Suchergebnisse

Потребность в языке, на котором бы говорили все люди в мире, существовала во все времена. Так как единого языка, который развился бы естественным образом, не существует, то в мире возникла идея создания искусственного международного универсального языка, который, помимо всего прочего, выполнял бы объединяющую функцию. В статье рассматриваются понятия «язык» и «искусственный язык», даются определения этих понятий, также рассматриваются причины возникновения данных понятий и дается обзор различных искусственных языков. Актуальность данной работы заключается в том, что на данный момент развития нашего общества существует потребность в создании единого языка, целью которого могли бы стать международные переговоры, либо урегулирование международных конфликтов и ряда других политических, экономических и культурных мероприятий. Также возможно возрастание интереса к такой науке о языке как интерлингвистика, и как следствие, дальнейшего развития языкознания в целом. На данный момент в мире существуют около пятисот искусственных языков, но лишь немногие из них более или мене пригодны для реального общения. Цель данной работы исследовать роль искусственных международных языков в рамках современной культуры и современного общества. 3адачи данной статьи следующие: раскрыть само понятие языка; выделить виды искусственных языков; дать характеристику каждому из наиболее известных международных искусственных языков. В статье нами были использованы следующие методы научного исследования: анализ, обобщение, реферирование. ; He necessity of language that would be spoken by all the people in the world, has existed in all times. As a common language that has developed naturally, does not exist, then the world developed the idea of creating an artificial international language, which, among other things, could perform a unifying function. The article discusses the concept of "language" and "artificial language", provides definitions of these concepts, also considers the causes of these concepts and provides an overview of the various artificial languages. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that at the moment of development of our society there is a need to create common language, the purpose of which would be international negotiations or settlement of international conflicts and other political, economic and cultural activities. It is also possible to increase interest in such science of language as interlinguistics, and as a result, further development of linguistics as a whole thing. At the moment there are about five hundred artificial languages, but only a few of them are more or less suitable for real communication. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of artificial international languages within the framework of modern culture and modern society. The objectives of this article: to reveal the very notion of language; to select the types of artificial languages; to give the description of each of the most well-known international artificial languages. In the article we have used the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, and abstracting.

The research had as its starting point the recognition of the historical and social conditions of children who have experienced displacement in Colombia, as builders of stories against their reality in relation to others: family, school and community. As political subjects that have the ability to make speeches in front of his family socio reality, the experience of being displaced by violence and recognizing the changes in their environment when they reach the city. This article aims to analyze the experience of displacement by armed conflict and perceived changes in the family, children who have reached Potrero Grande city of Cali. The research is qualitative was performed from participatory workshops and semi-structured interviews as techniques for gathering information and the following results were obtained: for children displacement has meant a situation of rupture with its site of origin, their culture and their community; as family member changes the non-continuity of everyday activities with their family group were identified interaction spaces to the private area of the house, family disintegration change of residence, isolation and non-participation in activities offered by the host society are reduced . ; La investigación tuvo como punto de partida el reconocimiento de las condiciones históricas y sociales de los niños que han vivido el desplazamiento en Colombia, como constructores de relatos frente a su realidad en relación con otros: familia, escuela y comunidad. Como sujetos políticos que cuentan con la capacidad de emitir discursos frente a su realidad socio familiar, la experiencia de ser desplazados por la violencia, así como el reconocer los cambios en sus entornos cuando llegan a la ciudad. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la experiencia del desplazamiento por conflicto armado y los cambios que perciben en lo familiar, los niños y niñas que han llegado a Potrero Grande de la ciudad de Cali. Describir la experiencia del desplazamiento la experiencia del desplazamiento, analizar los cambios que perciben los niños y niñas en lo familiar y social al llegar como desplazados a la ciudad receptora. La investigación es de tipo cualitativo se realizó a partir de talleres participativos y entrevistas semiestructuradas como técnicas de recolección de información y se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: para los niños el desplazamiento significó una situación de ruptura con su sitio de origen, con su cultura y con su comunidad; como cambios socio familiares se identificaron la no continuidad de actividades cotidianas con su grupo familiar, se reducen los espacios de interacción al espacio privado de la casa, desintegración de la familia por cambio de residencia, aislamiento y no participación en actividades ofrecidas por la sociedad receptora.

