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Purpose. The author analyses the problems of Sorbian ethnic culture as one of the invented traditions of Sorbian nationalism. The aim of the article is to analyse the strategies used by intellectuals in their attempts to actualise and visualise the ethnic culture of Sorbians as a form of identity and invented tradition in the actual situation.Methods. Methodologically, the article is based on the principles of interdisciplinary historiography of nationalism, including the concepts of the imagination of communities and the invention of traditions.Results. Analysing the role and importance of ethnicity and ethnic culture in its systematized and standardized versions, the author believes that these factors in Sorbian nationalism were more important than in other European nationalisms, which lost the potential of ethnicity gradually, reducing and minimizing it to museumized forms. The author believes that several factors, including the threats of Germanization, the lack of complete social structures, and the slow dynamics of political and social transformations became incentives for Sorbian intellectuals to use the potential of traditional culture in its ethnic forms. In general, it is assumed that the current phase in the development of Sorbian cultural nationalism led to its virtualization, changed the forms of ethnic mobilization, and inspired the final transformation of the cultural activities of nationalists into one of the practices of invention of traditions. The article shows that the existence of ethnic culture as an invented tradition is an important factor in the development of Sorbians as an imagined community and political nation. ; Цель. Автор анализирует проблемы сорбской этнической культуры как одной из изобретенных традиций сорбского национализма. Целью статьи является анализ стратегий, используемых интеллектуалами для актуализации и визуализации этнической культуры сорбов как формы идентичности и изобретенной традиции в современной ситуации.Методы. Методологически статья основана на принципах междисциплинарной историографии национализма, включая концепции воображения сообществ и изобретения традиций.Выводы. Анализируя роль и значение этничности и этнической культуры в ее систематизированной и стандартизированной версии автор полагает, что эти факторы в сорбском национализме были более важны чем в других европейских национализмах, которые постепенно утрачивали потенциал этничности, сократив и минимизировав ее до музеифицированных форм. Автор полагает, что несколько факторов, включая угрозы германизации, отсутствие полных социальных структур, медленная динамика политических и социальных трансформаций стали стимулами для сорбских интеллектуалов использовать потенциал традиционной культуры в ее этнических формах. В целом предполагается, что актуальная фаза в развитии сорбского культурного национализма привела к его виртуализации, изменению форм этнической мобилизации, окончательному превращению культурных активностей националистов в одну из практик изобретения традиций. В статье показано, что существование этнической культуры как изобретенной традиции является важным фактором в существовании сорбов как воображаемого сообщества и политической нации.

The article analyzes the modern communicative, interactive and cognitive approaches to teaching a professionally-oriented foreign language at higher educational establishments. The necessity of development of language abilities of students to form a professional foreign communicative competence of future professionals has been proved in the hospitality and restaurant industry. Different approaches to the definition of the interactive teaching have been investigated in the article. On the one hand, interactive teaching is defined as a dialogue learning. Since interactive means the ability to interact or to be in the conversation regime. Interactive teaching is considered firstly as the interaction between the teacher and the student. It has been revealed the peculiar value of the interactive teaching in student's learning how to work in the team effectively. The article emphasizes that under th conditions of the European Union, it is becoming more important to provide the students with a high level of the students' awareness, applying with this purpose not only the traditional teaching methods. Applying new effective methods in teaching English to prepare the future specialists in the field of Hospitality and Restaurant Business has become extremely not only important but rather desireable. Among progress methods in the modern academic process, a lot of attention is paid to the interactive methods, bases on the persona-oriented approach to the student, aimed at the development of the creative student's potential and the ability to think creatively and to respond quickly, improving the communicative skills as well. The article postulates the thought that the interactive methods as the interaction of the teacher and the student in the process of communication and learning solve linguistic and communicative tasks. The article also represents various types of language and communicative competences. The issue of the development of language and communicative competence remains important during the entire academic process as the essential component of the professional training of future specialists in the system of high education in Ukraine. We have studied the content of the terms "competence", "communicative competence". There are different approaches to the definition of the characteristics of the communicative competence, its structure. It has been defined that the process of making the communicative competence of the students is necessary to be arranged on the basis of integral communicative and interactive teaching methods according to the content of learning. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу сучасних комунікативно-інтерактивного та когнітивного підходів до викладання іноземної мови фахового спрямування закладу вищої освіти. Обґрунтовано необхідність розвитку мовних здібностей студентів для формування професійної іншомовної комунікативної компетентності фахівців індустрії гостинності та ресторанної справи. Розкрито особливу цінність інтерактивного навчання в тому, що студенти навчаються ефективній роботі в команді.

