Suchergebnisse

We propose a two dimensional infinite horizon model of public consumption in which investments are decided by a winner-take-all election. Investments in the two public goods create a linkage across periods and parties have different specialities. We show that the incumbent party vote share decreases the longer it stays in power. Parties chances of winning do not converge and, when the median voter is moderate enough, no party can maintain itself in power for ever. Finally, the more parties are specialized and the more public policies have long-term effects, the more political cycles are likely to occur.

During the National Conference on Education, Science, and Technology, held in June 1976 as part of the political campaign just prior to the change of administrations, the spokesman for the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) stated, in the presence of the incoming president of Mexico, that:It is presently impossible to doubt the need for a policy on science and technology in Mexico. Such a policy should not base the country's scientific and technological development upon the never-ceasing imitation of the research lines and technological solutions of the advanced countries. It is necessary for us to look for our own model of scientific and technological development.

The political-heuristics school has credited the political environment with providing easily used informational crutches that enable even poorly informed citizens to make competent political judgments. We develop a more general approach to the environment, arguing that it can either enhance or fail to enhance political judgment & that it shapes performance through the interaction of two factors: information & motivation. Using survey experiments that test citizens' ability to make tradeoffs among competing goals for health care reform, we find that performance depends heavily on environmental conditions. A combination of general information with increased motivation to act responsibly improves aggregate performance. An extremely favorable informational environment not only enhances performance, but it even eliminates the effects of individual differences in education & political sophistication. The analysis points toward reforming structures that shape the political environment as the most plausible route to improved democratic governance. 2 Tables, 2 Figures, 57 References. Adapted from the source document.

"In the relatively short time since its establishment as an area of research, literary animal studies has become a burgeoning field covering a significant amount of intellectual terrain: traversing, for example, thousands of years of history and an array of human-animal encounters like pet ownership and breeding, hunting, farming, and biotechnology. However, few scholars have focused their attention on "experimental animals"—that is, animals used in experiments within and beyond laboratories—and fewer still have investigated the aesthetic and ethical challenges of representing these animals (and literary animals more generally) as collectives. This article uses the polysemy of "the experimental" to think together innovative literary forms and descriptions of scientific research and experimentation. In particular, it considers some of the tensions that arise in literary experiments that feature representations of animal collectives in science. In place of an in-depth study of a single text, I draw on Natalia Cecire's vocabulary (2019) of the "flash" to explore how Tania Hershman's short story "Grounded: God Glows" (2017), Karen Joy Fowler's "Us" (2013), and an excerpt from Thalia Field's Bird Lovers, Backyard (2010) constitute an ecology of experimental texts which, when considered alongside one another, highlight patterns of animal multiplicity and movement. Foregrounding literary strategies like fragmentation, we-narrative, and synecdoche and juxtaposition, I argue that snapshots of animal collectives in Hershman, Fowler, and Field accumulate into a shimmering and hybrid multitude of bodies resistant to uncritical forms of literary anthropomorphism and impersonal scientific practices that frequently transform such bodies into readable and interpretable "data." Keywords: laboratory animals, experimentation, flash, form, fragmentation, we-narrative, synecdoche, juxtaposition "

Intro -- Contents -- Translator's Introduction -- The Political Testament Introductory Epistle (in large part) -- Part I -- I. General Statement of the Royal Program (Selections) -- II. The Reformation of the Ecclesiastical Order (Selections) -- III. The Reformation of the Nobility (Selections) -- IV. The Reformation of the Third Order of the Realm (Selections) -- V. Minor Administrative Details (Omitted) -- VI. The Role of the King (Complete) -- VII. The Reformation of the Royal Household (Complete) -- VIII. The Qualifications for Royal Councillors (Selections) -- Part II -- I. The Reign of God the First Essential (Complete) -- II. Reason Should Guide the Governing of a State (Complete) -- III. Public Interest the First Objective (Complete) -- IV. Foresight Necessary to Good Government (Complete) -- V. The Uses of Punishments and Rewards (Complete) -- VI. The Need for Continuous Negotiation in Diplomacy (Complete) -- VII. The Need to Appoint Suitable Men to Public Offices (Complete) -- VIII. The Evils of Flattery, Slander, and Scheming (Complete) -- IX. The Power of the Prince (Selections) -- X. Conclusion (Complete).

The Protection of Civilians (PoC) has been part of United Nations (UN) peace operations for twenty years. Today, PoC is irrefutably a 'centre of gravity' for how UN peace operations see and portray themselves. Despite negative perceptions, a great deal of progress has been made in how missions prepare for and respond to the demands of protection mandates. For the vulnerable populations they serve, mandates to protect raise expectations and provide hope that peacekeepers will safeguard them. Yet efforts to implement PoC mandates have encountered a range of problems, which peace operations have struggled to address. This article critically reflects on the past two decades of promoting, planning for and practicing protection in UN peace operations. It argues that while the achievements are many, significant challenges remain and much more must be done to deliver on this cardinal obligation.