La construcción que hoy día se hace del terrorismo en el sistema internacional es parte de nuestros mundos de ensueño de consumo masivo confrontado con las imágenes del sueño americano. Estos mundos ideales proporcionan los discursos hegemónicos de una política paneuropea y universalista que asesina a un gran número de civiles inocentes con fines políticos, actos de terrorismo, al mismo tiempo que niega que tales actos constituyan terrorismo. La violencia utilizada se representa como un sacrificio compartido y necesario para el sueño americano, sugiriendo una unidad, de otra manera inexistente, supuestamente en "defensa propia" frente al terrorismo. En realidad, lo que se está consumando no son acciones contra el terrorismo y la guerra de agresión, sino guerra de agresión y terrorismo en sí mismos haciéndose pasar por la defensa de las comunidades imaginadas de la nación y "Occidente". El artículo hace hincapié especialmente en los medios de comunicación y en las películas de Hollywood, incluyendo las redes sociales. El trabajo se basa en el análisis del sistema-mundo, académicos de Relaciones Internacionales y teóricos de la cultura, los medios y la comunicación para analizar los usos del terrorismo hoy en día. Al mismo tiempo, el artículo se basa en teóricos críticos y en intelectuales públicos, desde Edward Said a Judith Butler o el Papa Francisco, para criticar las oposiciones binarias y orientalistas de los discursos paneuropeos actuales sobre terrorismo internacional, de manera que queden expuestas sus complejidades y realidades, históricamente y en la actualidad ; Today's framing of terrorism in the international system is part of our contemporary dreamworlds of mass consumption set against images of the American Dream. These dreamworlds provide the hegemonic discourses of a European universalist foreign policy that kills huge numbers of innocent non-combatants for political purposes, acts of terrorism, while denying that such acts constitute terrorism. The violence used is represented as a necessary and shared sacrifice for the American Dream, suggesting a unity, otherwise lacking, supposedly in "self-defense" against terrorism. In reality, what is being consumed are not actions against terrorism and aggressive war, but aggressive war and terrorism themselves masquerading as a defense of the imagined communities of the nation and "the West". The focus of this article is especially on media and Hollywood films, including social media. The work draws on both world-systems analysis, international relations scholars, and theorists of culture, media and communication to analyze the uses of terrorism today. Simultaneously the article draws on critical theorists and public intellectuals, from Edward Said to Judith Butler to Pope Francis, to critique the binary Orientalist oppositions of today's pan-European discourses on international terrorism, in ways that expose their complexities and realities, historically and currently

The University third space is often presented as a powerful driver and an increasingly widespread phenomenon of shifting job roles and identities of both professional and academic staff in the contemporary global university environment (Birds, 2015; Graham, 2013); Whitchurch, 2008/2015). It is defined as new and emerging, or re-invented forms of university activities that transcend traditional academic and professional portfolio binaries, as well as professional identities, creating new work engagements between academic and professional staff (Whitchurch, 2012, 2015). The advancement of globalisation leads to convergences of higher education policies and workplace practices (Gopinathan, 2001; Gopinathan & Lee, 2011; Green, 1997, 1999; Mok & Lee, 2003); to renegotiation of spaces occupied by university staff in the course of their professional engagements, and to redefined boundaries within universities and across multiple national and international professional, geographical and sectoral domains (Henkel, 2010). Third space may be viewed as a potential way of reinventing academic and professional staff professional engagement. It may be used as a meta-discourse to interpret universities' local responses to globalisation. Australia's location in the Asia-Pacific region, with its close political, economic and trade connections with countries of Southeast and East Asian countries, including Singapore – the "region of exceptional economic dynamism" (Marginson, 2013, p. 87) – has far-reaching implications on the way higher education systems and processes in these countries are operationalised and how education services are delivered. This systemic convergence and the increasing connection between tertiary institutions has a flow-on effect on how university staff, academic and professional, operate and collaborate within their own organisations, across professional and geographical borders, and how their roles and professional identities blend and integrate. The international presence of an Australian university affords a unique research opportunity to explore how university professional staff navigate these simultaneously challenging and propitious new professional spaces in a cross-cultural and cross-national context. A qualitative multiple case study (Patton, 2015; Simons, 2009; Stake, 2006) will explore the emerging phenomenon of the university third space from the perspective of professional staff working in Australian and Singaporean campuses of an Australian university. The impact of national culture and its dimensions (collectivism/individualism (Triandis, 1993, 1995) and the Confucian dynamism (Hofstede & Bond, 1988) in particular), will be examined to understand professional staff predispositions towards working across professional and geographic boundaries (Cohen & Mankin, 2002; Mankin, Cohen, & Fitzgerald, 2004; Mankin & Cohen, 2004). The new understanding of the university collaborative engagement will be created through building the university third space narratives. These will be analysed using contemporary frameworks of professional staff identities and a typology of third space (Graham, 2013; Whitchurch, 2012). The narratives will provide recommendations to build university professional staff expertise and resilience in their evolving roles within the emerging university third space.