The conference of the British Association of Slavic and Eastern European Studies (BASEES) in 2019 was dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, the event that marked democracy triumph and liberation of communist authoritarianism. The focus was made on the factors of this victory, in particular on the role played in it by intellectuals of that time. The problem of scholars' public activity was brought to the forefront by the thesis that achievements of science and education are not only theoretical developments and their successful assimilation in the form of knowledge, but also the level of influence science and education have in the society. Transition from instrumental rationality to rationality of values enhances practical importance of intellectual activity. Addressing this issue is particularly important in the context of crisis in the values of liberal democracy and increasing distrust of rational knowledge and culture. Modern technologies of manipulating consciousness contribute to the strengthening of authoritarian regimes. Therefore, the experience of intellectuals under communist authoritarianism must teach contemporary scholars to uphold the values of freedom and democracy and maintain social optimism. The discussion on the fall of the Berlin Wall proved that the scholars' civic and academic positions reinforce each other, thereby forming a powerful defence against authoritarianism. However, the reincarnation of authoritarian sentiment nowadays provides grounds for accusing intellectuals of their inability to face up the challenges of the present. Among those challenges, we should mention forgetting the horribleness of old walls and illusions on benefits of constructing new ones. ; Конференцію Британської асоціації слов'янських і східноєвропейських студій (BASEES) 2019 року було присвячено тридцятій річниці падіння Берлінського муру– події, котра ознаменувала тріумфальну перемогу цінностей демократії та свободи над комуністичним авторитаризмом. Головну увагу було зосереджено на причинах цієї перемоги, зокрема ролі інтелектуалів. Теза про те, що здобутки науки та освіти– це не лише теоретичні досягнення та їх успішне засвоєння у вигляді знань, але й рівень впливу на суспільство, актуалізує проблему публічної активності науковців. Перехід від інструментальної раціональності до ціннісної посилює практичну значущість інтелектуальної активності. Це питання набуває особливого значення у зв'язку з кризою цінностей ліберальної демократії та зростанням недовіри до раціональних знань і культури. Сучасні технології маніпулювання людською свідомістю сприяють посиленню позицій авторитарних режимів. А тому досвід інтелектуалів в умовах комуністичного авторитаризму має навчити сучасних науковців відстоювати цінності свободи й демократії та зберігати соціальний оптимізм. Дискусія про падіння Берлінського муру доводить, що громадянська та академічна позиції науковця лише посилюють одна одну, тим самим утворюючи потужний захист проти авторитаризму. Проте реінкарнація авторитарних настроїв у сучасну добу живить популярні звинувачення інтелектуалів у неспроможності протистояти викликам сучасності. Один із таких викликів– забування про жахи старих стін та ілюзії щодо спорудження нових.

The article analyzes a history of the Central Dental Polyclinic of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, which was established on the basis of the 147th Dental Laboratory in August 1944 under the Sanitary department of the Kyiv Military District. The material and technical base of the Central Dental Polyclinic was gradually improved and the number of personnel increased. Particular attention was paid to the training of medical professionals, as well as to the scientific, practical and inventive activities. Nowadays, patients can receive a full range of services in diagnosis, treatment and prosthetics of teeth. The personnel use modern technologies and provide all types of therapeutic and emergency outpatient surgical care. Since the beginning of the anti-terrorist operation (ATO) in eastern Ukraine, the Polyclinic's management has restored and completed full-time mobile dental modules in accordance with European standards which currently operate in the area of the United Forces Operation (UFO). The Central Dental Polyclinic of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine constantly works for participants of ATO / UFO and those who was released from the captivity. The Polyclinic conducts dental care with the use of implants, complicated prosthetics, bone plastics for seriously injured people. A single electronic card of a military man was launched and the Unified medical space was created in order to optimize the healthcare. Nowadays, the Central Dental Polyclinic of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine has well-equipped diagnostic and treatment rooms and uses materials and technologies that meet the world standards, as well as dental microscopes, radiological diagnostics, etc.The Central Dental Polyclinic is a scientific, methodological and educational base of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Dentistry of the Ukrainian Military Medical Academy and provides training for military dentists.The only dentistry museum in Ukraine operates at the Polyclinic. ; У статті аналізується історичний шлях Центральної стоматологічної поліклініки Міністерства оборони України (ЦСП МО), яка була створена на базі 147-ї зуботехнічної лабораторії в серпні 1944 р. і підпорядкована санітарному відділу Київського військового округу. Поступово удосконалювалася матеріально-технічна база, зростав штат. Нині пацієнти отримують повний спектр послуг із діагностики, лікування та протезування зубів.З початком проведення антитерористичної операції (АТО) на Сході України зусиллями керівництва поліклініки було відновлено та укомплектовано відповідно до європейських стандартів роботу штатних пересувних стоматологічних кабінетів, які нині діють в зоні операції Об'єднаних сил (ООС). Центральна стоматологічна поліклініка МО України постійно проводить акції для учасників АТО/ООС та звільнених із полону з надання стоматологічної допомоги з використанням імплантатів, складного протезування, кісткової пластики важкопораненим.Центральна стоматологічна поліклініка є науково-методичною, навчальною базою кафедри щелепно-лицевої хірургії і стоматології Української військово-медичної академії і проводить підготовку військових стоматологів. При поліклініці діє єдиний в Україні музей стоматології.

