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Political-economy analysis has been a favourite instrument among donors of development aid since roughly the turn of the century. The usefulness of such forms of analysis has been emphasised because donors realised that their focus on formal aspects of the social and political organisation of countries caused them to overlook important elements of the 'political economy' of these countries. As a result of this, political and governance reform programmes, which had become part and parcel of the agenda of development under the Post-Washington Consensus, turned out to be much less effective than anticipated. The call for donor agencies to 'look behind the façade' of formal institutions in developing countries has thus come as part of the aid effectiveness agenda. It was argued that the effectiveness of development assistance policies would be enhanced if the realities of social and political power structures in developing countries were mapped and fed into the design of governance reforms targeting those countries. A more or less tacit assumption in this approach was that political-economy analysis would enable donors to identify potential pockets of resistance against the reforms that donors were advocating – hence improving the chances of getting reforms accepted.

"This essay will take into account how jihadist groups make use of Islamic tradition and theology and will argue that jihadism does not exploit, corrupt or misuse Islam, but that it is a specific interpretation of religion like other phenomena in Islamic history - especially the early Islamic history. In their argumentations they ignore certain aspects of Islamic history and tradition but this is true for all Islamic communities of commemoration. Using the theory of cultural memory allows us to understand that the selection of figures of commemoration must necessarily be shaped by the present, based on the social context. This implies that there is no authentic or true memory or faith. Both are shaped and reshaped by the historical situation of the believers and the way these believers see themselves. Refuting some common arguments this essay will also argue that no influences of Shiite concepts of martyrdom but similar political and social situations have to be seen as the base of the modern Sunni Jihadist concept of fighting and martyrdom. Neither Shia nor Sunni martyrologies have digressed themselves from the discourses of the prophetic community, which provides both with rote models for passive suffering, as well as for an active search of martyrdom." (author's abstract)

During the thirty years of war swept the country of Vietnam and ended in 1975. Prolonged Vietnam War caused damage to various aspects of life and the natural environment. War is over does not mean the problem has been completed. Many residents of Vietnamese refugees leaving the country perform their new country mencarai for a better life. Although the Vietnam War has officially ended, but the big problem is not yet complete. Displacement occurred in 1979 by the Vietnamese population on a large scale. Various state a destination one displaced Indonesia. The main factor causing the flow of refugees is an unstable state after the Vietnam civil war in 1975. Some 25,000 refugees have arrived in Indonesia in 1979 so as not to cause social instability in the country due to the large influx of refugees, the Government of Indonesia provides a special place for them, namely Pulau Galang. The reason government election Galang Island sabagai shelter once the processing of refugee flows strategic location making it easier for the Government of Indonesia to coordinate with neighboring countries such as Malaysia and Singapore in dealing with Vietnamese refugees. Arrival Vietnam penungsi bring disparate impact for the local population in Galang Island in the form of social and economic impacts. Keywords: refugee, Vietnam, Indonesia, Galang Island

Faced with social and health system capacity constraints and rising and changing demand for welfare services, governments and welfare providers are increasingly relying on innovation to help support and enhance services. However, the evidence reported by several studies indicates that the realization of that potential is not an easy task. Innovations can be deemed inherently complex to implement and operate, because many of them involve a combination of technological and organizational renewal within an environment featuring a diversity of stakeholders. Many public welfare service innovations are markedly systemic in their nature, which means that they emerge from, and must address, the complex interplay between political, administrative, technological, institutional and legal issues. This paper suggests that stakeholders dealing with systemic innovation in welfare services must deal with ambiguous and incomplete information in circumstances of uncertainty. Employing a literature review methodology and case study, this paper identifies, categorizes and discusses different aspects of the uncertainty of systemic innovation in public welfare services, and argues that uncertainty can be classified into eight categories: technological uncertainty, market uncertainty, regulatory/institutional uncertainty, social/political uncertainty, acceptance/legitimacy uncertainty, managerial uncertainty, timing uncertainty and consequence uncertainty.

The main conclusions made in the article are as follows: 1) the use of the internet by politicians as an arena for discussions is increasing, 2) the main topics discussed by politicians in the internet are politics, economy, energy and social policy, 3) the ways in which politicians are discussing political issues differ depending on the number of years that a politician participates in the political arena, the topic or issue under discussion, 4) economic and political issues are discussed in more sophisticated ways in comparison with discussions of social policy issues which are presented in a very simple, clear way with the arguments that stress the aspects important for society or for some specific groups of citizens, 5) in presenting ideas and in discussions, the politicians prefer to present their own the position instead of presenting position of a political party. These main research findings lead to some conclusions about changes in the political discourse, but they also show quite a strong and manipulative role of the Internet media in selecting politicians and their publications, so it shows that there is still a strong role of the Internet media in constructing the political reality and presenting this "window" to political reality, which is strongly influenced by the position of the media.