The article is devoted to the actual subject - features development of tourism inUkraine. Tourism inUkrainelegally declared as a priority of national culture and economy. The promotion ofUkraineas a European state requires the development of tourism industry. The modern concept of leisure activities organization leads to increased demand for tourism in those regions, which have the cultural, social, household identity of the nation, local community. These areas are presented in the most regions ofUkraine. Due to the wealth of historical, cultural, recreational, social and economic resourcesUkrainehas all essential prerequisites for intensive tourism development.Tourism plays an important role in regional development. Currently, most researches are aimed at economic aspects of development, which are usually associated with external (international) tourism. However not enough attention were paid to social and environmental aspects of domestic tourism, which may become an important tool for spiritual revival, patriotic education, formation of ecological thinking and future mentality of the Ukrainian society.In the development of tourism inUkrainethere are some features: changing in the ratio of internal and external tourism in favor of external, a small number of foreign tourists, the gradual reduction in the number of citizens covered by domestic tourism. In 2015 the tourist flow was at the level of 2000 and amounted into 2,02 million people. There was a reduction compared to 2013 by almost 40%. Although the highest rates of reduction (30%) occurred in 2014, and 10% - in 2015. So the rate of decrease in tourist flow slowed. The number of foreign tourists significantly reduced to a record 0.75% of the total number of travelers. On the contrary, the number of citizens ofUkraine, which travelled abroad remains very high and exceeds 80%. The number of domestic tourists remains at the level of 17%. Unfortunately, the negative trends in domestic tourism and excursion activity were caused by both economic and political troubles of last three years. ; В статье рассматриваются особенности развития туризма в Украине за период 2000 – 2015 гг. Основное внимание уделяется анализу динамики въездного, выездного и внутреннего туристических потоков за данный период. Детально охарактеризованы колебания туристической активности и причины этого явления, а также изменения в структуре туристических потоков. Выявлены некоторые позитивные и негативные тенденции в работе туристических предприятий за исследуемый период. Показано влияние общественно-политических процессов на развитие сферы туризма. ; У статті розглядаються особливості розвиток туризму в Україні за період 2000 – 2015 рр. Основну увагу приділено аналізу динаміки в'їзного, виїзного та внутрішнього туристичних потоків за цей період. Детально охарактеризовані коливання туристичної активності та причини цього явища, а також зміни у структурі туристичних потоків. Виявлені певні позитивні та негативні тенденції у роботі туристичних підприємств за досліджуваний період. Показано вплив суспільно-політичних процесів на розвиток туристичної галузі.

He necessity of language that would be spoken by all the people in the world, has existed in all times. As a common language that has developed naturally, does not exist, then the world developed the idea of creating an artificial international language, which, among other things, could perform a unifying function. The article discusses the concept of "language" and "artificial language", provides definitions of these concepts, also considers the causes of these concepts and provides an overview of the various artificial languages. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that at the moment of development of our society there is a need to create common language, the purpose of which would be international negotiations or settlement of international conflicts and other political, economic and cultural activities. It is also possible to increase interest in such science of language as interlinguistics, and as a result, further development of linguistics as a whole thing. At the moment there are about five hundred artificial languages, but only a few of them are more or less suitable for real communication. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of artificial international languages within the framework of modern culture and modern society. The objectives of this article: to reveal the very notion of language; to select the types of artificial languages; to give the description of each of the most well-known international artificial languages. In the article we have used the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, and abstracting. ; Потребность в языке, на котором бы говорили все люди в мире, существовала во все времена. Так как единого языка, который развился бы естественным образом, не существует, то в мире возникла идея создания искусственного международного универсального языка, который, помимо всего прочего, выполнял бы объединяющую функцию. В статье рассматриваются понятия «язык» и «искусственный язык», даются определения этих понятий, также рассматриваются причины возникновения данных понятий и дается обзор различных искусственных языков. Актуальность данной работы заключается в том, что на данный момент развития нашего общества существует потребность в создании единого языка, целью которого могли бы стать международные переговоры, либо урегулирование международных конфликтов и ряда других политических, экономических и культурных мероприятий. Также возможно возрастание интереса к такой науке о языке как интерлингвистика, и как следствие, дальнейшего развития языкознания в целом. На данный момент в мире существуют около пятисот искусственных языков, но лишь немногие из них более или мене пригодны для реального общения. Цель данной работы - исследовать роль искусственных международных языков в рамках современной культуры и современного общества. 3адачи данной статьи следующие: раскрыть само понятие языка; выделить виды искусственных языков; дать характеристику каждому из наиболее известных международных искусственных языков. В статье нами были использованы следующие методы научного исследования: анализ, обобщение, реферирование.

