Suchergebnisse

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020. Adjustments and adaptive responses to diminishing resources (land, water, and energy) in agriculture due to population increase and climate change in the recent decades are varied. Proactive adaptive coping mechanisms must be instituted to avoid the onslaught of massive starvation. Organic and agroecological innovations are the logical options. But organic farming is not one-size-fits-all solution. While organic farming is considered as one of the solutions to farming in crisis, there are many barriers to its adoption. Among these constraints are (1) the nature of organic farming being difficult, laborious, and knowledge and skills intensive, the required environment (air, soil, and water), and the certification requirement and (2) the support systems from government and consumers not in place. Scaling up the adoption of organic farming has a number of prerequisites, specifically: 1. innovation from farmers-the farmers as innovators and scientist/technologists from the academics and science and technology (S/T) institutions; 2. reengineering agri-food systems into agroecotourism as a way of attracting farm visitors and tourist-enthusiasts and attracting human interests and investment flows to the rural areas, generating rural employment, slowing down or stopping out-migration to urban areas and overseas work (OFW); 3. innovative governance-led promotion by expediting the shift from capital and resource intensive (land, water, energy, inputs) to restorative, regenerative, and vibrant agriculture and food systems and expediting this system shift by an innovative ecological carbon emission-soil erosion-water consumption tax to finance the transition and conversion process to agroecology-based organic agriculture; 4. an innovative paradigm shift from food security to health security-from financesurance to healthsurance, from financial banking to health banking, from measuring yield per acre to health per acre as the world transitions agriculture and food system from agrochemical-intensive monoculture to organic polyculture cropping systems; 5. innovative paradigm from supply chain to value chain approach in agriculture and food systems, but implementing these innovations requires 4Ps and 2 Ms (preproduction, production, processing, postproduction linkages + marketing and management); 6. a demand-led (consumer) instead of supply-led (the farmers) approach to promotion; 7. and, finally, a consumption-led greening of agroecosystems by minimizing food wastes and consuming only what we can and reducing the thermodynamic loss in food by consuming less and less meat.

This paper aims at analyzing the importance of sustainable development since its origin during the first Conference of Human Environment, in 1972, in Stockholm, Sweden. Our research highlights the key role of the Our Future Common Report in establishing the pillars of sustainable development and its evolution until now. First, the paper sets out the three classic pillars of sustainable development and the paramount principles that support such pillars. In particular, our study presents the solid waste policy in Brazil, introduced by law no. 12.305/2010 in order to address a problem that particularly impacts the achievement of sustainable development targets. The solid waste is a major issue in cities all over the world and this is no different in Brazil. The 2010 law sets principles, objectives and the legal framework for sustainable development in accordance with the sustainable development pillars identified in this work. This legislation also addresses topics such as the solid waste policy, that needs to be implemented by the country, states and municipalities; the Reverse Logistics; the selective collection of waste; its reuse or recycling practices. The research methodology used in this article is exploratory and is based on the analysis of article references and bibliographic studies. ; Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a importância do desenvolvimento sustentável a partir de sua origem na primeira Conferência do Meio Ambiente Humano, de 1972, em Estocolmo/Suécia. Além disso, destaca o papel principal do Relatório "Nosso Futuro Comum", a fim de estabelecer os pilares e sua evolução até os dias atuais. Além disso, o artigo classifica os três pilares clássicos do desenvolvimento sustentável e os princípios fundamentais que os apoiam os. Além disso, esse estudo aborda a política de resíduos sólidos no Brasil, introduzida pela lei nº. 12.305, de 2010, a fim de estabelecer um vínculo com a necessidade de solução de um problema que afeta a conquista do desenvolvimento sustentável. O lixo sólido é um grande problema nas cidades de todo o mundo e, no Brasil, isso não é diferente. A lei estabelece princípios, objetivos e seus principais conceitos jurídicos de acordo com o desenvolvimento sustentável discutido neste trabalho. Também são descritos tópicos como a política de resíduos sólidos, que precisa ser implementada pelo país, estados-membros e municípios; a logística reversa; a coleta seletiva de resíduos; suas práticas de reutilização ou reciclagem. A metodologia de pesquisa empregada neste artigo é exploratória e baseia-se na análise de referências de artigos e estudos bibliográficos.

