is particularly the case for those who are not in the labour force (NILF). Correspondingly, government benefits constitute a higher proportion of income for the Indigenous population than for the non-Indigenous population. This is true for both males and females, and for all labour force statuses, although the difference is largest for part-time employed and those who are NILF. Given that Indigenous people are also more likely to be unemployed than non-Indigenous people, they are more likely to be dependent solely on government payments as a source of income at any one time. The implications of these findings are discussed, as well as directions for future research.
This paper compares the level and source of income for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians using data from the 2011 wave of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. Three sources of income are considered: wages and salaries; government benefits; and income from businesses, investments and other private transfers. Consistent with many previous studies, Indigenous Australians have, on average, lower total income than non-Indigenous Australians, with this difference being largest for those who are full-time employed. The difference is also larger for males than females. In terms of non-wage income, Indigenous men and women receive a much smaller proportion of income from other sources than their non-Indigenous counterparts (primarily business and investment income). This is particularly the case for those who are not in the labour force (NILF). Correspondingly, government benefits constitute a higher proportion of income for the Indigenous population than for the non-Indigenous population. This is true for both males and females, and for all labour force statuses, although the difference is largest for part-time employed and those who are NILF. Given that Indigenous people are also more likely to be unemployed than non-Indigenous people, they are more likely to be dependent solely on government payments as a source of income at any one time. The implications of these findings are discussed, as well as directions for future research.
We consider situations where a society tries to efficiently allocate several homogeneous and indivisible goods among agents. Each agent receives at most one unit of the good. For example, suppose that a government wishes to allocate a fixed number of licenses to operate in its country to private companies with highest abilities to utilize the licenses. Usually companies with higher abilities can make more profits by licenses and are willing to pay higher prices for them. Thus, auction mechanisms are often employed to extract the information on companies' abilities and to allocate licenses efficiently. However, if prices are too high, they may damage companies' abilities to operate. Generally high prices may change the benefits agents obtain from the goods unless agents' preferences are quasi-linear, and we call it 'income effect'. In this paper, we establish that on domains including nonquasi-linear preferences, that is, preferences exhibiting income effect, an allocation rule which satisfies Pareto-efficiency, strategy-proofness, individual rationality, and nonnegative payment uniquely exists and it is the Vickrey allocation rule.
Business‐to‐business and industrial marketers need to improve their sales results with reduced spending and simultaneously strengthen and maintain their relationships with their customer base. The quality process, in its many forms and alternative approaches, must be operative throughout a manufacturer′s chain of distribution if it is to be a truly effective effort. Channel members are eager and willing accomplices to this effort because they can easily see how it helps their own agendas and competitiveness. A systematic communications process of measurable and reciprocal expectations aid the productivity and bottom line of all players.
The increase in unemployment in Europe is often traced, at least partially, to the existence of some rigidities in the labor market. It is common wisdom that wage inflexibilitya nd labor-marketin stitutionsi ncrease the cost in terms of unemployment of adapting to shocks. In particular, minimum- wage legislation is seen to have an important responsibility in countries where it is binding. Such legislation may have at least two, non-mutually-exclusivee,f fects. It may prevent wage distribution from adjusting, counteracting an increase in wage inequality, and/or it may lead to mounting unemployment in the low-skill segment of the labor market (.).
The increase in unemployment in Europe is often traced, at least partially, to the existence of some rigidities in the labor market. It is common wisdom that wage inflexibilitya nd labor-marketin stitutionsi ncrease the cost in terms of unemployment of adapting to shocks. In particular, minimum- wage legislation is seen to have an important responsibility in countries where it is binding. Such legislation may have at least two, non-mutually-exclusivee,f fects. It may prevent wage distribution from adjusting, counteracting an increase in wage inequality, and/or it may lead to mounting unemployment in the low-skill segment of the labor market (.).
The increase in unemployment in Europe is often traced, at least partially, to the existence of some rigidities in the labor market. It is common wisdom that wage inflexibilitya nd labor-marketin stitutionsi ncrease the cost in terms of unemployment of adapting to shocks. In particular, minimum- wage legislation is seen to have an important responsibility in countries where it is binding. Such legislation may have at least two, non-mutually-exclusivee,f fects. It may prevent wage distribution from adjusting, counteracting an increase in wage inequality, and/or it may lead to mounting unemployment in the low-skill segment of the labor market (.).
The Paraguayan economy did not suffer debt crises in the eighties and had significant growth rates in the second half on the seventies, but poverty remained a problem. Understanding the performance and spatial distribution of poverty and inequality over a period of more than ten years can shed new light on structural causes behind what seems to be a low growth – high poverty – high inequality trap in Paraguay. How did poverty and inequality change during the 1990s. Did inequality reduce income growth? What were the growth determinants and what are the main forces driving inequality changes? These are the questions being answered in this book.