Автори досліджують історію ідіоми "абсолютна музика" й обґрунтовують її актуальність для істориків філософії, показуючи, що саме така позафілософська апропріація філософських категорій конституює предмет інтелектуальної історії. Виявлено, що "абсолютна музика" не є автентичним терміном музичної культури ХІХ століття, а є вдалим винаходом нової музичної герменевтики, що дозволяє означити як історичний період у становленні музичного мистецтва, так і парадигму понять, що характеризують автономність музичного буття. На думку авторів, предметом історико-філософського дослідження вислову "абсолютна музика" має постати перетворення філософського терміна в одиницю дискурсу естетичної публіцистики, а згодом його перевтілення в концепт музичної історіософії. ; Авторы исследуют историю идиомы "абсолютная музыка" и обосновывают ее актуальность для историков философии, показывая, что именно такая внефилософская апроприация философских категорий конституирует предмет интеллектуальной истории. Выявлено, что "абсолютная музыка" не является аутентичным термином музыкальной культуры XIX века, но удачным изобретением новой музыкальной герменевтики, что позволяет обозначить как исторический период в становлении музыкального искусства, так и парадигму понятий, характеризующих автономность музыкального бытия. По мнению авторов, предметом историко-философского исследования выражения "абсолютная музыка" должно стать преобразование философского термина в единицу дискурса эстетической публицистики, а впоследствии его перевоплощение в концепт музыкальной историософии. ; The history of the phrase absolute music has been studied by many theorists of music and music historians, while historians of philosophy proved to be rather reluctant to such syncretic concept. However, absolute music is exactly the case of non-philosophical appropriation of a philosophical category, which fits theoretical framework of the studies in intellectual history. Initial exploration on the synthesis of history of philosophy and musicology and music history has shown that the conceptual field of intellectual history enables the transition from abstract ideas to concrete social history of thought. It is proved that "absolute music" is not an authentic concept of music culture of the nineteenth century, but rather a good invention of new musical hermeneutics, which defined a period in the development of music and paradigm of concepts that characterized autonomy of musical form. The subject of historical and philosophical studies of the phrase "absolute music" lies in transformation of a philosophical term into a unit of aesthetic discourse, and later its reincarnation in the concept of musical historiosophy. Both philosophical and musicological approaches to the history of absolute music are based on the assumption that only theoretically relevant assertions and judgments appeal to the hermeneutic reconstruction and generalization, whereas political and social references of the discourse of absolute music can be left aside. So futher research shall focus on possibilities of how to reach the concrete social background of that form of thinking which employs the idiom absolute music.