COVID-19, a new virus of the Coronaviridae family that causes atypical pneumonia, appeared suddenly, generating a global crisis, with serious effects on economies and health systems. In addition to negative effects at the psychosocial level that in many countries are presented as mental health effects expressed in fear, stress, frustration, anxiety, anguish and suffering. In Ecuador, the government, using the media, has romanticized health workers in Ecuador, placing them at the level of heroes who face the first line of the pandemic, however, the reality is different, reflected in precarious jobs, little protection and biosecurity, adding with social stigmatization, fear and guilt of being carriers of the virus and contaminating their families. While calling them heroes, they are laying off hundreds due to cuts demanded by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). This article presents ethnographic accounts that narrate the experiences of human beings strongly marked by death, by the feeling of loss such as health workers, who have had to reorganize their lives and senses about terrible experiences of impotence and guilt, when their His work, experience and all his training were not enough to save lives. ; El COVID-19, un nuevo virus de la familia Coronaviridae, causante de una neumonía atípica, apareció de forma repentina y generó una crisis global, con efectos graves en las economías y en los sistemas sanitarios. Además generó repercusiones negativas en el ámbito psicosocial, que en muchos países se presentan como afectaciones a la salud mental que se expresan como miedo, estrés, frustración, ansiedad, angustia y sufrimiento. En Ecuador, el gobierno ha romantizado a los trabajadores de la salud mediante los medios de comunicación, colocándoles al nivel de héroes que enfrentan la primera línea de la pandemia; sin embargo, la realidad es otra: el personal se enfrenta a trabajos precarizados, poca protección y bioseguridad, además de la estigmatización social, miedo y culpa de ser portadores del virus y contaminar a sus familias. Mientras se les dice héroes, cientos son despedidos debido a los recortes exigidos por el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI). Este artículo presenta relatos etnográficos que narran experiencias de seres humanos fuertemente marcados por la muerte, por el sentimiento de pérdida, los trabajadores de la salud, quienes han tenido que reorganizar sus vidas y sentidos sobre terribles experiencias de impotencia y culpa, cuando su trabajo, su experiencia y toda su formación no fueron suficientes para salvar vidas.

So far, the government has realized the village fund budget every year. Therefore, every village government must develop plans that can support the community's welfare by prioritizing community priorities or needs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the village fund allocation policies in village development planning. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation and interviews, then analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques. Data processing is done by reducing, categorizing, and concluding, and presenting data. The results of this study found that so far, the village fund allocation policies have been implemented well, such as meeting basic needs, building facilities and infrastructure, developing local economic potential, and utilizing natural and environmental resources. Likewise, the face of the regional planning of Sei Rotan Village using the Village Fund budget has been able to leverage Village welfare. However, the problem is that the planned program has not been fully fulfilled due to limited human resources and funding. The regional development realized with village funds are roads, bridges, and drainage at flood-prone points. The land use pattern of the Sei Rotan area shows the expansion of the built-in land in the form of developer housing and community villages.Keywords: Village Fund, Development, TerritoryPemerintah sejauh ini telah merealisasikan anggaran dana desa setiap tahunnya. Oleh karena itu, setiap pemerintah desa wajib membuat perencanaan pembangunan yang dapat mendukung kesejahteraan masyarakat dengan mengutamakn perioritas atau kebutuhan masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kebijakan alokasi dana desa dalam perencanaa pembangunan wilayah desa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Tehnik pengumpulan data dilaksanakan dengan observasi dan wawancara, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan tehnik analisis kualitatif. Pengolahn data dilakukan dengan mereduksi, mengkategorisasikan, dan menyimpulkan dan menyajikan data. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa selama ini kebijakan alokasi dana desa telah dilaksanakan dengan baik seperti pemenuhan kebutuhan dasar, pembangunan sarana dan prasarana, pengembangan potensi ekonomi lokal, dan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam dan lingkungan. Demikian halnya wajah perencanaan wilayah Desa Sei Rotan dengan menggunakan anggaran Dana Desa telah mampu mengungkit peningkatan kesejahteraan Desa. Namun permasalahannya belum sepenuhnya program yang direncanakan terpenuhi dikarenakan keterbatasan sumberdaya manusia dan anggaran. Adapun pengembangan wilayah yang terealisasi dengan dana desa adalah pembangunan jalan, jembatan, drainase pada titik-titik rawan banjir. Pola pemanfaatan lahan kawasan Sei Rotan memperlihatkan perluasan lahan terbangun dalam wujud perumahan pengembang maupun perkampungan masyarakat.Kata kunci: Dana Desa, Pembangunan, Wilayah