The electric bus is an ecological means of transport. Its operation reduces the negative impact on the environment. The transition to electric urban transport is in line with the concept of sustainable development of the European Union and the Polish "Act on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels". Today, on the streets of Polish cities, electric buses are increasingly replacing diesel-powered vehicles. The electrification of the bus fleet requires the establishment of an appropriate infrastructure for charging vehicle batteries. Electric chargers are placed at the end stops of the communication lines. When the bus stops at the end of the route, it is possible to partially recharge the energy consumed. The amount of recharged energy depends on many factors, such as the power of the charger, bus stop time, possible waiting time for a free charger, etc. In the event of incomplete replenishment of the consumed energy, the completion of subsequent courses may be endangered. The article proposes an approach to the analysis of the process of charging electric buses at the end stops of the route, taking into account the characteristics of the vehicle battery, the intensity of vehicle traffic, the characteristics of stationary chargers and its quantity. The proposed approach uses queue theory to describe the process of bus charging. The result of the research is the estimation of the use of the chargers in different configurations and the estimation of the state of charge of the bus battery for selected timetables. ; Электрический автобус является экологическим средством передвижения, эксплуатация которого снижает негативное воздействие на окружающую среду. Переход на городской электрический транспорт соответствует концепции сбалансированного развития Евросоюза и Закону об электромобильности и альтернативных видах топлива, принятому в Польше. Сегодня на улицах польских городов все чаще можно увидеть электрические автобусы, которые заменяют дизельные транспортные средства. Электрификация автобусного парка требует создания соответствующей инфраструктуры для зарядки аккумуляторных батарей автобусов путем размещения электрических зарядных устройств на конечных остановках маршрутов. По прибытии на конечный пункт, оборудованный зарядным устройством, автобус может частично восполнить энергию, потраченную на преодоление маршрута. Ее объем зависит от многих факторов, таких как: мощность зарядного устройства, интервал времени перед началом следующего курса, потенциальное ожидание в очереди к зарядному устройству и т. п. В случае неполной подзарядки батареи завершение автобусом последующих курсов может оказаться под угрозой. Предложено использование теории очередей для анализа процесса обслуживания зарядки электрических автобусов на конечных остановках маршрута с учетом таких параметров, как: характеристика аккумулятора транспортного средства, интенсивность движения на маршруте, мощность и количество стационарных зарядных устройств. Результатами исследования являются оценка возможности применения зарядных устройств на конечных пунктах маршрута в различных конфигурациях, а также оценка состояния заряда аккумуляторной батареи автобуса для выбранных расписаний в зависимости от числа выполненных курсов на маршруте.

