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Orta Asya, dünya ve bölgesel güçlerin çıkarlarının iç içe geçtiği bir bölge olmuştur ve olmaya devam etmektedir. Sovyetler Birliği'nin çöküşü Orta Asya'da bir boşluk (siyasi bir vakum) yaratıp ana güç merkezlerinin dikkatini çekmiştir. ABD'nin Orta Asya ülkelerine yönelik - Tacikistan da dahil olmak üzere, politikasındaki ilk adım, Sovyetler Birliği'nin dönüşümünü işaret eden olayları dikkatli bir şekilde değerlendirmek ve aynı zamanda bölgedeki her ülke ile bir temas noktasını bulmaktı. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Tacikistan'ı sadece her ne şart olursa olsun korumakla kalmadı, aynı zamanda Tacikistan'daki dini aşırılığın yayılmasını da önledi. Sonuç olarak, ABD'nin barış sürecine yardım etmesi ve Rusya Federasyonu ile İran'ın bu konudaki ana arabulucu rollerini kabullenmesi Tacikistan'ın istikrarını sağlama ve ABD'nin aktif politikasının temellerini atma mantığına dayanmaktadır. Böylece, bu çalışma ABD'nin Orta Asya ve özellikle Tacikistan Cumhuriyeti'ne yönelik dış politikasını ve onun uygulama mekanizmalarını incelemeyi ve Orta Asya bölgesinin jeopolitik rolünü dikkate alarak Washington'un dış politikasındaki ana eğilimleri araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. ; Central Asia has been and remains to be a region in which the interests of world and regional powers are intertwined. The collapse of the Soviet Union created a vacuum in Central Asia and it drew the attention of the main centers of power. The first steps of the U.S policy toward the Central Asian countries – Tajikistan inclusive, was to make a careful assessments of events marking the transformation of the Soviet Union and also an initial search for a points of contact with each country in the region. The United States was not only interested at preserving the statehood of Tajikistan at any cost but also to prevent the spread of religious extremism in Tajikistan. Consequently, the U.S assistance to the process of peaceful construction and the adoption of the role of the Russian Federation and Iran as the main mediators in this matter proceeded from the logic that the mandatory initial stability in Tajikistan was to lay the foundation for active U.S policy in the Tajik state. Thus, this paper seeks to analyze the U.S foreign policy towards Central Asia and particularly towards the Republic of Tajikistan and its implementation mechanisms and explore the main trends in Washington's foreign policy, taking into account the geopolitical role of the Central Asian region.

"This text is the first to address the second wave of memory and justice mobilization throughout Latin America. Pairing clear explanations of concepts and debates with cases studies, the volume offers a unique opportunity for students to understand and interpret the history and politics of Latin American countries"--Provided by publisher

President Donald Trump has announced that the United States will leave the multilateral Open Skies Treaty (OST). Russia could soon follow. The Trump administration would thus continue the US withdrawal from cooperative security and destroy an­other piece of the arms control architecture. Its continued dismantling, a new arms race, and the return of armed conflict and nuclear warfare scenarios threaten Europe's security and strategic stability. The OST permits cooperative observation flights over the territories of the States Parties. This allows for maintaining a minimum of military transparency and confidence-building, even in times of crisis. Such observation flights cannot be replaced by national satellite reconnaissance, especially since it is only available to a few states. Having the option to conduct independent observations is par­ticularly important for allies in regions of tension. Germany and European partners must make a strong commitment to maintaining the OST. (Autorenreferat)

Verlagsinfo: "Turkey held its first democratic elections in 1950 and joined NATO in 1952. These dramatic domestic and international developments facilitated an equally dramatic reinterpretation of the country's imagined past and its anticipated future. Under the influence of electoral politics and Cold War competition, Turkish politicians, intellectuals, and voters articulated a distinct vision of mid-century modernity, at once aspirationally liberal, proudly nationalistic, rationally pious and appropriately prosperous. They optimistically asserted, with the enthusiastic agreement of many foreign observers, that Turkey was on the verge of transcending its notorious clichés by finally reconciling religion and secularism, tradition and modernity, and, of course, East and West. In exploring Turkey's transformation between 1945 and 1960, I argue that present-day thinkers intent on transcending these same purported binaries have misunderstood what was so unique about mid-century politics. Moreover, recognizing the ease with which authors in this era reworked narratives about history and modernity in order to advance their rival agendas reveals the profound malleability of such narratives - and should make modern scholars more aware of how we politicize similar narratives in our own work today"--