La legittima difesa nel domicilio è stata, per lungo tempo, al centro del dibattito politico italiano: riformata per ben due volte a distanza di tredici anni al fine di permettere una (quasi) indiscriminata reazione del cittadino "onesto", ingiustamente aggredito in luoghi in cui è particolarmente vulnerabile, sembra ormai avere confini liquidi ed indefiniti. Ma quanto può dirsi reale ed effettiva questa espansione dei margini della causa di giustificazione? Il presente studio, avente ad oggetto tutte le pronunce di legittimità degli ultimi vent'anni, è volto proprio a cercare di riconnettere la teoria alla prassi, analizzando tanto i fatti umani che sono alla base delle reazioni, quanto la qualificazione giuridica di queste ultime ad opera dei giudici di legittimità, con l'obiettivo di chiarire fino a che punto la difesa nel domicilio sia realmente diventata "sempre legittima". ; Self defence at home has been at the centre of Italian political debate for a long time: reformed twice in thirteen years to allow an (almost) indiscriminate reaction of the "honest" citizen, unfairly attacked in places where he/ she is mostly vulnerable, now it seems to have liquid and undefined boundaries. But how real and effective can such an expansion of the margins of the reasons for justification be? This paper, concerning the Supreme Court of Cassation case-law of the past twenty years, aims to reconnect the theory to the practice, analysing both the human facts at the basis of the reactions, as well as their legal qualification, carried out by the Cassation, with the objective of clarifying to what extent the self-defence at home has really become "always legitimate". ; La legítima defensa en el domicilio estuvo, durante mucho tiempo, en el centro del debate político italiano: reformada en dos oportunidades en trece años, para permitir una reacción (casi) indiscriminada del ciudadano "honesto", injustamente atacado en lugares en los cuales es especialmente vulnerable, actualmente pareciera tener fronteras indefinidas. Sin embargo, ¿podemos considerar esta expansión de los límites de la causa de justificación como real y efectiva? El siguiente estudio, que aborda todas las sentencias de casación de los últimos veinte años, tiene como objetivo reconectar la teoría a la práctica, analizando tanto los hechos humanos que son la base de las reacciones, como la calificación jurídica de tales hechos, a fin de aclarar hasta qué punto la defensa propia en el domicilio se haya transformado realmente en una reacción "siempre legítima".

The chemical-dependent model imposed by agribusiness exposes Brazilian society to pesticides associated with dangerous effects on human health and the environment. The hastening of the neoliberal agenda in the government worsens the pesticide exposure due to policy dismantling that creates protective mechanisms. Thus, this article focuses on Brazilian pesticide regulatory policy dismantling from 2019 to 2020. This descriptive cross-sectional study analyzed statutes, court decisions, documents, and technical reports published between January 2019 and January 2021, but with legal effects until December 2020. We observed the release of an unprecedented number of pesticides and the easing of Brazilian regulatory statutes, whose impacts affect intensely vulnerable groups. It is pointed out that biopower practices mediate the association between agribusiness and deepening of vulnerabilities, which serve the interests of financial capital and determine who should bear the costs of the capitalist mode of production. The Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil worsens this situation, expressing the government necropolitics, which reveals itself as a strategy to eradicate traditional peoples and communities, blacks, poor and rural populations. ; O modelo químico-dependente imposto pelo agronegócio expõe a sociedade brasileira a agrotóxicos associados a graves danos à saúde humana e ao ambiente. O avanço da pauta neoliberal no governo agravou o cenário de exposição a essas substâncias em decorrência do desmonte das políticas públicas que criam mecanismos de proteção. Neste sentido, este artigo coloca em foco a flexibilização de regras e normas de regulação de agrotóxicos no Brasil entre os anos de 2019 e 2020. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e transversal que analisou normas, decisões judiciais e relatórios técnicos publicados no âmbito da União entre janeiro de 2019 e janeiro de 2021, mas com efeitos jurídicos retroativos até dezembro de 2020. Observou-se a liberação de um número recorde de agrotóxicos e a flexibilização de normativas que regulam o registro e o uso dessas substâncias no país, cujos impactos costumam atingir mais intensamente grupos populacionais em situação de maior vulnerabilidade. Argumenta-se que a associação entre o agronegócio e o aprofundamento de vulnerabilidades tem sido mediada por práticas de biopoder voltadas para atender aos interesses do capital financeiro, que determinam sobre quem deve recair os custos do modo capitalista de produção. Este cenário foi agravado com o avanço da pandemia do Covid-19 no país, configurando a necropolítica governamental, que se traduz em uma estratégia de eliminação de povos e comunidades tradicionais, negros, pobres e campesinos.