The article analyzes the modern communicative, interactive and cognitive approaches to teaching a professionally-oriented foreign language at higher educational establishments. The necessity of development of language abilities of students to form a professional foreign communicative competence of future professionals has been proved in the hospitality and restaurant industry. Different approaches to the definition of the interactive teaching have been investigated in the article. On the one hand, interactive teaching is defined as a dialogue learning. Since interactive means the ability to interact or to be in the conversation regime. Interactive teaching is considered firstly as the interaction between the teacher and the student. It has been revealed the peculiar value of the interactive teaching in student's learning how to work in the team effectively. The article emphasizes that under th conditions of the European Union, it is becoming more important to provide the students with a high level of the students' awareness, applying with this purpose not only the traditional teaching methods. Applying new effective methods in teaching English to prepare the future specialists in the field of Hospitality and Restaurant Business has become extremely not only important but rather desireable. Among progress methods in the modern academic process, a lot of attention is paid to the interactive methods, bases on the persona-oriented approach to the student, aimed at the development of the creative student's potential and the ability to think creatively and to respond quickly, improving the communicative skills as well. The article postulates the thought that the interactive methods as the interaction of the teacher and the student in the process of communication and learning solve linguistic and communicative tasks. The article also represents various types of language and communicative competences. The issue of the development of language and communicative competence remains important during the entire academic process as the essential component of the professional training of future specialists in the system of high education in Ukraine. We have studied the content of the terms "competence", "communicative competence". There are different approaches to the definition of the characteristics of the communicative competence, its structure. It has been defined that the process of making the communicative competence of the students is necessary to be arranged on the basis of integral communicative and interactive teaching methods according to the content of learning. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу сучасних комунікативно-інтерактивного та когнітивного підходів до викладання іноземної мови фахового спрямування закладу вищої освіти. Обґрунтовано необхідність розвитку мовних здібностей студентів для формування професійної іншомовної комунікативної компетентності фахівців індустрії гостинності та ресторанної справи. Розкрито особливу цінність інтерактивного навчання в тому, що студенти навчаються ефективній роботі в команді.

The need for fiscal decentralization is due to the need to overcome centrifugal economic trends in the country in Ukraine. At the same time, the implementation of fiscal decentralization in Ukraine, along with the positive ones, revealed some problems that are important to study and correct in the light of world experience, especially the EU countries, as this is a necessary step in view of the European integration course of our country. First of all, it concerns the overcoming of centrifugal tendencies in the more developed regions of Ukraine, which requires studying the experience of EU countries in solving this problem. Based on this experience, it is important to put the state's revenues and expenditures under the strict control of the public of the regions in order to overcome corruption in the higher echelons of the Ukrainian authorities. To solve this problem, it would be expedient to consolidate existing regions and introduce a bicameral parliament in Ukraine, for example, in many countries of the world. The limit for the redistribution of state (public) finance between the center and the regions of Ukraine in the coming years should be the proportion of 50 to 50%, with the increase in 2020 in the ratio of 35 to 65% in favor of local budgets. When developing a new mechanism for distributing taxes and expenditures between the center, regions and enlarged communities of Ukraine, it is necessary to develop such measures that would allow the latter to obtain additional tax opportunities for financing additional expense powers. For this purpose it is important to leave at the level of certain regions a certain part of the VAT, and at the level of the united territorial communities to half of the income tax. A fiscal problem for many regions of Ukraine is that most local governments and newly formed united territorial communities do not have the appropriate financial resources for efficient use of resources. Therefore, with the further reformation of united territorial community finances, it is necessary to develop a mechanism for the interconnection of regional financial funds and relevant united territorial community funds to address these problems. ; В статті аналізуються проблеми формування та використання місцевих бюджетів в Україні, насамперед бюджетів регіонів та об'єднаних територіальних громад; обґрунтовуються шляхи їх вирішення з урахування світового досвіду, передусім країн ЄС. В статті виявлені межі фіскальної децентралізації в Україні на сьогодні та на перспективу; досліджені проблеми дотування з державного бюджету об'єднаних територіальних громад та запропоновані шляхи їх вирішення; обґрунтовані нові підходи до розширення податкової бази місцевих бюджетів, насамперед за рахунок частини податку на додану вартість; запропоновано новий варіант використання реверсної дотації; уточнено критерії надання базової дотації ОТГ.