The question of national identity and nationality of the group of people
inhabited in a particular geographical area, despite numerous theories which
over the last nearly two and a half centuries have been giving the variety of
answers, most frequently is related to a common ethnical background, culture,
history, tradition, and as it was considered for a longer period of time, a
common language. Although it is not uncommon for members of one ethnic group
to profess the same religion in the vast majority, the religion, at least
according to the theories of the nation, has never been an essential
definition of the national identity. It should not be surprising if we take
into account the circumstances that led to the awakening of nations and
national movements in the 19th century of the European Enlightenment period,
when the other form of togetherness started to replace a religion dominant
for centuries. Thus, in forming national consciousness, religion found itself
in the last place. On the other hand, if nationality formed by a religion was
unacceptable for the theories of the nation, forming a national literature by
the religious affiliation would have been unthinkable. By the simple analogy,
the first was excluding the other which means that if it was not possible for
the religion to form a nation, it was also not possible to form a national
literature. At least, it was common opinion. However, right in the European
region where those theories had been developed, we can also find the first
case to refute them. And we can do that with the so-called Bosnian- Muslim
literature that have made its first steps during the second half of the 19th
century as ? mean in the creation of the new Bosnian nation. It was not the
religious literature with religious themes and motifs, but the literature of
the religion, of the members of a religion in an effort to create their own
national identity based on a religious one. In that sense, there were three
most important literary events that made the foundations for the creating the
so called ?literary Bosnianhood? in the last decades of the 19th century: a
collection of proverbs and lessons called ?National Treasure? by Mehmed-beg
Kapetanovic Ljubusak, a collection of epic poems called ?Folk Songs of the
Mohammedans in Bosnia and Herzegovina? by Kosta H?rmann and the launch of the
literary magazine called ?Bosniak?. The paper presents historical, political
and social circumstances that had led to those literary events, the birth of
the new type of literature as well as the new Bosnian nation and national
identity.

The article "Problem of world order in modern Western studies" is the study of one of the most debated issues in the science of international relations - world order. Discussion of the structure of world order is underway in various countries, both at the state level and in the expert community. Some researchers insist on the fact that after the end of the cold war, the collapse of the bipolar model of international relations, the world has become unipolar. Others argue that the increase in the number of centers of power and the need for a multilateral approach to solving global problems (terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, environmental and climate issues) talking about the formation of multipolarity. However, it should be recognized that currently no widely accepted theoretical and conceptual apparatus, which complicates not only the study of the world order, but makes it impossible to search for common approaches of the international community in solving the problems associated with global development, new challenges and threats. The author of this article seeks to research and analyze the various theoretical paradigms (neo-realism, neo-liberalism, institutionalism, neo-marxism, etc.) and concepts to form a coherent picture of the structure of the world system, its main features and to offer readers the vision of the concept of "world order". Thus, the article notes that the multidimensional structure of the modern system of international relations established after the end of the cold war is so complex that none of the concepts can claim to accurate interpretation of the world order. The modern system differs from systems of the past centuries. Characteristics inherent in it (on the one hand, the increasing global processes in economy, politics, culture, etc., on the other, the attraction to return to the concept of "nation state", the closure of borders, the disintegration), require new approaches to the study of world order, factors of its formation and its components. The world system is dynamic and none of the previously existing concepts of world order are not able to accurately describe the processes occurring in the world today. For example, a bipolar model is formed based on the principle of "balance of power", a unipolar system exists on the basis of the dictates of the powers, and a multipolar - subject to the availability of the political equilibrium. It becomes obvious that the constantly changing conditions in the global arena require a whole new approach to the formation of a genuine world order. While each country will be guided by their own ideas of the world development plan focused on their interests, often in conflict with the global balance of power, to speak of a stable, efficient, safe development is impossible.