The paper explores the mismatch between the skills and qualifications required by the labour market and those acquired through education and on-the-job learning. The skill mismatch in transition economies tends to be even more pronounced as the labour markets in these countries are characterized by structural unemployment, affecting both older workers with obsolete skills and the young ones. Employers face poor incentives for investing in workforce skill development, due to the inadequate investment climate and volatile business environment. Transition countries face increasing outward mobility of an educated workforce, loss of human capital, and shortage of workforce in the fields such as ICT, medicine, science and research. The research is based on empirical data generated in a survey on ICT and manufacturing enterprises in the City of Niš, Serbia. The research methodology combines workers' self-assessment method for the skill gap measurement and the competence approach combined with the statistical methods. The findings indicate the presence of a qualification mismatch, in the form of the over-qualification as a dominant irregularity in the analysed labour market. The results of the study are expected to contribute to creating a network of policy instrumentaria that tend to be effective on a sub-national level in addressing the mismatch. ; Ovaj rad istražuje neusklađenost između vještina i kvalifikacija koje zahtijeva tržište rada i onih koje se stječu obrazovanjem i učenjem na radnom mjestu. Neusklađenost vještina u tranzicijskim gospodarstvima ima tendenciju da bude još izraženija budući da tržišta rada u tim zemljama karakterizira strukturna nezaposlenost, koja istovremeno pogađa i starije radnike sa zastarjelim vještinama i mlade. Poslodavci se suočavaju s lošim poticajima za ulaganje u razvoj vještina radne snage zbog neodgovarajuće investicijske klime i nestabilnog poslovnog okruženja. Zemlje u tranziciji suočavaju se sa sve većom vanjskom mobilnošću obrazovane radne snage, gubitkom ljudskog kapitala i nedostatkom radne snage u područjima kao što su ICT, medicina, znanost i istraživanje. Istraživanje se temelji na empirijskim podacima prikupljenim u anketi o ICT-u i proizvodnim poduzećima u gradu Nišu u Srbiji. Metodologija istraživanja kombinira metodu samoprocjene radnika za mjerenje jaza u vještinama i pristup temeljen na kompetencijama u kombinaciji sa statističkim metodama. Nalazi ukazuju na prisutnost kvalifikacijske neusklađenosti, u vidu prekvalificiranosti za posao kao dominantne nepravilnosti na analiziranom tržištu rada. Očekuje se da će rezultati studije doprinijeti stvaranju mreže političkih instrumenata koji imaju tendenciju da budu učinkoviti na podnacionalnoj razini u rješavanju neusklađenosti.

Introduction: Home visits allow to address health form a biopsychosocial approach and social determinants. The objective of the study consisted of analyzing scientific evidence of the family and cultural nursing theories, models and approaches that allow the foundation of home visits. Methodology: A documentary research was made between 2007 and 2017, in English, Spanish and Portuguese, in data bases of health, and social and human sciences. The terms used were: nursing theory, home visits, nursing care, culture and family. 671 scientific articles were found. For the analysis the software Atlas ti was used. Results: The concept of home visit is configured from a plural vision which emphasizes the inclusion of political measures and states the necessity of transcending the predominant hegemonic medical model and propose home visits from a comprehensive and cultural approach. Conclusions: Nursing and psychology theories/models were identified, which were used for addressing home visits from a family and cultural approach. The biomedical model prevails, therefore alternative approaches are considered for praxis and its relevant to go in depth on the diversity and universality theory; transcultural nursing, a proposal made by Madeleine Leininger ; Introducción: la visita domiciliaria permite el abordaje de la salud desde un enfoque biopsicosocial y de determinantes sociales. El objetivo fue analizar la evidencia científica sobre las teorías, modelos y enfoques para la enfermería familiar y cultural que permitan la fundamentación de la visita domiciliaria. Metodología: se realizó una investigación documental entre 2007 y 2017 en inglés, español y portugués; sobre bases de datos de salud y de ciencias sociales y humanas. Los términos utilizados fueron: teoría de enfermería, visita domiciliaria, cuidado de enfermería, cultura, familia. Se hallaron 671 artículos científicos. Para el análisis se utilizó el software Atlas ti. Resultados: El concepto de visita domiciliaria se configura desde una visión plural, se destaca la inclusión de una dimensión política y se plantea la necesidad de trascender el predominante modelo médico hegemónico y proponer la visita desde un abordaje comprensivo y cultural. Conclusiones: se identificaron teorías/modelos de enfermería y de psicología utilizados en el abordaje de la visita domiciliaria desde un enfoque familiar y cultural. Prima el modelo biomédico, por lo que se plantean enfoques alternativos para la praxis y es relevante profundizar sobre los postulados de la teoría de la diversidad y universalidad: cuidados culturales propuesta por Madeleine Leininger.