[spa] Se trata de un estudio sobre el absentismo laboral durante la primera década del S. XXI en España y con comparativas de otros países de nuestro entorno. Se analizan y presentan gráficos de las diferentes contingencias más significativas que inciden en las ausencias al trabajo. Se comentan los factores organizacionales, sociales y políticos que inciden en este fenómeno cuyos costes son elevados. Este estudio argumenta que la falta de motivación en sus multiples aspectos son la clave para que los niveles de absentismo sean elevados. El trabajo relata los distintos medios que son utilizados habitualmente para reducir las ausencias en el trabajo. ; [eng] This is a study on absenteeism during the first decade of the S. XXI in Spain and compare other surrounding countries. Are analyzed and presented graphics of different contingencies that affect more significant work absences. We discuss organizational factors, social and political factors in this phenomenon whose costs are high. This study argues that the lack of motivation in its many aspects are the key to absenteeism levels are high. The paper describes the various means that are commonly used to reduce absences from work.

The Gender Equality and Justice is the problem that has been discussed globally since hundred years ago in order to reduce the gender inequality and injustice among people. The commitment to reduce the gender inequality valid for all aspects of human life including education, economy, politic, social, and culture. The importance of the discussion even become one from eight point of the international commitment through The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which is promote by United Nation (UN). The emerge of attention in gender issue is being in accordance with the shift of development paradigm from the security and stability (security) approach into the welfare and equality (prosperity) approach or from the production into the humanity approach in more democratic and open atmosphere. The strong relation to the construction of social and culture that rooted in society border the achievement of gender equality and justice. But with the strong struggle and continuous effort the gender ideology that tends to bring the detriment to one gender will be eliminated successfully. As the conclusion, if the motivation occurs among the people, it shows that our society is able to ful? ll one of the agreements of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which is also become the international commitment.

The main conclusions made in the article are as follows: 1) the use of the internet by politicians as an arena for discussions is increasing, 2) the main topics discussed by politicians in the internet are politics, economy, energy and social policy, 3) the ways in which politicians are discussing political issues differ depending on the number of years that a politician participates in the political arena, the topic or issue under discussion, 4) economic and political issues are discussed in more sophisticated ways in comparison with discussions of social policy issues which are presented in a very simple, clear way with the arguments that stress the aspects important for society or for some specific groups of citizens, 5) in presenting ideas and in discussions, the politicians prefer to present their own the position instead of presenting position of a political party. These main research findings lead to some conclusions about changes in the political discourse, but they also show quite a strong and manipulative role of the Internet media in selecting politicians and their publications, so it shows that there is still a strong role of the Internet media in constructing the political reality and presenting this "window" to political reality, which is strongly influenced by the position of the media.

This case study of BRAC, one of the largest indigenous hybrid NGOs in Bangladesh and possibly the world, examines how, why, to what effect, and for whom its functional and social accountability developed; and whether it furthered advocacy for its beneficiaries and a distinct counter hegemony within a civil society historic bloc or reinforced the dominant hegemony of the state, foreign donors or both. After haphazard accountability during its embryonic state, BRAC developed impeccable functional accountability to donors and the state which became supplemented by aspects of social accountability. Its attempts to be accountable to employees and beneficiaries were less effective due partly to their lack of representation on boards; functional internal accountability and controls; paternal, familial and charismatic leadership; and Bhai culture. BRAC's attempt to be more independent by creating commercial ventures to finance its poverty alleviation programs created divisions within civil society rather than uniting it around a radical counter hegemony. The suggestion is that hybrid NGOs operating in volatile political contexts and dependant on donors and governments are unlikely to be able to fully implement holistic forms of accountability or programs of radical change though they can contribute to reformist change.

Рассмотрены некоторые аспекты социальной динамики современного российского общества, определяемой миграционными процессами. Межкультурные взаимодействия мигрантов и местного населения протекают в условиях кризисного развития экономики и пока ещё непривычного для большинства населения обилия противоречивой информации, ориентированной на манипулирование общественным мнением. Сохранение политической стабильности и социально-психологического благополучия российского общества зависит сейчас от релевантного сочетания политических решений и практики межкультурного сосуществования в уникальном полиэтническом сообществе Российской Федерации. В статье приводится разнообразный и обширный материал социологических исследований и выявленных трендов по актуальным проблемам современных миграционных процессов. ; This article discusses some aspects of the social dynamics of contemporary Russian society stipulated by the migration processes. Intercultural interaction between the migrants and local population occur in the context of economic crisis, and the abundance of conflicting information focused on the manipulation of public opinion, which was so far unfamiliar to the majority of the population. Political stability, social and psychological well-being of the Russian society now depends on a combination of relevant policies and practices of intercultural coexistence in a unique multi-ethnic community of the Russian Federation. The article provides a varied and extensive material for sociological research on pressing issues of modern migration.

