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The aim of this study was to expose the factors that positively influence family members who educate persons with intellectual disabilities. There have been many studies done on the problems that arise in educating people with intellectual disabilities. But only few of them also discuss the positive influence made by people with disabilities. This lack of studies of positive factors related to persons with disabilities can negatively influence an overall attitude towards them. This study aims to coordinate a global and widely reaching analysis of disability, as a phenomenon (including the historical analysis of the attitude towards disabled persons, the contemporary global situation of people with disabilities, the evolution of the European social politics, and the analysis of problems encountered by persons with disabilities and their families in Lithuania) with the concrete experience of several members of the families in educating persons with intellectual disabilities - their children or other relatives. The subjects of the empirical qualitative study were 6 women, Kaunas residents, members of the communities of \"Faith and Light\" uniting families of children with disabilities. The persons they educated had a Down syndrome or autism. These women were interviewed (two of them filled in the same questionnaire in writing) on the factors positively influencing their life with disabled persons. The qualitative content analysis of the answers gave 85 factors, related with each other, that positively influence families who educate persons with intellectual disabilities. These factors were classified into 5 categories (the acceptance of help; the efforts of the educator; the gift and the efforts of a child with disabilities; enabling measures; the fruits of education of a child with disabilities) and 19 subcategories. These factors can show to the families having persons with disabilities that undergo difficulties, which things can positively influence their situation, help to change their attitude towards disabled persons and their disabilities, and to find strength to cope with stressful situations.

This work concerns the anarchist movement in Algeria during the period of colonial occupation, as manifested in organized political groups and published anarchist newspapers. It aims to expand the historical approach to French colonization in Algeria. In effect the study of anarchism is essential for understanding fully the nature of socialism and socialisms in the colonial context. The first part concerns the history of anarchism, as composed by different local groups between 1887 and 1962 (their composition, their activism, their organization, their membership, and the state repression they suffered). The second part concerns all anarchist newspapers published in Algeria between 1890 and 1926 (analysis of the militant press and themes about anarchist fundamentals and the colonial question). The last part seeks to present a balance sheet of anarchist politics in Algeria (reception among Europeans and Algerians and the result of its political presence in the territory). For this purpose, police archives, the colonial press, and anarchist newspapers were consulted. ; Ce travail s'intéresse au Mouvement anarchiste en Algérie pendant la période coloniale, attesté par la constitution de groupes politiques organisés et de la publication de journaux libertaires. Cette thèse souhaite renouveler l'approche historique de la colonisation française en Algérie. En effet, l'étude de l'anarchisme est capitale pour une compréhension totale du socialisme, des socialismes en situation coloniale. La première partie concerne l'histoire de l'anarchisme dans la durée par les différents groupes locaux attestés entre 1887 et 1962 (leur composition, leur militantisme, les trajectoires organisationnelles et personnelles ainsi que la répression étatique subie). La deuxième s'intéresse à l'ensemble des journaux publiés par les anarchistes d'Algérie entre 1890 et 1926 (l'analyse de la presse militante, les thématiques abordées dont les fondamentaux de l'anarchisme et la question coloniale). Enfin, la dernière partie tente d'établir un ...