This paper analyzes some legal and bioethical problems that are not solved by the legislation applicable to assisted reproduction, one of the most controversial fields of medicine and human biotechnology. It focuses especially on the area of new heterosexual and homosexual fami-ly models, as well as the case of couples with a pre-existing disease, the controversy regarding the selection of non-disease carrier embryos in the case of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, sex selection, mixed in vitro fertilization, and post mortem procreation, among others. In short, attention is paid to the way in which regulation and ethical assessments have been carried out, with the purpose of reaching conclusions after knowing the arguments emitted by the doctrine and reflecting on the improbable aspects of our legislation, with concrete propo-sals for lege ferenda. ; Este trabajo analiza algunos problemas jurídicos y bioéticos que no están resueltos por la legislación aplicable a la reproducción asistida, uno de los campos más controvertidos de la medicina y la biotecnología humana. Se centra especialmente en el ámbito de los nuevos modelos familiares heterosexuales y homosexuales, así como el caso de parejas que tengan una enfermedad preexistente, la controversia referente a la selección de embriones no portadores de enfermedades en el caso del diagnóstico genético preimplantatorio, la selección del sexo, la fecundación in vitro mixta, y procreación post mortem, entre otros. En definitiva, se presta atención al modo en que se ha efectuado la regulación y a las valoraciones éticas, con el propósito de alcanzar unas conclusiones tras conocer los argumentos emitidos por la doctrina y reflexionar acerca de los aspectos mejorables de nuestra legislación, con propuestas concretas de lege ferenda. ; Este trabalho analisa alguns problemas jurídicos e bioéticos que não são resolvidos pela le-gislação aplicável à reprodução assistida, um dos domínios mais controversos da medicina e a biotecnologia humana. Concentra-se especialmente no campo de novos modelos familiares heterossexuais e homossexuais, bem como no caso de casais com doença pré-existente, a con-trovérsia referente à seleção de embriões não portadores de enfermidades no caso do diagnós-tico genético pré-implantação, a seleção de sexo, a fertilização mista in vitro, procriação post mortem, entre outros. Em suma, é dada atenção à forma como a regulamentação foi realizada e as avaliações éticas, com o objetivo de chegar às conclusões após conhecer os argumentos emitidos pela doutrina e refletir sobre os aspectos melhoráveis de nossa legislação, com propostas concretas de lege fe-renda.