В статті розглянуто питання створення ефективної інфраструктури залізничного транспорту як пріоритетного напрямку держави. Відмічено, що для підвищення ефективності інфраструктури необхідно провести оснащення залізниць сучасними технічними засобами. Саме таким засобом є мікропроцесорні централізації. Досліджено переваги впровадження мікропроцесорних систем. Відзначено, що проблемним моментом їх впровадження є забезпечення і документальне підтвердження необхідного рівня їхньої якості. ; В статье рассмотрены вопросы создания эффективной инфраструктуры железнодорожного транспорта как приоритетного направления государства. Отмечено, что для повышения эффективности инфраструктуры необходимо провести оснащение железных дорог современными техническими средствами. Именно таким средством являются микропроцессорные централизации. Выделены преимущества внедрения микропроцессорных систем. Отмечено, что проблемным моментом их внедрения является обеспечение и документальное подтверждение необходимого уровня их качества. ; This article deals with the issues of creating an effective railway infrastructure as a priority policy direction. It is noted that infrastructure is a key factor in ensuring the competitiveness of the state economy. However, recent years have been characterized by a decline in the quality of the railway infrastructure in Ukraine.Infrastructure efficiency increase requires equipment of railways with modern technical means. This is precisely the means of microprocessor interlocking. The advantages of the introduction of microprocessor systems are highlighted. Among them, the main place belongs to the reduction of operating and capital costs, increasing reliability and safety, improving information interaction and improving working conditions. It is noted that the problem point of the introduction of microprocessor systems is securing and documentary confirmation of the required level of their quality. On the one hand, an imperfect system of products for the railway transport certification makes it difficult for manufacturers to obtain documents confirming compliance with quality, and also prevents the solution of issues of harmonization of Ukrainian legislation in terms of product certification with European standards. On the other hand, it increases the risk of low-quality products entering the market, which creates a threat to traffic safety in railway transport.The authors emphasize that certification of devices used for railway infrastructure plays an important role in ensuring the safety of railway transport. The infrastructure of railway transport, as an object of critical infrastructure, must be controlled by the state, and all devices used in it must be checked for compliance with the quality standards developed by the state. In this regard, it was proposed to strengthen the state control over the use of devices of the railway infrastructure. The more complex a particular device is, the more stringent quality standards must be. The task of the state should be to promote these standards in the chain of railway equipment suppliers, excluding unfair competition, and to monitor their strict observance.

В статті розглянуто питання створення ефективної інфраструктури залізничного транспорту як пріоритетного напрямку держави. Відмічено, що для підвищення ефективності інфраструктури необхідно провести оснащення залізниць сучасними технічними засобами. Саме таким засобом є мікропроцесорні централізації. Досліджено переваги впровадження мікропроцесорних систем. Відзначено, що проблемним моментом їх впровадження є забезпечення і документальне підтвердження необхідного рівня їхньої якості. ; В статье рассмотрены вопросы создания эффективной инфраструктуры железнодорожного транспорта как приоритетного направления государства. Отмечено, что для повышения эффективности инфраструктуры необходимо провести оснащение железных дорог современными техническими средствами. Именно таким средством являются микропроцессорные централизации. Выделены преимущества внедрения микропроцессорных систем. Отмечено, что проблемным моментом их внедрения является обеспечение и документальное подтверждение необходимого уровня их качества. ; This article deals with the issues of creating an effective railway infrastructure as a priority policy direction. It is noted that infrastructure is a key factor in ensuring the competitiveness of the state economy. However, recent years have been characterized by a decline in the quality of the railway infrastructure in Ukraine.Infrastructure efficiency increase requires equipment of railways with modern technical means. This is precisely the means of microprocessor interlocking. The advantages of the introduction of microprocessor systems are highlighted. Among them, the main place belongs to the reduction of operating and capital costs, increasing reliability and safety, improving information interaction and improving working conditions. It is noted that the problem point of the introduction of microprocessor systems is securing and documentary confirmation of the required level of their quality. On the one hand, an imperfect system of products for the railway transport certification makes it difficult for manufacturers to obtain documents confirming compliance with quality, and also prevents the solution of issues of harmonization of Ukrainian legislation in terms of product certification with European standards. On the other hand, it increases the risk of low-quality products entering the market, which creates a threat to traffic safety in railway transport.The authors emphasize that certification of devices used for railway infrastructure plays an important role in ensuring the safety of railway transport. The infrastructure of railway transport, as an object of critical infrastructure, must be controlled by the state, and all devices used in it must be checked for compliance with the quality standards developed by the state. In this regard, it was proposed to strengthen the state control over the use of devices of the railway infrastructure. The more complex a particular device is, the more stringent quality standards must be. The task of the state should be to promote these standards in the chain of railway equipment suppliers, excluding unfair competition, and to monitor their strict observance.