Using a new measure of urbanity for every federal electoral district in Canada from 1896 to the present, this article describes the long-term development of the urban-rural in Canadian federal electoral politics. We focus on three questions: (1) when the urban-rural divide has existed in Canada, identifying three main periods – the 1920s, the 1960s, and 1993–present – in which the urban-rural cleavage has been especially important in federal elections (2) where the urban-rural divide has existed, finding that in the postwar period the urban-rural cleavage is a pan-Canadian phenomenon; and (3) how well urbanity predicts district-level election outcomes. We argue that the urban-rural divide is important for understanding election outcomes during several periods of Canadian political development, and never more so than in recent decades. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for research on urban-rural cleavages, Canadian electoral politics, and Canadian political development. This is the final text of an accepted article. Please cite the published version when it becomes available. ; https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/urban/1002/thumbnail.jpg

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is perceived as a major component of contemporary business policies. It is considered as a significant tool for business promotion and survival in the 21st century. The ideas of CSR (Welfare) and the business model, tobacco companies create a contradictory concept as it kills one-half of its chain users. Tobacco companies are strictly prohibited by international and local laws from the promotion of their products. In order to cope up with such strict laws, they start social initiatives. Hence, they take help from the idea of CSR. Through CSR they earned a soft image and entered in politics to influence public policy in their favour. This paper is an effort to discuss the real situation behind CSR initiatives of tobacco industry in Pakistan. Annual reports of Philip Morris Pakistan and Pakistan tobacco Company are analysed. Interviews of local companies' owners or officials, research papers, newspaper articles and related sites have been investigated to get the conclusion. Resultantly, this paper emphasizes on the CSR regulations and centralization. The findings also indicate that tobacco money is directly and indirectly used in politics in the form of CSR.

In jüngster Zeit rückte die Bedeutung von Expert_innenwissen für Landpolitik vermehrt ins Blickfeld der akademischen Debatte. Bislang wird hierbei jedoch die Rolle von Expert_innenwissen bei der Transformation von Kontrolle über, Zugang zu und Besitz von Land oftmals übersehen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist daher, die Besonderheiten und die Bedeutung gegenwärtiger Kartographierung von Land hinsichtlich dessen Kommodifizierung durch Unternehmen und staatliche Akteur_innen herauszuarbeiten. Ich analysiere, wie remote mapping practices die Transformation von Landregimen beeinflussen. Die zentrale Forschungsfrage lautet wie und inwieweit Landvermesser_innen und deren Kartierungspraktiken für die Katasterämter die Kommodifizierung von Land erleichtern und legitimieren und gleichzeitig de jure und de facto zur Veräußerung von Land von Kleinbäuerinnen und Kleinbauern beitragen. ; There has been recent growing interest in the role of expert knowledge around land politics. One area that has often been overlooked is how land-related expert knowledge has fostered the transformation of the regime of land control, access and ownership. This paper aims to capture the distinctiveness of contemporary mapping politics in relation to the commodification of land by corporate and state actors. I analyse how remote mapping practices influence the transformation of land regimes. The main research question is how and to what extent land surveyors and their cadastral mapping practices facilitate and legitimate market-led land commodification, and at the same time contribute to de jure and de facto peasant land alienation.

The emergence of Internet and Information and Communication Technologies in the field of politics has led to a transformation of its main characteristics. In 2.0 contexts, subjects and structures of politics must to adapt a new environment, a digital one, where new rules for participation and social interaction are settle down. In this sense, the present study aims to analyze the possibilities for participation of Members of the Galician Parliament through Twitter as a social network. ; La irrupción de Internet y de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación en el ámbito de la política ha conllevado una transformación de algunos de sus aspectos más característicos. En el ámbito 2.0 los sujetos y estructuras de la política convencional han tenido que adaptarse a un nuevo entorno, el digital, en el que se establecen nuevas reglas para la interacción social y la participación. En este sentido, el presente estudio ha tenido por objeto analizar las posibilidades para la participación que los agentes del Parlamento de Galicia brindan a la ciudadanía a través de la plataforma social Twitter.