Abstrak Komponen cadangan merupakan sumber daya nasional di bidang pertahanan yang berasal dari sumber daya manusia, sumber daya alam, sumber daya buatan, serta sarana dan prasarana. Kebutuhan akan komponen cadangan memiliki landasan konstitusional serta amanat UU Pertahanan Negara. Namun, pembahasan RUU Komponen Cadangan menimbulkan pro kontra sehingga formulasinya membutuhkan argumentasi yang kuat terutama mengenai asumsi wajib militer bagi warga negara. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini untuk membahas ketentuan wajib militer yang tertuang dalam Undang-Undang Wajib Militer dan relevansinya dengan pengaturan komponen cadangan. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa kebuntuan pembahasan pada RUU Komponen Cadangan melahirkan reformulasi baru ke dalam UU PSDN. Selain itu, terjadi pergeseran konsep wajib militer dari yang sebelumnya diwajibkan kepada setiap negara sesuai UU Wajib Militer, menjadi pelatihan dasar kemiliteran bagi setiap warga negara yang lulus sebagai komponen cadangan. Untuk pola perekrutan, komponen cadangan menerima setiap warga negara yang ingin menjadi calon anggota secara sukarela sesuai dengan persyaratan dengan mengikuti seleksi administrasi dan seleksi kompetensi. Sedangkan pada wajib militer diwajibkan bagi setiap warga negara mulai dari usia 18 (delapan belas) tahun sampai dengan 40 (empat puluh) tahun. Pola pelatihan dan pendidikan juga berbeda. Pada komponen cadangan, anggota hanya melaksanakan pelatihan dasar kemiliteran, sedangkan pada wajib militer adalah pelatihan militer. Abstract The reserve component is a national resource in the defense sector originating from human resources, natural resources, man-made resources, and facilities, and infrastructure. The need for a reserve component has a constitutional basis and the mandate of the State Defense Law. However, the discussion of the Draft Reserves Component Bill raises pros and cons so that its formulation requires strong arguments, especially regarding the assumption of compulsory military service for citizens. Therefore, this research aims to discuss the provisions of military service as stated in the Military Compulsory Law, and their relevance to the regulation of reserve components. The results of the study revealed that the deadlock in deliberations on the Reserve Components Bill gave birth to new reformulations into the PSDN Law. Besides, there has been a shift in the concept of compulsory military service from what was previously required for every country, to basic military training for every citizen who passes as a reserve component. The reserve component accepts every citizen who wants to become a candidate for membership voluntarily under the requirements by following administrative selection and competency selection. Meanwhile, compulsory military service is compulsory for every citizen from the age of eighteen to forty years.

Humour intervenes in the social sphere through the traditional media industries and those that are emerging on the Internet. Addressing this premise is the intention of this study and recognizing that this discursive form is linked to popular culture. It is considered that humor and laughter are key to understanding a part of the culture of human groups and that it is the media that has lost its appeal to new audiences. Websites and fanpages are operating through communication products far removed from traditional journalistic genres creating political satire that is established as a renewed form of satire in social networks. Journalistic practices that were born from caricature, drawing and satire are entering the new media ecology by taking advantage of the tools that the Internet provides. Therefore, satirical journalism has taken on new nuances, with the appearance of Info-Satire, which is an extension of television models such as infotainment that are making the news offer diversify. A review of the media ecosystem in Ecuador and its satirical tradition is carried out in order to understand the political satire initiatives on the Internet, specifically on the social network Facebook. ; El humor interviene en el ámbito social a través de las industrias mediáticas tradicionales y las que están surgiendo en Internet. Abordar esta premisa es la intención de este estudio, y reconocer que esta forma discursiva está vinculada con la cultura popular. Se toma en cuenta que el humor y la risa son claves para entender una parte de la cultura de los grupos humanos y que son los medios de comunicación los que han perdido atractivo frente a las nuevas audiencias. Sitios web y fanpages están operando mediante productos comunicacionales lejanos de los géneros periodí­sticos tradicionales creando sátira polí­tica que se establece como una renovada forma de satirizar en redes sociales. Prácticas periodí­sticas que nacieron desde la caricatura, el dibujo y la sátira están ingresando a la nueva ecologí­a de los medios aprovechando las herramientas que Internet provee. Por ello el periodismo satí­rico ha tomado nuevos matices, apareciendo la Info-Sátira que es una ampliación de los modelos televisivos como el infoentretenimiento que están haciendo que la oferta informativa se diversifique. Se realiza una revisión del ecosistema mediático en Ecuador y su tradición satí­rica para con ello poder entender las iniciativas de sátira polí­tica en Internet concretamente en la red social Facebook.