Relevance of the article is that the post–crisis economic recovery and the rapid development of European integration are both – a cause and a consequence of higher investment activity, which causes the expansion of the frontiers of the use of financial instruments while increasing the their riskiness in the current economic conditions. The dynamics of sales of financial instruments used in the investment process in the financial market of Ukraine, such as stocks, corporate bonds, government bonds of Ukraine, local bonds, savings certificates, certificates of deposit of the National Bank of Ukraine, investment certificates, mortgage bonds, option certificates, derivatives. The types of risks inherent to all modern financial instruments and specifies types of risks that are specific to certain types of financial instruments are shown.The advantage of investing in certain types of financial instruments is grounded. The directions of risk reduce in exposure of investment in modern financial instruments, such as diversification (by type of instrument, the currency of a financial instrument, the countries issue a financial instrument, capitalization and sector of the issuer of financial instruments) and investment taking into account the time interval investment are offered. The main idea of the article was to prove the rationale for investing assets in financial instruments with simultaneous identification of risks that accompany this process, for finding out the ways to minimize them in the future. ; Актуальность статьи заключается в том, что посткризисное восстановление экономики страны и стремительное развитие евроинтеграционного процесса являются одновременно и причиной, и следствием повышения уровня инвестиционной активности, которое вызывает расширение границ использования финансовых инструментов при одновременном увеличении их рискованности в современных экономических условиях. Проанализирована динамика объемов реализации финансовых инструментов, используемых в инвестиционном процессе на финансовом рынке Украины. Определены виды рисков, присущие всем современным финансовым инструментам, и такие, которые являются специфическими для отдельных их видов. Главной идеей статьи стало обоснование целесообразности инвестирования активов в финансовые инструменты с одновременной идентификацией рисков, сопровождающих этот процесс, для поиска путей их минимизации в перспективе. ; Актуальність статті полягає у тому, що посткризове відновлення економіки країни та стрімкий розвиток євроінтеграційного процесу є одночасно і причиною, і наслідком підвищення рівня інвестиційної активності, яке зумовлює розширення меж використання фінансових інструментів при одночасному збільшенні їх ризиковості у сучасних економічних умовах. Проаналізовано динаміку обсягів реалізації фінансових інструментів, що використовуються у інвестиційному процесі, на фінансовому ринку України. Визначено види ризиків, притаманних для усіх сучасних фінансових інструментів, та таких, що є специфічними для окремих їх видів. Головною ідеєю статті стало обґрунтування доцільності інвестування активів у фінансові інструменти з одночасною ідентифікацією ризиків, що супроводжують цей процес, задля пошуку шляхів їх мінімізації у перспективі.

School enrollment and early school leaving are crucial issues in many EU countries, particularly Italy. According to Eurostat data (European Labour Force Survey - EULFS), in 2011 Italy was ranked 28th out of 33 countries for early leaving from education and training (ELET). High school dropout rates, low academic achievement, and loss of school years (which are all directly reflected in the labour market) are the main issues that the children of immigrants face in Italian schools. This paper contributes to the growing literature on these issues and highlights their main characteristics and determinants. The main source of this work is the first (and only) survey on the Condition and Social Integration of Foreign Citizens in 2011-2012 of ISTAT (National Institute of Statistics in Italy), which was released in 2017. The survey collects data on families with at least one foreign citizen and provides unprecedented information on foreigners living in Italy. We analyzed ELET and the intention to enroll in university of young people of foreign citizenship. This paper evaluates the importance of some individual demographic characteristics, the family socio-economic context, school inclusion, and (or) the average level of family integration. The results showed that the risk of ELET was significantly lower for girls; increased with age and on arrival in Italy; was higher in Southern Italy; and was higher for those encountering problems with the language. Family characteristics played a decisive role: young foreigners living either without parents or with poorly-educated parents exhibited a greater risk of early leaving from studies. The analysis also showed that the risk of early leaving from studies affected young people who arrived in Italy between the ages of 13 and 17, especially Albanian or Chinese citizens. When analyzing the intention to enroll in university, it was also possible to use variables related to the study path of young foreigners. The intention of not going to university is clearly associated with school failure and with low levels of parental interest in following their children's school career. Although the Italian Government and other institutions have shown high levels of interest in the challenges foreigners face in education, the indicators studied in this paper show the persistence of high rates of school dropout and low education levels of young people of foreign citizenship. As international literature also states, the school represents an extraordinary context for achieving social inclusion and professional success for the young people of foreign citizenship. Introducing school policies to overcome these obstacles is strategic to achieving a multiethnic and inclusive society. This paper identifies the individual and family characteristics associated with the difficulties around the inclusion of immigrant children in school and allows the knowledge of measures to address the problem.