Volume 8, issue no. 1 (2016) of Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice/ The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies (RRSBN) gathers articles dealing with history, literary history and literary studies. The first group of articles engaged with topics related to Nordic and Baltic history from the early Middle Ages to the Modern Age. Such is the article which opens the journal signed by Costel Coroban. His thesis is that Konungs skuggsjá (King's Mirror or Speculum Regale), the piece of work elaborated in 1250 under King Hákon Hákonarson (1217-1263) for his son, future King Magnús lagabœtir (1263-1280), emphasizes piety as one of the essential features of a good Christian. Cases of arrogance and individualism have to be chastened and that was one of the essential attributes and duties of a sovereign. Roxana-Ema Dreve tackles the national identity building in Norway following the separation from Denmark and the creation of a union with Sweden. The article addresses the 1830s' developments especially with regard to the puzzling debate on the spoken and written national languages and the polemics of Henrik Wergeland and Johan Sebastian Welhaven. Henrik Ibsen continues to inspire inquiries in fields such as literature, social sciences, culture, philosophy as he did when he lived. Gianina Druță studies Ibsen's masterpiece Hedda Gabler inspired by Gilles Deleuze's concepts such as deterritorialisation, antigenealogy, rhizome or alliance. Dalia Bukelevičiūtė opens new perspectives in the field of social and welfare of Lithuanian population in Latvia during the interwar period and points out to the unbalanced situation between the two neighboring states of Latvia and Lithuania. While the number of Latvians in Lithuania who needed social protection was meagre, the number of Lithuanians in Latvia was considerable. This posed difficulties to the Lithuanian Government confronted, on one hand, with the needs of Lithuanians, the higher expenses of social services in Latvia and the desire to keep up the Lithuanian identity of the population across the border. This resulted into a wavering policy of the Lithuanian Governments which, however, always returned to the Convention on social assistance concluded with the Latvian counterparts in 1924.
This issue of our journal continues to tackle the perceptions of Nordic peoples on Romania, in this case Mihaela Mehedinţi-Beiean depicting the Nordic and Russian travellers' recollections of corruption and political instability imbedded into the Phanariot system of the 18th century Romania.
Finally, this issue brings to the fore a Norwegian personality with a significant role in the Romanian-Norwegian relations, author of chapters, articles and books dealing with this topic: Jardar Seim. Crina Leon successfully sails through the memories of Professor Seim's first encounters of Romania and the developments of this interest into a research topic.

In the article on the basis of establishment of difference between the individual and collective types of social organization the difference of the valued structures of consciousness of Ukrainian and Russian ethnic community is determined. Aspiring to freedom and maintenance dignities, incident to Ukrainian national mentality, are determined by the necessity of creation of unique model of the state system, directed on defence and maintenance of national spiritual values.The aim of this paper is to establish a connection of concepts the Ukrainian state system and spiritual maintenance of the Ukrainian state system and also determination of its basic content. It is based on vision of the Ukrainian state system historically asserting itself or in the river-bed of fight for independence or in accordance with principles of soviet state building. Basis of analysis is formed by basic ideas about the construction of the state system in positions of prominent representatives of national culture and socio-political idea.It is investigated the distinction of structures of the valued consciousness of representatives Ukrainian and Russian ethnic associations. There are different principles of organization of the national state system. Principles of free development, incident to Ukrainians appeared incompatible with principles of collective organization of activity of Russian community. The spirit of Ukrainian nation in the basis saves the elements of heathen and romantic perception of the world. Principles of free intercourse and autonomy are in organization of economic activity, cheerful creation on the basis of justice and respect to personality make spiritual foundation of the Ukrainian state system. These principles need defence. It is therefore necessary to find unique form of the state system, called to protect and develop national spiritual values.It is marked a general list of the valued concepts and categories which can make foundation of construction of spiritual foundation of the Ukrainian state system and the theoretical terms of their achievement are formulated. So Ukrainian legislators may find the information contained in this article useful for developing a new strategy of construction and development of the Ukrainian state system in modern terms. ; В статье на основе установления разницы между индивидуальным и коллективным типами социальной организации определяется отличие ценностных структур сознания украинской и российской этнической общности. Стремление к свободе и сохранению достоинства, свойственные украинскому национальному менталитету, определяют необходимость создания уникальной модели государственности, направленной на защиту и поддержание национальных духовных ценностей. ; У статті на основі встановлення різниці між індивідуальним та колективним типами соціальної організації визначається відмінність ціннісних структур свідомості української та російської етнічних спільнот. Прагнення свободи і збереження гідності, притаманні українському національному менталітету, визначають необхідність творення унікальної моделі державності, спрямованої на захист та підтримку національних духовних цінностей.