Humour intervenes in the social sphere through the traditional media industries and those that are emerging on the Internet. Addressing this premise is the intention of this study and recognizing that this discursive form is linked to popular culture. It is considered that humor and laughter are key to understanding a part of the culture of human groups and that it is the media that has lost its appeal to new audiences. Websites and fanpages are operating through communication products far removed from traditional journalistic genres creating political satire that is established as a renewed form of satire in social networks. Journalistic practices that were born from caricature, drawing and satire are entering the new media ecology by taking advantage of the tools that the Internet provides. Therefore, satirical journalism has taken on new nuances, with the appearance of Info-Satire, which is an extension of television models such as infotainment that are making the news offer diversify. A review of the media ecosystem in Ecuador and its satirical tradition is carried out in order to understand the political satire initiatives on the Internet, specifically on the social network Facebook. ; El humor interviene en el ámbito social a través de las industrias mediáticas tradicionales y las que están surgiendo en Internet. Abordar esta premisa es la intención de este estudio, y reconocer que esta forma discursiva está vinculada con la cultura popular. Se toma en cuenta que el humor y la risa son claves para entender una parte de la cultura de los grupos humanos y que son los medios de comunicación los que han perdido atractivo frente a las nuevas audiencias. Sitios web y fanpages están operando mediante productos comunicacionales lejanos de los géneros periodí­sticos tradicionales creando sátira polí­tica que se establece como una renovada forma de satirizar en redes sociales. Prácticas periodí­sticas que nacieron desde la caricatura, el dibujo y la sátira están ingresando a la nueva ecologí­a de los medios aprovechando las herramientas que Internet provee. Por ello el periodismo satí­rico ha tomado nuevos matices, apareciendo la Info-Sátira que es una ampliación de los modelos televisivos como el infoentretenimiento que están haciendo que la oferta informativa se diversifique. Se realiza una revisión del ecosistema mediático en Ecuador y su tradición satí­rica para con ello poder entender las iniciativas de sátira polí­tica en Internet concretamente en la red social Facebook.

The demand for access to electricity in developing countries is rapidly increasing as intergovernmental organisations, national governments, and business leaders recognise the social and economic value of infrastructure investment. The institutions that govern energy investment and planning recognise a 'trilemma' of system development: low-carbon energy sources are needed to meet global climate change mitigation goals, while also meeting service reliability demands and energy security measures alongside maintaining service affordability, particularly for residents on the lowest incomes in rural, urban, and peri-urban communities. Integrating traditional, centralised grid networks based upon large-scale generation technologies (in the case of Mozambique, this includes hydropower from the Cahora Bassa Dam) with decentralised off-grid renewables such as solar projects in rural communities is a significant technical and governance challenge. Energy providers are tasked with a social mandate to deliver good quality electricity at an affordable price to consumers while widening access to underserved populations. Providing access to clean and reliable energy sources is embodied in Sustainable Development Goal 7 as one of the preconditions for socioeconomic development, poverty reduction, and human wellbeing (Pueyo and Maestre, 2019; UN Energy, 2005). International development practitioners and policy networks recognise the tangible benefits of electricity as a form of energy service provision. These tangible benefits include lighting and powering appliances at domestic, private, and institutional levels and increased telecommunications coverage, which collectively provide new personal and business development opportunities, healthcare and food safety benefits, and improved leisure and night-time education prospects (UN Energy, 2005). They also minimise the health risks and ecological impacts associated with black-carbon fuels such as charcoal, which diminish air quality within residential buildings (Anenberg, 2017) and lead to deforestation (Sedano et al., 2016). In order to enhance electricity sector performance, many sub-Saharan African countries have implemented significant governance reforms. It is necessary, however, to evaluate whether such reforms facilitate expanded social access to electricity, whether they improve service quality, public utility, and financial stability, and whether they lead to broader social and environmental sustainability goals. In this policy brief, we assess these dimensions related to the case of Mozambique, a country where major progress has been made to increase population-wide access to electricity from around 6% in 2004 (Chambal, 2010) to 32% in 2019 (EDM, 2020a). Though policy progress is significant, challenges remain, particularly in rural areas, where only around 6% of the population have electricity access (EDM, 2018a).