Promocijas darbā "Dzelzceļa transporta attīstība Latvijā 1918 – 1940: problēmas un risinājumi" pētīti Latvijas valsts dzelzceļa transporta vēstures aspekti valsts transporta sistēmas vēsturiskās attīstības un funkcionēšanas kontekstā. Darbā analizēta valsts dzelzceļa sociālā un ekonomiskā nozīme Latvijas Republikā. Tāpat promocijas darbā analizēta dzelzceļa administratīvās pārvaldes sistēmas izveidošana, jaunu dzelzceļa līniju būve, valsts dzelzceļa politika augošās autotransporta konkurences apstākļos. Darbā izpētīta Latvijas dzelzceļa saimnieciskā darbība un sociālā līdzdalība valsts ekonomikā un sociālo pakalpojumu nodrošināšanā pasažieru pārvadājumu jomā. Atslēgvārdi: Latvijas dzelzceļš, Dzelzceļa virsvalde, transports, konkurence, Latvija. ; In the dissertation "Development of railway transport in Latvia 1918 – 1940: problems and solutions" the historical aspects of the history of Latvia's state railway transport in the context of the historical development and functioning of the state transport system have been investigated. The formation of the railway administration system, building of new railway lines, the state railway policy under the conditions of growing competition with motor transport have also been analyzed in the thesis. The economic activity of Latvia's railway and the social participation in the economics of the state and in securing of social service in the sphere of passenger transport have been studied as well. Keywords: the railway of Latvia, the main administration of Railways, transport, competition, Latvia. 239-

В статье рассматриваются различные аспекты социально-правового положения госу-дарственных крестьян на примере селян Южного Урала. Анализируются эволюция социально-го и правового положения, законодательное оформление гражданских и экономических прав населения государственной деревни в первой половине ХIХ в. Раскрыты две противоборст-вующие тенденции в правовом положении государственных крестьян в первой половине XIX в.: сохранение феодально-сословных ограничений, с одной стороны, и процесс ликвидации неко-торых сословных ограничений путем расширения прав этой категории населения с другой. Показано положительное значение расширения прав крестьян на развитие производительных сил государственной деревни. ; The article deals with different aspects of the social and legal position of state peasants following as an example of the villagers of the Southern Urals. There is analyzed the evolution of social and legal position, legislative registration of civil and economic rights for the population of a state village in the first half of the 19th century. Two opposite tendencies in the legal position of state peasants are revealed: preservation of feudal and state restrictions on the one hand and the process of elimination of the same estate restrictions by expanding the right of this strata of population on the other.

История развития республиканских идей во Франции является классической темой для сравнительно-исторического анализа и особенно актуальна по отношению к современной России, которая все еще находится на болезненном пути становления демократических институтов. История политического развития, кризисов, социально-политических конфликтов, смен конституционных режимов Франции с конца XIX в. по наши дни дает нам множество примеров строительства демократии, учитывающей особенности социальной и идеологической дифференциации нации. Это позволяет выстроить логику борьбы за власть и ее роли в эволюции политических систем. ; History of the development and crisises of the French republics is not only the classic theme for the historical comparative research; it provides a vast analytical base for political theory and sociology. In that aspect it is especially important for contemporary Russia, which is still in the painful process of democratic transition. The history of the evolution of the French political regimes show that such a developed democracy as France had to live through many declines, crisises, social and political conflicts to find the balance between different ideologies, political powers and social groups. Russia today faces many similar problems, which the French had to deal with decades ago, and it has what to learn from the history of the French republicanism.

The main conclusions made in the article are as follows: 1) the use of the internet by politicians as an arena for discussions is increasing, 2) the main topics discussed by politicians in the internet are politics, economy, energy and social policy, 3) the ways in which politicians are discussing political issues differ depending on the number of years that a politician participates in the political arena, the topic or issue under discussion, 4) economic and political issues are discussed in more sophisticated ways in comparison with discussions of social policy issues which are presented in a very simple, clear way with the arguments that stress the aspects important for society or for some specific groups of citizens, 5) in presenting ideas and in discussions, the politicians prefer to present their own the position instead of presenting position of a political party. These main research findings lead to some conclusions about changes in the political discourse, but they also show quite a strong and manipulative role of the Internet media in selecting politicians and their publications, so it shows that there is still a strong role of the Internet media in constructing the political reality and presenting this "window" to political reality, which is strongly influenced by the position of the media.

The main conclusions made in the article are as follows: 1) the use of the internet by politicians as an arena for discussions is increasing, 2) the main topics discussed by politicians in the internet are politics, economy, energy and social policy, 3) the ways in which politicians are discussing political issues differ depending on the number of years that a politician participates in the political arena, the topic or issue under discussion, 4) economic and political issues are discussed in more sophisticated ways in comparison with discussions of social policy issues which are presented in a very simple, clear way with the arguments that stress the aspects important for society or for some specific groups of citizens, 5) in presenting ideas and in discussions, the politicians prefer to present their own the position instead of presenting position of a political party. These main research findings lead to some conclusions about changes in the political discourse, but they also show quite a strong and manipulative role of the Internet media in selecting politicians and their publications, so it shows that there is still a strong role of the Internet media in constructing the political reality and presenting this "window" to political reality, which is strongly influenced by the position of the media.