Advanced technology has significantly influenced media and its environment, including their audience and advertisers. The changes have forced the media to rethink their business model. Native advertising, undisruptive advertising that looks like the original content of the media, is one of the new advertising form developed in the past few years. This trends started in Indonesian in 2014 as some big online media offers the native advertising space to the advertisers. In the perspective of Baudrillard's postmodern view, this is a kind of simulation which may lead to the death of the reality. This study seeks to find the way news simulation work in Indonesian online media advertising. The result shows that the packaging, the placement, and the minimum disclosure of political native advertising have blurred the separation between commercial and editorial content. Analyzing from Baudrillard's perspective, this news simulation is at the second stage of simulation, or evil appearance, in which people can no longer differentiate between the real news and the ads which simulate the news.

Advanced technology has significantly influenced media and its environment, including their audience and advertisers. The changes have forced the media to rethink their business model. Native advertising, undisruptive advertising that looks like the original content of the media, is one of the new advertising form developed in the past few years. This trends started in Indonesian in 2014 as some big online media offers the native advertising space to the advertisers. In the perspective of Baudrillard's postmodern view, this is a kind of simulation which may lead to the death of the reality. This study seeks to find the way news simulation work in Indonesian online media advertising. The result shows that the packaging, the placement, and the minimum disclosure of political native advertising have blurred the separation between commercial and editorial content. Analyzing from Baudrillard's perspective, this news simulation is at the second stage of simulation, or evil appearance, in which people can no longer differentiate between the real news and the ads which simulate the news.

The National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) has called for the development of a media literacy framework that goes beyond content analysis into investigating media forms. The M.I.T.S. framework, which stands for main ideas, images, text, and sounds, is inspired by the conceptual work of Marshall McLuhan (1964) and other media ecologists, who recognize screen media tends to generate different sensory responses from audiences when compared to print. The framework encourages students to carefully analyze the various aspects of screen media by isolating each dimension and examining it separately. The goal of the analysis is to foster students' awareness of how screen technology may evoke unique responses compared to print by playing upon different sensory perceptions. Ultimately, this can facilitate students taking a more critical perspective toward screen media and the various persuasive devices they regularly encounter. Recent political commercials are used to introduce the framework. Extensions and other practical concerns for implementation are also discussed.

The relevance of Alexis de Tocqueville's assessment of the American media for studying the media in the contemporary US is examined. Tocqueville's assertion that the newspaper media encourages the establishment of collective identity & facilitates collective action is reviewed. Several aspects of Tocqueville's evaluation of the American media that are contradicted by developments since the 1830s are identified; although contemporary newspapers & media outlets generate significant revenues compared to their 19th century counterparts, it is stressed that creating a newspaper or media outlet is much more difficult than during the 1830s. Nevertheless, multiple facets of Tocqueville's treatment of the American press that remain relevant are noted; for instance, Tocqueville correctly noted newspapers' capacity to influence Americans' psychological dispositions. It is subsequently asserted that the amalgamation of popular culture & media commercialization has engendered a form of "soft tyranny" among the present-day American media. Articles that examine additional aspects of political communication are also introduced. J. W. Parker

The party structure in Belgium has always reflected not merely the graduation of opinions from the extreme right to the extreme left, but also the linguistic and religious differences of a nation divided into French and Flemish speaking people, and into Catholic believers and freethinkers. The latter distinction still remains the most important one. Thus, the parties continue, as during the nineteenth century, to be classified into "right" and "left" according to whether they have a religious or an agnostic character. The "right" is considered identical with the Catholic Party, and the "left" with the Liberal, Socialist, and Communist Parties. It is also true that the Catholic Party is considered politically conservative, and the "left," taken as a whole, progressive. And since the "right" has an absolute majority in Flanders and the "left" in Wallonia (the French speaking region), it can be said that, very broadly, the religious, political, and linguistic groupings tend to place Catholics, conservatives, and Flemings against freethinkers, progressives, and Walloons.

IN A FAMOUS dialogue between the Athenian ambassadors and the Council of the small island of Melos, Thucydides has given the classical statement of the "right" of the stronger. "The brave Milesians soon see that they cannot appeal to the Athenians' sense of justice, because the Athenians recognize no standard but their own political advantage…By making the Athenians justify the right of the stronger through the law of nature, and transform God from the guardian of justice into the pattern of all earthly authority and force, Thucydides gives the realistic policy of Athens the depth and validity of a philosophical doctrine." The Dutch, in the days of Peter Breughel, used to say: "the big fish devour the little fish" to which Spinoza added "by natural right." That is the doctrine of the "state,"as inherited from the Greeks. Similar situations still haunt us. Did the Russians by natural right seek to destroy Finnish independence?