This article deals with the study and analysis of the regional unification of private international law based on the experience of the Nordic countries. Primary purposes of the research was to identify factors which had affected this process, to ascertain in what forms and by what methods such interaction of different national law systems is being carried out. Taking into account the theme of this article it is worth mentioning that the ideal of international uniformity of maritime law was always regarded as particularly important to the field. Scholars traditionally distinguish two main types of interstate unification of maritime law: a) the creation in various states of uniform law by the impact of different legal systems on each other without using international legal instruments; b) the creation of uniform rules through the use of international treaties.In our research we consider the first of the mentioned types of interstate uniformity which have for decades proved its effectiveness in the Scandinavian region. Theoretical provisions of private international law were used for revealing the objective and subjective factors (common factors of historical, cultural, economic, political nature; formation of common legal culture; awareness of the need for uniform regulation of relations in the sphere of maritime trade) that have contributed to the development of this form of interstate unification. The author argues that the effectiveness of the Scandinavian regional unification has been achieved through the use of a whole system of techniques and forms, in combination of different methods which include both the creation of legal rules (the maritime codes) and non-normative unification ( the so called private law making) All these factors have contributed to achieving the objectives of unification − the interaction and convergence of different national legal systems, at least at the regional level. ; Статья посвящена изучению и анализу вопросов региональной унификации международного частного морского права на примере опыта стран Скандинавии. С учетом теоретических положений международного частного права выявлены объективные и субъективные факторы, которые способствуют развитию такой формы межгосударственной унификации. Автор приходит к выводу, что эффективность скандинавской региональной унификации достигается за счет применения целой системы способов и форм, которые включают в себя как создание единообразных законодательных норм, так и иные ненормативные методы правовой унификации. Все это вместе взятое способствует достижению целей унификации: взаимодействию и сближению различных национальных правовых систем, по крайней мере, на региональном уровне. ; Статтю присвячено вивченню та аналізу питань регіональної уніфікації міжнародного приватного морського права на прикладі досвіду країн Скандинавії. На основі теоретичних положень міжнародного приватного права виявлено та проаналізовано чинники, які сприяють уніфікації, а також розглянуто правові форми та методи її здійснення.

This thesis reclaims the analysis of Marjane Satrapi's Persepolis. It is mindful of analysis of the stereotypical, and partial tendencies of orientalist representations of Satrapi's work by both Iranian officials and "Western" media and readership. Themes are detected from this analysis and pertain to the message and intention of the author to create her work. The intentio lectoris1 (i.e. what audiences believe or led to believe) proposed that orientalist paradigms present the meaning of the work or Satrapi's agenda, i.e. the intentio auctoris. Persepolis has been enthusiastically received all around the world, except in Iran. It has been described and interpreted as the critique of a courageous girl against the foundations of the Iranian Islamic Republic. Notwithstanding the success, the graphic novel and the animated movie derived from it in 2007 have been banned by the Iranian government, and subsequently Marjane Satrapi has been refused entry into the country. The polarised reception of Satrapi's work in Iran and worldwide, is contextualised within (neo) orientalist critique. I detect in these receptions both potentials and problems. Reclaiming aspects of Persepolis' analysis that have been excluded from and therefore devalued by external agencies is affirmed as a necessary and important contribution. However, I note that the overwhelming reluctance amongst "Western" media and news reporters to speak of Satrapi's dual and neutral position, or to grasp at specificity her intentio auctoris, prevents us from a thorough discussion of their analysis. Satrapi's work is ultimately left in the hands of clichés. I attempt to analyse Persepolis in such a way that it not only affirms rationality, fluidity, and duality, but also offers new and beneficial ways to argue Satrapi's position and intention. My thesis is thus partly rooted in a feminist standpoint perspective to give voice to Satrapi's agenda. What is more, it converses with similar restrictive regulations and contextualises them within an analysis of selected post-revolutionary autobiographical literature. My ultimate goal is to analyse the Iranian position towards Persepolis by making sense of the theological and political thought of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Revolution, and the concept of velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurists) and the national and international responses to it in a way in which to take and transform the representation of Persepolis and Iranian culture consequently. This is done by explaining the current Iranian situation and Iranian responses to internal and external threats. Theological analyses and the explication of some of the historical complexities affecting modern Iran (especially after the revolution) would be beneficial along the way.