In der DDR-Literatur, in der die Problematik des Zweiten Weltkriegs zentral blieb, sind Texte, die den Völkermord an den Juden thematisieren, kaum präsent. Der Hauptgrund für diese Lücke liegt in der durch die SED-Spitze proklamierten politischen Linie: Die DDR-Führung, die den "antifaschistischen Gründungsmythos" kreierte, ernannte den sozialistischen Staat zum "Sieger der Geschichte" und wollte somit keine Verantwortung für die Shoah übernehmen. Darüber hinaus führte das DDR-Regime eine aggressive, antiisraelische Politik. Das Schaffen Stephan Hermlins aus dem Gründungsjahr der DDR (1949) ist eines der wenigen Beispiele für die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Holocaust in der DDR-Literatur. Zum Ausgangspunkt seiner Ausführungen werden die von ihm 1949 besuchten Erinnerungsorte: Auschwitz und Warschauer Ghetto-Ehrendenkmal. Das Gedenken der Ermordeten wird bei dem Autor zur absoluten Referenz. ; In the literature of the GDR, where the problem of the II World War was a central topic, texts that were related to the annihilation of the European Jews were almost nonexistent. The reasons of this void were political matters: The political leaders of the GDR created so called "anti-fascist creator myth" of a new country and claimed themselves as "the heroes of the history"; additionally, they declared aggressive anti-Israeli politics. The works of Stephan Hermlin, written in 1949, in the same year as the creation of the GDR, are a few of the examples that faced the Holocaust in the literature generated in the East Germany. The main starting points in the author's writings were the places of the remembrance that he visited in 1949: Auschwitz and the Monument of the Heroes of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; in his writings, the memory of the murdered victims becomes a value of a superior significance. ; W literaturze NRD, dla której problematyka II wojny światowej była tematem centralnym, teksty poświęcone zagładzie Żydów są niemalże nieobecne. Powodem tej luki są względy polityczne: przywódcy NRD wykreowali "antyfaszystowski mit założycielski" państwa i ogłosili się "zwycięzcami historii", ponadto prowadzili agresywną politykę antyizraelską. Teksty Stephana Hermlina, powstałe w 1949 r., czyli w roku utworzenia NRD, są jednym z niewielu przykładów mierzenia się z Holokaustem w literaturze tworzonej we Wschodnich Niemczech. Punkt wyjścia rozważań Hermlina stanowią odwiedzone przez niego w 1949 r. miejsca pamięci: Auschwitz i Pomnik Bohaterów Getta Warszawskiego. Pamięć o zamordowanych staje się w jego tekstach wartością nadrzędną.

The article presents the legal and scientific rationale for the interaction of individual and public authority in decision-making and the influence of this interaction on the state of national security. The attempt of construction of the proper case public processes frame is done from the side of public authorities, in the conditions of possible threat to safety of person.It should be noted that the results of further integration of Ukraine into the European community depends on an effective mechanism of the constitutionally-legal providing, corresponding direction of legal politics not only in external state, but also inwardly to the state law and order. Thus, the problem is a fundamental constitutional provision and system, in terms of constitutionality, becomes systemic and functional significance.Thus, in accordance with аrticle 3 of the Basic Law of Ukraine a person's life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security are recognized in Ukraine as the highest social value. Human rights and freedoms and their guarantees determine the essence and orientation of the state. The state is responsible to the people for their activities. The promotion and protection of rights and freedoms is the main duty of the state.Given the above, the level of security of the individual, non-infringement and guarantee of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the person depends on the level of the national security. ; . ; У статті наведено нормативно-правове та наукове обґрунтування необхідності взаємодії особи й органу державної влади при прийнятті управлінських рішень та визначено вплив такої взаємодії на стан національної безпеки держави. Зроблено спробу побудови належної моделі управління суспільними процесами з боку органів державної влади, в умовах можливої загрози безпеці особи.Варто зазначити, що подальші результати інтеграції України до європейських співтовариств безпосередньо залежить від ефективного механізму конституційно-правового забезпечення, відповідного напряму правової політики не тільки в ...

ABSTRACT: Cities are important grounds for cultural diversity, both in terms of perception and impact of diversity, and in terms of political and cultural reproduction. Nonetheless comparative studies with an urban focus are limited, partly due to methodological difficulties. The paper proposes to explore a policy tool approach in order to detect and compare given characteristics of cultural diversity policymaking at the urban level and to compare them internationally. Drawing on relevant examples of grant use to support cultural diversity in four European and American cities, the paper discusses how cultural diversity policy is conceived and fosters public action in the urban environment according to the policy tool adopted. This concept allows the technical and political dimensions of cultural diversity policy to be analysed and compared, and requires further attention both in the academic and policy debate.Keywords: cultural diversity, urban policy, policy tools, policy analysis, comparative studies.-RESUM: Les ciutats resulten molt propícies per a l'estudi de la diversitat cultural, tant en termes de percepció i impacte de la diversitat com en termes de reproducció política i cultural. Malgrat això, avui dia són pocs els estudis comparats amb un enfocament urbà, a causa de les dificultats metodològiques, entre altres qüestions. Aquest article proposa examinar un enfocament basat en instruments polítics per tal de detectar i comparar determinades característiques de l'elaboració de polítiques sobre diversitat cultural en l'àmbit urbà i fer-ne una comparació a escala internacional. Basant-nos en exemples il·lustratius sobre l'ús d'ajuts per al suport de la diversitat cultural en quatre ciutats d'Europa i d'Amèrica, aquest article investiga com es concep la política sobre diversitat cultural i com aquesta fomenta l'acció pública segons l'instrument polític adoptat. Aquest concepte, que requereix més atenció en el debat acadèmic i polític, ens permet analitzar i comparar les dimensions tècnica i política de les ...