Free formaldehyde emissions from wood-based panels, especially in indoor applications, pose serious risks to human health at certain concentrations. Prolonged exposure to formaldehyde can cause adverse health effects including eye, nose and throat irritation, other respiratory symptoms and cancer. As a consequence, new formaldehyde emission limits for composite wood products were established in Europe, USA and Japan. This, together with the stricter environmental legislation are the main driving factors for shifting the scientific and industrial interest from the traditional formaldehyde-based synthetic resins to the new bio-based adhesives for production of eco-friendly wood-based panels. The lignin-based products are one of the most prospective ecological alternatives to the traditional formaldehyde resins. The main interest in lignin is due to its phenolic structure with several favourable properties for the formulation of wood adhesives such as high hydrophobicity and low polydispersity. The present article is aimed at studying the possibilities for using lignosulfonate as an adhesive for the production of eco-friendly MDF. Regression models describing the impact of lignosulfonate concentration and hot pressing temperature on the exploitation properties of MDF panels were developed. The individual and combined impact of both factors was analysed in order to determine the optimal exploitation properties of the panels. ; Emisija slobodnog formaldehida iz ploča na bazi drva, posebice primijenjenih u unutarnjim prostorima, u određenim je koncentracijama ozbiljan rizik za zdravlje ljudi. Dulja izloženost formaldehidu može uzrokovati znatne zdravstvene probleme, uključujući iritaciju očiju, nosa i grla, druge respiratorne simptome i rak. Stoga su u Europi, SAD-u i Japanu određene nove granice emisije formaldehida za kompozitne proizvode od drva. To je, zajedno sa strožim zakonodavstvom o okolišu, bio glavni poticaj za prebacivanje znanstvenoga i industrijskog fokusa s tradicionalnih sintetičkih smola temeljenih na formaldehidu na nova prirodna ljepila za proizvodnju ekološki prihvatljivih ploča na bazi drva. Proizvodi na bazi lignina jedna su od najperspektivnijih ekoloških alternativa tradicionalnim formaldehidnim smolama. Glavni razlog zanimanja za lignin jest njegova fenolna strukturas nekoliko povoljnih svojstava za formulaciju ljepila za drvo poput visoke hidrofobnosti i niske polidisperznosti. Cilj ovog rada jest proučavanje mogućnosti uporabe lignosulfonata kao ljepila za proizvodnju ekološki prihvatljivih ploča vlaknatica srednje gustoće (MDF ploča). Razvijeni su regresijski modeli koji opisuju utjecaj koncentracije lignosulfonata i temperature prešanja na svojstva MDF ploča. Analiziran je pojedinačni i kombinirani utjecaj obaju elemenata kako bi se odredila optimalna svojstva ploča.

Houses and other types of housing are things that cannot be separated from the needs of human life. The house function as a place to refuge, a place to live, and to gather with family. Proper housing is the basic need of all people who will strengthen the family, as the main pillar of the nation's strength, at the same time acting as a bastion against various health risks. The properness of a house for family housing becomes the basis for the growth and development of a better family life. Roofs, floors, and walls (aladin) are indicator data of whether a house is proper or not at the time of the survey. An adaptive, flexible and interactive computer-based system is used to solve unstructured problems so the more valuable decisions can be produced. This study describes how to process data using fuzzy logic methods. The expected result is to support the decision whether or not a house is feasible are in accordance with the facts and location data in the field. To determine which housing are categorized as severely damaged, moderate and lightly damaged by using the fuzzy logica method with roof, floor and wall variables as input variables so that local governments will find it easier to sort work priorities in the short, medium and long term ; Rumah dan jenis hunian lainnya merupakan hal yang tidak bisa dipisahkan dari kebutuhan hidup manusia. Rumah berfungsi sebagai tempat berlindung, tempat tinggal, dan berkumpul bersama keluarga. Hunian yang layak merupakan kebutuhan dasar semua orang yang akan memperkuat keluarga, sebagai pilar utama kekuatan bangsa, sekaligus berperan sebagai benteng pertahanan melawan berbagai risiko kesehatan. Kelayakan rumah untuk hunian keluarga menjadi dasar tumbuh dan berkembangnya kehidupan keluarga yang lebih baik. Atap, lantai, dan dinding (aladin) merupakan data indikator dari layak atau tidak layaknya rumah pada saat survei dilakukan. Sistem berbasis komputer yang adaptif, fleksibel dan interaktif yang digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah tidak terstruktur sehingga meningkatkan nilai keputusan. Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang bagaimana cara proses data menggunakan metode logika fuzzy. Hasil yang diharapkan sebagai penunjang keputusan layak atau tidak sebuah hunian sesuai dengan fakta dan data lokasi di lapangan. Menentukan hunian mana yang dikategorikan sebagai rusak parah, sedang, dan ringan dengan menggunakan metode logica fuzzy dengan variabel input atap, lantai dan dinding, sehingga pemerintah daerah akan lebih mudah mengurutkan prioritas pekerjaan dalam jangka waktu pendek, sedang dan panjang