Mankind has acquired the term "tolerance" from the religion. Particularly the divine religions contribute to the interpretation efforts of the individual in all spheres. Considering the fact that all the sovereignty belongs Allah throughout the earth; Islam puts forward a universal cultural formation that brings the human values fore. As a result of the expansionist policies that involve a colonial tradition; the human values has been understood in different aspects. This is one of the main reasons that urged Muslims to reinterpret their religions. Beside the social, political and economical transformations depending on external factors; most of the Islamic societies has believed in the separation of the religion and the politics. While studying upon the first years of the history of Islam; It is essential for the terms to be clear and understandable. Because the attitudes of the Muslims against other languages, religions, colors, races and ideologies will spring to life with Quran and Sunnah. By the way; the traditional Islamic tolerance involves sound communicative means. Violent responses against attacks will contrast with the peaceful bases that the Islamic thought depends on. And that case necessitates a new Islamic reconciliation and peace project around the globalizing world just like in the Medina Community that was formed after Hegira. Muslim leaders, primarily, should be ready for an intellectual attitude that can form a new reconciliation and peace culture before encountering new developments like secularism and likewise. Özetİnsanlık müsamaha konusunu dinden almıştır. Özellikle ilahi kaynaklı dinler ferdin her alanda anlamlandırma çabasına katkı sunmaktadır. İslam dini de yeryüzünde hakimiyetin Allah'a ait olduğu gerçeğinden hareketle insani değerleri öne çıkaran evrensel bir kültür tesisini önerir. Koloni geleneğine sahip genişleme politikasının bir neticesi olarak insani değerler farklı anlamlara çekilmiştir. Ayrıca bu kavramların hem dini hem de siyasî gücü etkisizleştirildiği görülmektedir. Bu durum Müslümanların dinlerini yeniden yorumlamaya iten ana sebeplerden biridir. Dış etkenlere bağlı olarak Müslüman toplumlar içte sosyal, siyasi ve ekonomik dönüşümlerin yanında birçoğu fikren din ve siyasetin ayrılmasını düşünmüşlerdir. Kur'an ve Sünnet ışığında ilk devir İslam tarihi incelenirken kavramların net ve anlaşılır olması önem kazanmaktadır. Çünkü farklı dil, din, renk ve ırklara, ideolojilere Müslümanlar tarafından sergilenecek davranışlar başlangıçta olduğu gibi bugün de Kur'an ve Sünnetle hayat bulacaktır. Zira geleneksel İslamî hoşgörü geleneği sağlıklı iletişim kanallarına sahiptir. Saldırılara şiddetle karşılık verme, İslami düşünce yapısının dayandığı barışçıl temelini anlatmada çelişki oluşturacaktır. Bu durum hicretle oluşan Medine toplumunda olduğu gibi küreselleşen dünyada yeni bir İslamî uzlaşma ve barış sözleşmesine duyulan ihtiyaca işaret etmektedir. Laiklik ve benzeri gelişmelere karşı öncelikle Müslüman liderler yeni bir uzlaşma ve barış kültürünü tesis edecek entellektüel davranışa hazırlıklı olmalıdırlar.

The article deals with the prospects for Russia's "pivot to the East" taking into account main chances as well as risks in the context of growing challenges in East Asia. The author stresses that national and regional misbalances in East Asia are the results of the dynamic development of East Asian countries during the last 15 years. "Middle class trap" is at the agenda as the main common problem in China and ASEAN member countries. The analysis focuses also on such issues as broad scaled corruption and state-controlled legal system, quality of political, social institutions and social lifts, role of nationalism and culture. Regional misbalances in infrastructure and R&D as well as the crisis of regional institutions are characterized as new challenges to integration trends in East Asia and Asia-Pacific area in general. According to the author's view, there are three different types of policies to meet the domestic challenges and to overcome "middle class trap": Japanese, South Korean and Chinese. Prime Minister Ikeda's "income-doubling plan" accompanied by public activity is described as an effective reform-oriented policy. South Korea's transition from dictatorship to democratic society and more flexible economy is another type of positive reform policy. According to China's modern domestic strategy, a lot of attention is paid to administrative measures against corruption, modification of social policy, reforms of banks, etc. At the same time, public activities and legal system, in spite of some improvements, are still under rigid administrative control. Meanwhile, the role of law will be crucial factor of successful development of East Asian countries at the stage of "middle class economy". To a large scale, the prospects for regional integration depend on growing creative role of China (for example, investments into regional infrastructure and establishment of special bank, initiations of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area). At the same time, China will continue cooperation and dialogue with other countries, first of all with the USA. ASEAN members increase their activity to improve sub-regional cooperation and relations with United States and Japan in order to couterbalance China's influence in East Asia. Finally, the author describes Russia's policy towards East Asia and the Pacific, including brief history, main trends and key priorities at the current stage. "Free Vladivostok port" and some other initiatives to realize more flexible economic strategy towards East Asia and Pacific will give opportunity for Russia to promote its integration into the Pacific Area. Transition of Russia's export structure from resources and energy to innovation goods and services is at the agenda.