Since the second half of the 20th C. rural zones in European countries have undergone a revival insofar as concerns their function and designation. Despite the diversity of their territorial dynamics these rural areas have attracted new populations of a very mixed profile. These newcomers insert themselves into a socially mobile context, the motivation for which can be the pursuit of environmental amenities but can also follow an economic logic. They reconstruct these rural areas and introduce a new way of life into the countryside. Comparing two rural territories, the one in the Limousin region next to the Limousin Mountains, and the other in southern Aragon, in the Sierra de Albarracín, this work analyses the spatial relationships which develop in rural areas having experienced migratory influx. The accent is placed on the means of cohabitating and relating to the territory which creates a space shared by the different social groups which inhabit it, live it, and weave attachments to it in different ways, opening the way for breaches to appear. This heterogeneity comes to light through the analysis of spatial mobility which affects the territorial designation and becomes a source of new forms of inequality. In the context where mobility redefines the relationship with the territory, foundations become reversible with new forms of commitments appearing, permitting the reconstruction and legitimization of who can say "I belong here". These developments create new stakes for the rural territories and their politics concerning newcomers, faced with new forms of inequalities and social stratification. ; Depuis la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, un renouveau des fonctions et des représentations s'impose dans les campagnes européennes. Malgré la pluralité des dynamiques territoriales, elles sont devenues des espaces attractifs et accueillent de nouvelles populations aux profils hétérogènes. Ces installations s'insèrent dans un contexte sociétal de mobilité et peuvent être motivées par la recherche d'aménités ...

Purpose. This article attempts to examine the current state of addressing gender inequality in Ukraine. Methodology. The author has used methodology of historical inquiry, hermeneutical methodology and content analysis. Theoretical basis and results. Issues about gender imbalance are acute in Ukraine. Gender inequality in politics is a matter of serious concern. Insignificant part of women in political and decision-making processes is a serious challenge to democracy. Discrimination in the labor market should be noted. Obvious gender inequality in the labor market has led to feminization of poverty. Violence against women has become an acute problem, which can be resolved at the state level only. Although international and national legislation is based on the principle of equality, in practice women are not equal in social life and activities. There is a deep contradiction between the new needs in society and the lack of conditions for their satisfaction. This situation appears to be a challenge to modern Ukrainian society and state of Ukraine, thus, immediate appropriate actions are required. Scientific novelty. It is essential to bring Ukrainian legislation into conformity with the constitutional principles of equality and European standards; develop appropriate and effective anti-discrimination norms and sanctions for violating gender legislation; introduce special measures to ensure gender parity in decision-making, in all public offices; conduct special information campaigns; develop and institutionalize gender studies and gender education at all stages; get more public control over the implementation of international commitments and principles of equal rights and opportunities for women and men. Conclusion. Appropriate mechanisms for overcoming gender stereotypes will contribute to integration of equal rights' principle and opportunities. Human resources policies require systematic approach to gender analysis and integration in order to address gender issues in program development. In the 21st century issues of gender equity should be a priority at all levels.