Through centuries, the intertwined relation between farmers and nature shaped a rich and diverse cultural and natural heritage, reflected as a wide range of agricultural landscapes, where low-intensity farming practices are known to support high levels of biodiversity and the wide provision of ecosystem services. The concept of High Nature Value farmlands (HNVf) was devised in the 90's as a tool to characterize and direct financial support to such agricultural landscapes. The nature value of HNVf stems from a high proportion of natural/semi-natural vegetation e.g. pastures and meadows, the presence of small-scale elements in the agricultural landscapes, (e.g. field margins, hedgerows), or the occurrence of agriculture-dependent species with conservation interest (e.g. farmland birds). HNVf are multifunctional landscapes, therefore contributing for the delivery of ecosystem services, namely provisioning (e.g. high-quality food, fibre and maintenance of genetic resources), cultural (e.g. recreation and agro- and ecotourism, maintenance of cultural heritage) and regulating services (e.g. climate regulation, pollination), sustained by key ecological supporting functions (e.g. primary production, nutrient cycling, soil formation). Bridging agro-biodiversity conservation with rural development policies, the HNV farmland concept goes beyond the classical approaches to conservation, acknowledging the importance of considering the social-ecological systems underlying HNV farming systems for as critical to protection of the rural environment by enhancing resilience and providing essential ecosystem services. Recent estimates report that over 30% of EU farmlands are High Nature Value farmlands. Moreover, it is also estimated that ca. 50% off all species and 63 out of 231 habitat types of European conservation interest rely on the persistence of specific agricultural practices, namely those associated with HNV farming systems. However, social-ecological changes such as e.g. climate and land-use change (agricultural intensification or abandonment), rural-urban migration, market pressures and public policies, are currently threatening HNV farmlands, putting the persistence of the biodiversity supported by such farmlands at risk. This presentation will focus on the importance of High Nature Value farmlands for the conservation of biodiversity and the wide provision of ecosystem services in Mediterranean regions. Specifically, opportunities and challenges related to the future persistence of the social-ecological systems underlying HNVf will be discussed and illustrated, in the context of the conservation of biodiversity and the maintenance of ecosystem services delivered by such farmlands in the Mediterranean regions. This research is being developed within the FARSYD project – 'FARming SYstems as tool to support policies for effective conservation and management of high nature value farmlanDs' (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016664- PTDC/AAG-EC/5007/2014). ; peerReviewed

Lithuania along with other European Union member states and countries worldwide has been undergoing major changes in its financial accounting system. The process, commonly named as accounting harmonization, is aimed to eliminate the differences among the accounting standards used by various countries, to increase transparency, to make disclosed information more mutually comparable, to contribute to a better functioning of the financial markets. To reach these goals a set of high quality accounting standards, namely International financial reporting standards (IFRS) has been introduced. Accounting harmonization, its driving forces, outcomes and other aspects are being examined and followed closely by researchers and accounting professionals. It could be stated that one of the most interesting topics of current scientific research is to assess whether the accounting regulation (or de jure) harmonization leads to the accounting practice (or de facto) harmonization. It has to be noted that previous research conducted by the author in the field of accounting harmonization discovered some evidence that IFRS requirements are not always necessarily applied in practice by Lithuanian companies. To address this important issue further a research of financial information disclosed by Lithuanian listed companies has been conducted. The aim of the research is using an example of pension related payments to assess whether IFRS requirements are adopted in accounting and information disclosure practices of Lithuanian corporations. In IFRS pension related payments are named post-employment benefits and are classified into defined contribution and defined benefits plans. In Lithuania both types of post-employment benefits are enforced by law as companies have to pay defined contribution payments to state social welfare fund and defined benefit payments in the amount of 2 monthly salaries to all retiring employees. Therefore information about such payments has been expected to be found in the financial statements of the companies. Results of the research revealed that only less than half of Lithuanian companies disclose such information. In 2011 payments to the state social welfare fund were disclosed by total of 14 companies (or 45,16% of companies that participated in the research), when obligatory retirement payment of 2 monthly salaries – by total of 15 companies (or 48,39%). It was concluded that Lithuanian companies do not follow all the requirements of IFRS although they claim compliance with these standards. Such results raise questions about true and fair view, reliability of the disclosed information and competencies of managers and auditors. Moreover, results of the research also revealed a strong influence of auditors in preparation of disclosures about post-employment benefits. Although participation of the auditors is not a harmful practice, in this case question about competencies and independence of the auditors have to be raised. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15544/ssaf.2012.15