[spa]El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar que aquello que vincula la deconstrucción con lo político es la idea de acontecimiento y, en concreto, la fe en el acontecimiento. Lo mesiánico consiste en esta fe en el acontecimiento que Derrida recupera de Marx. Para demostrar esta tesis procederé, en primer lugar, a distinguir la idea de mesianicidad de la idea reguladora kantiana; en segundo lugar, se analizará el concepto de creencia que, según Derrida, debe habitar el concepto mismo de democracia; y finalmente se mostrará cómo este elemento fiduciario de la deconstrucción desborda el ámbito de lo ético para abrir una concepción de lo político vinculada a lo religioso. ; [eng]The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the link between deconstruction and politics lies in the concept of event (événement), or the faith in the event. In fact, messianism —as it is conceived by Derrida— is this «faith in the event». To this end, I will distinguish derridian messianicity from Kant's «regulative idea»; secondly, I will analyze derridian concept of believing which must characterize democracy; and finally, I will show the religious engagement in Derrida's conception of the politics.

Das Buch behandelt Praktiken und Berechtigungen von Gesetzgebungen im Mittelalter. Gesetze legten Normen fest, sie unterlagen aber auch Normen. Diese beruhten nicht allein auf Traditionen, sondern sie verwiesen auch auf Ziele, die mittels neuer Gesetze erreicht werden sollten. Zu diesen Zielen gehörte die Verbesserung des Lebens. Die damit verbundene Neuerungsbereitschaft stand in Gegensatz zum Bewahrungsgebot. Untersucht wird die widersprüchliche Entwicklung beider Normwerte, die die Bewertungen von Gesetzgebungen prägte

This open access book investigates whether and how theoretical findings and insights in contemporary art conservation can be translated into the daily work practices of conservators or, vice versa, whether and how the problems and dilemmas encountered in conservation practice can inform broader research questions and projects. For several decades now, the conservation of contemporary art has been a dynamic field of research and reflection. Because of contemporary art's variable constitution, its care and management calls for a fundamental rethinking of the overall research landscape of museums, heritage institutions, private-sector organizations and universities. At first, this research was primarily pursued by conservation professionals working in or with museums and other heritage organizations, but increasingly academic researchers and universities became involved, for instance through collaborative projects. This book is the result of such collaboration. It sets out to bridge the "gap" between theory and practice by investigating conservation practices as a form of reflection and reflection as a form of practice.

Die Beiträger/-innen des vorliegenden Sammelbandes sind sich darüber einig, dass soziopolitisch und kulturell bedingte konfliktive Logiken Eingang in die Interessensfelder der postkolonialen Germanistik finden müssen. Als eine Reflexionswissenschaft vermag dieses Fach nämlich aufgrund seines epistemologisch-hermeneutischen Funktionspotenzials Paradigmen zu entwickeln, um sich den Herausforderungen des von Gewalt und Krieg geprägten gegenwärtigen epochalen Kontextes zu stellen. Der Band beinhaltet literaturwissenschaftliche Aufsätze zu Texten der (postkolonialen) deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur sowie theoretisch angelegte Beiträge zu Gewalt und Erinnerungsdiskursen. Aus interkulturellen, didaktischen und postkolonialen Blickpunkten heraus werden darin neue Reflexionsimpulse, Möglichkeiten und Zukunftsperspektiven herausgestellt, die sich der postkolonial ausgerichteten Germanistik nicht zuletzt vor dem Hintergrund globaler soziopolitischer Krisen erschließen

Narrating the pilgrimage to Mecca discusses a wide variety of historical and contemporary personal accounts of the pilgrimage to Mecca, most of which presented in English for the first time. The book addresses how being situated in a specific cultural context and moment in history informs the meanings attributed to the pilgrimage experience. The various contributions reflect on how, in their stories, pilgrims draw on multiple cultural discourses and practices that shape their daily lifeworlds to convey the ways in which the pilgrimage to Mecca speaks to their senses and moves them emotionally. Together, the written memoirs and oral accounts discussed in the book offer unique insights in Islam's rich and evolving tradition of hajj and ʿumra storytelling. Contributors Kholoud Al-Ajarma, Piotr Bachtin, Vladimir Bobrovnikov, Marjo Buitelaar, Nadia Caidi, Simon Coleman, Thomas Ecker, Zahir Janmohamed, Khadija Kadrouch-Outmany, Ammeke Kateman, Yahya Nurgat, Jihan Safar, Neda Saghaee, Leila Seurat, Richard van Leeuwen and Miguel Ángel Vázquez.