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In a retrospective review of the events of 2001, it is contended that the 11 Sept terrorist attack on the US exposed the so-called monolithic globalization phenomenon as three different geopolitical realities: the postmodern networked society, the 20th-century world of nation-states dealing in power, alliances, & secrecy; & the premodern outposts dominated by religion & agriculture. In the subsequent campaign against terrorism, different levels & types of engagement are required within the three global realities. The broad political coalition against terrorism is concurrent with a narrow military one, producing periodic stress. Both counterterrorism & policy against weapons of mass destruction, eg, in the Iraqi case, demand cooperation on intelligence. In fighting terrorism & keeping world peace, economic engagement of Third World countries is critical. This need has kept anticapitalist & antiglobalization forces subdued after the events of 11 Sept. Strategic policy issues & future scenarios for each region are analyzed in depth. 1 Appendix. M. Pflum

"The Routledge International Handbook of Heritage and Politics surveys the intersection of heritage and politics today and helps elucidate the political implications of heritage practices. It explicitly addresses the political and analyses tensions and struggles over the distribution of power. Including contributions from early-career scholars and more established researchers, the Handbook provides global and interdisciplinary perspectives on the political nature, significance and consequence of heritage and the various practices of management and interpretation. Taking a broad view of heritage, which includes not just tangible and intangible phenomena, but the ways in which people and societies live with, embody, experience, value and use the past, the volume provides a critical survey of political tensions over heritage in diverse social and cultural contexts. Chapters within the book consider topics such as: neoliberal dynamics; terror and mobilisations of fear and hatred; old and new nationalisms; public policy; recognition; denials; migration and refugeeism; crises; colonial and decolonial practice; communities; self-and personhood; as well as international relations, geopolitics, soft power and cooperation to address global problems. The Routledge International Handbook of Heritage and Politics makes an intervention into theoretical debate about the nature and role of heritage as a political resource. It is essential reading for academics and students working in heritage studies, museum studies, politics, memory studies, public history, geography, urban studies and tourism"--

Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Table of Cases -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- A Increasing Importance of the Domestic Application of International Law -- B Incorporation of International Law -- C Different Sources of the Concept of Direct Applicability -- Chapter 2 Concept of Direct Applicability: The International Approach -- A Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court of International Justice on Jurisdiction of the Courts of Danzig -- B The International Approach -- 1 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -- 2 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- 3 The European Convention on Human Rights -- 4 The American Convention on Human Rights -- 5 The Genocide Convention -- 6 The European Social Charter -- 7 The ilo Conventions -- 8 The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property -- C Problems of the International Approach -- Chapter 3 The Doctrine of Self-Executing Treaties in the United States -- A Concept -- 1 Directly Applicable and Executed without Legislation -- 2 Direct Applicability and Domestic Legal Force of International Law -- (a) Distinguishing Direct Applicability and Domestic Legal Force -- (b) Relationship between Direct Applicability and Domestic Legal Force -- 3 Creation of Individual Rights -- B Question of Domestic Law -- C Criteria -- 1 Subjective Criteria -- (a) Intent of the Parties -- 1) Positive Intent of the Parties -- 2) Presumption -- 3) Negative Intent of the Parties -- 4) Provisions Calling for Domestic Implementation -- 5) Provisions Calling for International Implementation -- 6) Intent of the United States -- 7) Travaux Préparatoires -- 8) Intent of other States -- (b) Executive Intent -- (c) Legislative Intent -- (d) Declarations -- 2 Objective Criteria -- (a) Precision.

This book provides an analysis of Singapore's development and success as an international financial centre (IFC). Chapters demonstrate how Singapore plays a critical role in both Asian and global financial markets, despite its relatively small geographic size. The author focuses specifically on the factors that have contributed to the city-state's success and discusses the policy lessons that can be derived from it. The book describes the historical, spatial, political and policy factors that contributed to Singapore's development as a leading Asian financial centre and global city, and will be of interest to both policy scholars and practitioners.

Trade liberalization is currently demanding every country to increase the competitiveness of its products. Indonesia as the largest clove producer in the world has a major competitor in the international market. This study aims to determine the competitiveness of Indonesia's clove exports and competing countries in the international market and determine the factors that affect its competitiveness. The data used in this study are secondary data from five major producing countries namely Indonesia, Madagascar, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, and Comoros during the period 2000-2017 sourced from UNComtrade, FAO and the World Bank. Competitiveness is measured by Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Acceleration Ratio (AR) and Export Product Dynamic (EPD) while the factors that affect competitiveness are used panel data regression methods using E-Views software. The results showed that Indonesia had the lowest RCA index, the AR value showed Madagascar and Tanzania were able to capture market share in the international market and the EPD value showed that all countries occupied the rising star position except Sri Lanka in the falling star position. Panel data regression analysis results show that the market share and GDP variables significantly influence the competitiveness of the main clove producing countries while the production variables and export prices do not significantly influence the country's competitiveness. The government must dare to take policies to limit clove imports and increase exports.

The Armed Conflict Survey 2022 provides an exhaustive review of the political, military and humanitarian dimensions of 33 active armed conflicts globally in the period from 1 March 2021 to 30 April 2022. The review is complemented by a strategic analysis of national, regional and global drivers and conflict outlooks, providing unique insights into the geopolitical and geo-economic threads linking conflicts across the world, as well as into emerging flashpoints and political risks. This edition includes a special feature on climate security given the increasingly urgent need to understand the complex interlinkages between climate change, climate vulnerability and conflict amid accelerating global warming. Reflecting the growing importance of geopolitical factors in the current global conflict landscape, The Armed Conflict Survey 2022 features the IISS Armed Conflict Global Relevance Indicator, which compares the global relevance of armed conflicts in terms of their geopolitical impact, as well as their human impact and intensity. This edition also includes maps, infographics and key statistics, as well as the accompanying Chart of Armed Conflict.