Suchergebnisse

It is contended that economic scarcity produces several deleterious effects on societies plagued by lack of resources including the genocide of individuals most affected by scarcity, the intensification of direct conflict for resources, the collapse of states, & the fragmentation of societies. Further, material scarcity in pluralist societies with an authoritarian regime being challenged by a group perceived as inferior is viewed as a condition ripe for genocide. Various recommendations for reducing scarcity (eg, the adoption of power sharing between inequitable groups) & reforming political systems & other institutions (eg, the creation of a permanent international tribunal) are offered to reduce the prospects for genocide in the future. In addition, nations are urged to redefine their definition of national interests to include the deterrence of genocide. J. W. Parker

It is contended that economic scarcity produces several deleterious effects on societies plagued by lack of resources including the genocide of individuals most affected by scarcity, the intensification of direct conflict for resources, the collapse of states, & the fragmentation of societies. Further, material scarcity in pluralist societies with an authoritarian regime being challenged by a group perceived as inferior is viewed as a condition ripe for genocide. Various recommendations for reducing scarcity (eg, the adoption of power sharing between inequitable groups) & reforming political systems & other institutions (eg, the creation of a permanent international tribunal) are offered to reduce the prospects for genocide in the future. In addition, nations are urged to redefine their definition of national interests to include the deterrence of genocide. J. W. Parker

The US welfare system differs from that in other Western democracies in that social insurance is provided through a private welfare state in which benefits are part of labor market compensation instead of citizen entitlement; also, the principal program of poor relief, Aid for Families with Dependent Children, is also the principal support for women's child-rearing. However, problems with welfare are not unique to the US but are due to the collapse of the family wage & assumptions about labor markets & families. The guiding principles of a welfare system should be to prevent poverty & exploitation, reduce inequality, prevent marginalization of welfare recipients, & combat androcentrism. Proposals are presented for universalizing the breadwinner role & eliminating the opportunity costs of caregiving. V. Wagener

UID/SOC/04647/2013 ; Establishing Protected Areas (PAs) is considered one of the most appropriate ways to conserve nature and cultural landscapes. However, conservation constraints can generate social conflicts, especially at a local level. In small islands (SIs), local conflicts may escalate due to an increase in competition for limited space and resources. Pico island in the Azores Archipelago (Portugal), part of the Outermost European region, was considered a good case to study conservation-development conflicts due to the amount of designated protected land (> 35% of its surface) and the approval of a new Azorean PA network in 2007. This paper presents a new approach to understanding and mapping local conflicts within PAs in SIs by integrating qualitative data and spatially explicit information. This research takes stock of the benefits, needs and constraints related to Pico Natural Park as perceived by local stakeholders through face-to-face semi-structured interviews; it subsequently identifies and transposes the conflicts distilled from stakeholder discourse into spatially representative visual maps via GIS. Research outcomes show that PAs are perceived mainly as constraints to local development, showing inconsistency between local expectations and regional conservation policy. This highlights the importance of including public participation processes prior to any implementation of conservation strategies. The proposed method provides a springboard towards effective conflict management for PAs on Pico island, showing a relatively low-cost and straightforward approach to minimising future local conflicts which could be adapted to other similar Outermost European regions and SIs. ; publishersversion ; published

Recent studies suggest that the pervasive impacts on global fishery resources caused by stressors such as overfishing and climate change could dramatically increase the likelihood of fishery conflict. However, existing projections do not consider wider economic, social, or political trends when assessing the likelihood of, and influences on, future conflict trajectories. In this paper, we build four future fishery conflict scenarios by considering multiple fishery conflict drivers derived from an expert workshop, a longitudinal database of international fishery conflict, secondary data on conflict driver trends, and regional expert reviews. The scenarios take place between the years 2030 and 2060 in the North-East Atlantic ("scramble for the Atlantic"), the East China Sea ("the remodeled empire"), the coast of West Africa ("oceanic decolonization"), and the Arctic ("polar renaissance"). The scenarios explore the implications of ongoing trends in conflict-prone regions of the world and function as accessible, science-based communication tools that can help foster anticipatory governance capacity in the pursuit of future ocean security.

Institutional problems faced by Immigration & Naturalization Service detention centers are examined, & its detention policy is analyzed as a method of social control. Using case studies & the American Civil Liberties Union report Justice Detained (1993), physical & bureaucratic deficiencies at detention centers in NY & Miami, FL, are detailed, eg, unsanitary conditions, inadequate food & medical care, & legal & procedural violations. It is argued that a lack of oversight contributes to these deficiencies. Malcolm Feeley & Jonathan Simon's (1992 [see abstract 93Z8224]) concept of the new penology is used to view these detention policies as a means of removing suspect groups from society, concluding that they are unjust for many undocumented immigrants. 41 References. J. Ferrari

Over the last two decades, climate security has become an increasingly salient policy agenda in international fora. Yet, despite a large body of research, the empirical links between climate-change and conflict remain highly uncertain. This paper contends that uncertainty around climate–conflict links should be understood as characteristic of complex social–ecological systems rather than a problem that can be fully resolved. Rather than striving to eliminate uncertainty, we suggest that researchers need to learn to cope with it. To this end, this article advances a set of principles for guiding scholarly practice when investigating a complex phenomenon: recognizing epistemological uncertainty, embracing epistemological diversity, and practicing humility and dialogue across difference. Taken together we call this ethos epistemological pluralism, whereby scholars self-consciously recognize the limits of their chosen epistemology for understanding the climate–conflict nexus and engage with other approaches without attempting to usurp them. Reviewing the last decade of climate–conflict scholarship, we show that climate–conflict research already manifests many of these ideals; however, we also identify problematic patterns of engagement across epistemological divides and thus plenty of scope for improvement. To illustrate why a diversity of methods (e.g., qualitative and quantitative) will not suffice, the article critically discusses prior research to illustrate why at least two epistemological approaches—constructivism and positivism—cannot be synthesized or integrated without significant analytical cost, and elaborates why excluding insights from any one would lead to an impoverished understanding of the climate–conflict nexus. We conclude with five practical recommendations of how scholars can help realize the ideal of epistemological pluralism in practice.