This article provides a 'lineage' of decisions related to education policy which takes comparison as its motive, knowledge and method. A conceptual chain of world system, internationalization, convergence in education and globalization is briefly outlined. The paper examines decision-making in education policy according to agreement, mainstreaming and production criteria, taking Latin America as the linkage and the European Community as the construction. Reasoning and enlightenment are gathered in different fields of history: culture, economics, politics and education. The present paper applies a core structuring epistemology –culled from a variety of academic domains– with comparison and decision underpinning a complex rationale where time, space, materiality, knowledge, ideas, action, and evaluation all intersect. ; En este artículo presentamos el linaje de las decisiones de política educativa, utilizando el motivo, el conocimiento y la metodología de los estudios comparados. Se describe brevemente la cadena conceptual del sistema mundial, la internacionalización, la convergencia en la educación y la globalización. También se analiza la toma de decisiones en política educativa en cuanto a la toma de acuerdos, la integración y la producción, tomando América Latina como enlace y la Comunidad Europea como construcción. Se han recogido diferentes razonamientos y ejemplos ilustrativos de diferentes campos de la historia: el ámbito cultural, económico, político y educativo. También hemos hecho uso de una epistemología esencialmente estructural, entresacada de una gran variedad de ámbitos académicos y en el que la comparación y decisión sustentan una lógica compleja en la que interactúan el tiempo, el espacio, la materialidad, los conocimientos, las ideas, la acción y la evaluación. ; This article is framed within the research actions of Development and Research Unit for Education and Training; Institute of Education of the University of Lisbon. The Development and Research Unit for Education and Training is founded by Foundation for Science and Technology.

Will Hanley's chapter, "When Did Egyptians Stop Being Ottomans? An Imperial Citizenship Case Study," is a nuanced study of the mutability of citizenship, particularly in contexts of questionable sovereignty. In this case, the context is the flexible, locally conditioned, and ephemeral nature of the imperial Ottoman presence in Egypt around the same time period as Elizabeth Dale's focus (in the next chapter), the end of the nineteenth century and start of the twentieth. Hanley demonstrates the persistence of the Egyptians' Ottoman status well into the twentieth century, evidence he argues has been neglected because the nature of Ottoman citizens'/subjects' membership in their state differs from European and American archetypes of citizenship. The triumph of a system of exclusive, universal, commensurate national citizenships is incomplete—Hanley argues that it cannot be completed, and that thinking of unitary citizenship as completable is misleading—and its advent is recent. Hanley contends that occluded variant systems of state affiliation, including that of turn-of-the-century Egyptian Ottomans, need to be recovered and compared, not least because citizenship in late Ottoman Egypt resembles developing forms of multilevel citizenship. This chapter shows, among other things, the fragility of censuses and government attempts to classify and categorize populations. It also lays out an example of a context in which citizenship is about jurisdiction rather than rights and in which taxation or exemption from taxation determines membership. Furthermore, the chapter illustrates again the importance to governments of residence and settlement: both the nomadic Bedouin and the foreign population were anomalous because they were mobile and exempt from the laws that governed other subjects. Hanley argues that the overwhelming focus of citizenship literature on political rights, especially democratic and electoral politics, deadens analysis of legal, social, civil, and other forms of citizenship. Ottoman-Egyptian citizenship ...

Producción Científica ; This research work focuses on the study of political "infotainment", a genre related to television (Schudson, 1999; Blumler, Kavanagh, 1999; Brants, 1998; Delli Carpini, Williams, 2001; Holtz-Bacha, Norris, 2001; Baum, 2002), but which in recent years has achieved a presence in other mass media, including the Internet. This work shows the presence of a large number of political videos, which meet the features of infotainment on the YouTube platform. Specifically, an analysis is presented of the most popular videos according to the number of times they have been viewed, when information on the following political representatives of European politics in 2011 is searched on YouTube: Nicolas Sarkozy (France), Silvio Berlusconi (Italy), Gordon Brown (United Kingdom) or José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (Spain), as well as the USA President Barack Obama (EEUU). The aim of this study is to determine wether the television infotainment phenomenon has been transferred to the Net on the international scene. For this purpose, 100 videos were studied from the perspective of Spanish researchers, which corresponded to the twenty most watched videos of each of the following political leaders or ex-leaders: Gordon Brown, Sarkozy, Berlusconi, Obama and Rodríguez Zapatero. The study carried out is a quantitative and descriptive analysis of the content. The analysis template has been designed using independent and dependent variables, with multiple choice or dichotomous answers. The data confirm that Political infotainment is a genre related to television which has been transferred to Internet. However, on Internet these videos emerge as a hybrid genre because they combine some of the videos produced and broadcast by television, and custom modifications of the people posting these videos on YouTube. ; Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (CSO2012-34698)