The problem of interpersonal interaction among representativesof different ethnic and cultural communities in the context of global shifts in migration processes and exchange of information gained exceptional urgency in the last few years in the majority of European countries. Recent studies of the phenomenon of stereotyping in various fields within the cognitive-psychological approach were analyzed. The questions of influence of the dominant ideological processes of ethnic and racial social perception were lightened. Some results of an empirical study of ethno-cultural attitudes of the representatives of the six ethno-cultural groups, historically presented on the territory of modern Ukraine were presented. The study involved 78 students of Lutsk pedagogical and medical colleges. The method of forced ranking of the desired representatives ofvarious ethnic and cultural groups in three situations: the sister's marriage, immediate supervisor, business partner was used. Statistically significant difference to the representatives of various ethno-cultural groups in separate areas of social interaction, especially between Polish and Russian cultural groups was compared. Special attentionto ethical standards of research was paid. The author does not consider it possible to publish the full results of the study. In his opinion it is may be create grounds for unprofessional or biased interpretation of the research data with the aim of manipulating public opinion in ideological propaganda and political purposes. The conclusion about the advisability of monitoring attitudes of young people for intercultural interaction to prevent manifestations of xenophobia and discord was done.Keywords: ethno-cultural interaction, stereotyping, social perception, students. ; Проблема міжособистісної взаємодії представників різних етнокультурних спільнот в умовах глобальних зрушень у процесах міграції та інформаційного обміну загострилася в останні кілька років у більшості європейських країн. Проведено аналіз останніх досліджень особливостей феномену стереотипізації в різних сферах на основі когнітивно-психологічного підходу. Висвітлено вплив домінантних ідеологічних установок на процеси міжетнічної і міжрасової соціальної перцепції. Подано окремі результати емпіричного дослідження етнокультурних установок щодо представників шести етнокультурних груп, історично представлених на території сучасної України. У дослідженні взяли участь 78 студентів педагогічного та медичного коледжів міста Луцька. Використовувався метод примусового ранжування бажаних представників різних етнокультурних груп у трьох ситуаціях: шлюб сестри, безпосередній керівник, бізнес-партнер. Виявлено статистично значущу відмінність у ставленні до представників різних етнокультурних груп в окремих сферах соціальної взаємодії, зокрема до польської і російської етнокультурних груп. Особлива увага надавалась етичним стандартам проведення дослідження. Повні результати дослідження не публікуються, щоб не створювати ґрунт для маніпулювання суспільною свідомістю в ідеологічних, пропагандистських і політичних цілях. Зроблено висновок про доцільність моніторингу установок молоді щодо міжкультурної взаємодії для запобігання проявам ксенофобії та розбрату. Ключові слова: етнокультурна взаємодія, стереотипи соціальної перцепції, студентська молодь.

27 páginas, 12 figuras, 13 tablas ; Molecular lipid biomarkers (hydrocarbons, alcohols, sterols and fatty acids) and compound-specific isotope analysis of suspended particulate organic matter (SPM) and surface sediments of the Mackenzie Shelf and slope (southeast Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean) were studied in summer 2009. The concentrations of the molecular lipid markers, characteristic of known organic matter sources, were grouped and used as proxies to evaluate the relative importance of fresh algal, detrital algal, fossil, C3 terrestrial plants, bacterial and zooplankton material in the organic matter (OM) of this area. Fossil and detrital algal contributions were the major fractions of the freshwater SPM from the Mackenzie River with ~34% each of the total molecular biomarkers. Fresh algal, C3 terrestrial, bacterial and zooplanktonic components represented much lower percentages, 17, 10, 4 and 80%), with a minor contribution of fossil and C3 terrestrial biomarkers. Characterization of the sediments revealed a major sink of refractory algal material mixed with some fresh algal material, fossil hydrocarbons and a small input of C3 terrestrial sources. In particular, the sediments from the shelf and at the mouth of the Amundsen Gulf presented the highest contribution of detrital algal material (60–75%), whereas those from the slope contained the highest proportion of fossil (40%) and C3 terrestrial plant material (10%). Overall, considering that the detrital algal material is marine derived, autochthonous sources contributed more than allochthonous sources to the OM lipid pool. Using the ratio of an allochthonous biomarker (normalized to total organic carbon, TOC) found in the sediments to those measured at the river mouth water, we estimated that the fraction of terrestrial material preserved in the sediments accounted for 30–40% of the total carbon in the inner shelf sediments, 17% in the outer shelf and Amundsen Gulf and up to 25% in the slope sediments. These estimates are low compared to other studies conducted 5–20 yr earlier, and they support the increase in primary production during the last decade mainly because of the increase in the number of ice-free days and due to the strength and persistence of winds favouring upwelling ; The IAEA is grateful for the support provided to the Environment Laboratories by the Government of the Principality of Monaco. This study was conducted as part of the Malina Scientific Program funded by ANR (Agence nationale de la recherche), INSU-CNRS (Institut national des sciences de l'univers – Centre national de la recherche scientifique), CNES (Centre national d'etudes spatiales) and ESA (European Space Agency). The authors would like to thank M. Babin, chief scientist of the cruise and coordinator of the Malina program, A. Forest, H. Link and G. Chaillou and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments ; Peer reviewed