Mellorado explores the interconnections between family, identity, culture and heritage, the impact of migration and travel; and cultural transmission. An exploration of my personal and family history, supported by two substantial periods of field study in Montevideo, Uruguay, provided the starting points for this research. The research represents my continuing interest in the experience (and inherent politics) of hybrid identity by engaging with my mixed African, Uruguayan and European ancestry. The basis for the ideas explored in this paper and accompanying new body of work draws on links made between family narratives and significant cultural and historical events such as the Uruguayan civic-military dictatorship (1973-1985), the Atlantic Slave Trade and the Australian and Uruguayan Bicentenaries 1788-1988 and 1811-2011 respectively. Adopting the standpoint of both researcher and subject, I investigate the role of the personal archive and the autobiographical within contemporary art practice. I have contextualised my own work alongside other contemporary artists (who also integrate biographical references within their work) as a way to explore the complexities of identity and culture. The work of contemporary artists in relation to the archive are examined as well as works specifically by Latin American artists, specifically Cecilia Vicuña, Eugenio Dittborn and Maria Magdalena Campos-Pons. Common to the artists examined is the concept of a continual rehearsal of the connections between personal and cultural memories. The process of rehearsal brings the traditional into the contemporary and functions not so much as a challenge to the past, but to the present and/or a possible future. Post-colonial theoretical perspectives on displacement and diaspora are explored in relation to the use of autobiographical references and ancestral histories. This serves to draw out the political undercurrents (deliberate or not) in work that both highlights the complexity of cultural identity and gives voice to marginal ...

Purpose: -The purpose of the study was to assess the Attitude towards Health and Fitness among Middle and old age Citizens of Gwalior Methodology:- Selection of Subjects: - One Hundred male and female middle and old age walkers from different part of Gwalior were randomly selected as subjects for the study. The average age of the subjects was 40 to 80 years. Criterion Variables: - A self-constructed attitude questionnaire was used as tool. Statistical Technique: - Descriptive statistics i.e. percentile method was used. Results:- it was fund that 87% people walk, Run, and Exercise for better health, 80% for physical fitness, 34% for overcoming aging, 49% for improving digestion, 14% for leisure time recreation, 19% to meet his friends, 9% for time pass, 30% to rehabilitate diabetes, 24% to rehabilitate blood pressure, 23% to overcome heart disease, 29% to overcome arthritis, 5% to show as social status, 7% to discuss local politics, 63% to get fresh air, and 8% to overcome asthma, 48% people come which believe that walking, running, jogging exercise, or yoga is good for improving physical health, 36% for improving mental health, 24% for improving emotional health, 13% for improving social health, 67% for improving total health, 85% people are in favour of implementing Physical Education, Sports and Yoga for All level of Education, 88% people give his your opinion that govt. should provide good parks for exercise for citizens, 90% people believe that Indian politicians should be physically fit like European countries politicians, and 93% people believe that India need to have more sports grounds than hospitals. Conclusion: - Healthy people generally maintain positive attitudes toward fitness. It was concluded that mostly people walk, Run, and do Exercise for better health, and come to walk for remaining themselves physical fit, and every people should involve in Physical activity.

The research deals with the historic center of Barcelona between 1979 and 2011. The period is marked by a continuity of government unique in democratic systems, which has allowed the development of almost complete administrative, urban and cultural processes. The experience of Barcelona has been extensively studied and celebrated. Now, with the period of social democrat administration came to an end and architectural criticism more open to accommodate more scientific readings of that experience, the paper proposes an approach to the Barcelona Model through the study of the regeneration of Ciutat Vella (the historic center of Barcelona). The reasons for this choice are the crucial role that the historical centers have in European cities and in the peculiarities of the transformation of the old city in Barcelona. Parallel to the historical reconstruction , the study deals with the interaction between architecture and politics with respect to management and transformation of the urban reality, taking into account how economic and political globalization, on the one hand, and cultural and technological evolution, on the other hand, have changed the scenery of urban and architectural planning in recent years. The first part is an introduction and gives the coordinates in terms of edition and historic bases indispensable for understanding the thesis. In the second part, the research overviews thirty two years of planning and interventions in Ciutat Vella in a detailed explanation supported by data, documents and experiences. The period 1979-2011 is divided into four stages, treated in four sections: during the 1979-1986 stage, architects and politicians work together to fill the basic urban needs; from 1987 to 1996, the new administrative tools and Olympic success impart a strong acceleration to the renewal; from 1997 to 2004, the transformations reach their acme, thus raising protests and hopes; in the last step 2005-2011 , the architecture focuses on specific problems while the visionary policy fades. In this second ...

Purpose. This article attempts to examine the current state of addressing gender inequality in Ukraine. Metho-dology. The author has used methodology of historical inquiry, hermeneutical methodology and content analysis. Theoretical basis and results. Issues about gender imbalance are acute in Ukraine. Gender inequality in politics is a matter of serious concern. Insignificant part of women in political and decision-making processes is a serious chal-lenge to democracy. Discrimination in the labor market should be noted. Obvious gender inequality in the labor market has led to feminization of poverty. Violence against women has become an acute problem, which can be resolved at the state level only. Although international and national legislation is based on the principle of equality, in practice women are not equal in social life and activities. There is a deep contradiction between the new needs in society and the lack of conditions for their satisfaction. This situation appears to be a challenge to modern Ukrainian society and state of Ukraine, thus, immediate appropriate actions are required. Scientific novelty. It is essential to bring Ukrainian legislation into conformity with the constitutional principles of equality and European standards; develop appropriate and effective anti-discrimination norms and sanctions for violating gender legislation; introduce special measures to ensure gender parity in decision-making, in all public offices; conduct special information cam-paigns; develop and institutionalize gender studies and gender education at all stages; get more public control over the implementation of international commitments and principles of equal rights and opportunities for women and men. Conclusion. Appropriate mechanisms for overcoming gender stereotypes will contribute to integration of equal rights' principle and opportunities. Human resources policies require systematic approach to gender analysis and integration in order to address gender issue s in program development. In the 21st century issues of gender equity should be a priority at all levels.

Except religious and aristocratic buildings, most of the constructions and houses in the first ages of the former European cities and towns are made of cob and timber. The gradual transformation of this architecture in stone and brick constructions – the so-called "petrification" – is one of the most important processes within the cities and towns. Nevertheless, until now, this phenomenon has been little studied by historians and archaeologists (for instance Lilley 2002; Schofield & Vince 2005; Clark 2009). Therefore, the modes and chronology of these progressive architectural transformations are still uncertain."Petrification" is a significant process that makes it possible to approach a new range of important issues in urban history. It concerns the general aspect of the cities and towns and stands for an obvious change of the landscape and the evolution of material culture. From a social viewpoint "petrification" changes the way in which houses are in contact with each other and it consequently modifies town politics as well as the relationship between neighbourhoods. In conclusion, "petrification" changes deeply the urban life. From an economic viewpoint the "petrification" process has important implications on the organisation of urban supply of building materials. The town-countryside relationship progressively evolved: suburban forests, clay deposits and stone quarries are form now on subject to control attempts and new management strategies. In the same way the urban market connections with regional and international trade flows also change to meet the new urban needs concerning buildings.By integrating the different viewpoints of this complex issue we propose to elaborate a new methodology taking the former city of Brussels (duchy of Brabant then former Low Countries) as example :building archaeology data will be combined with dendrochronology, dendrology, radiocarbon dating and rereading of historical sources in order to bring further clarifications and to go beyond the traditional architecture ...