Suchergebnisse

Remedies in EU Competition Law: Substance, Process and Policy is an unparalleled book developed in collaboration with the College of Europe's Global Competition Law Centre (GCLC). Remedies, designed to correct the negative effects of anti-competitive activity in markets, are central to competition law enforcement and act as a benchmark against which the efficiency of the overall system can be measured. A dearth of coverage which looks at issues, such as mergers, antitrust and State aid, quite a few recent high-profile decisions and an increased focus on areas such as digital markets, have triggered the need for an authoritative and comprehensive guide such as this. ; Peer reviewed

Under a Creative Commons license. ; Epizootics and deliberate changes in policies affecting the environment may affect large groups of species and the functioning of entire ecosystems. Although these effects often overlap in time, their simultaneous effect is rarely examined despite their importance as causes of current biodiversity loss. Here, based on the monitoring of an Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population over thirty-three years (1986–2018), we increase our knowledge about the effects of anthropogenic-induced changes in food availability, both direct (sanitary policies limiting livestock carcass disposal) and indirect (a wild rabbit epizootic), on brood size and body condition of fledglings at nests. We compared the body mass of fledglings of broods with one chick (Single) and two chicks (within which we distinguished First and Second-hatched). The mass of Second-hatched chicks decreased after the plummet in rabbit populations (in the year 1990) and the regulations limiting carcass disposal (2005), reaching minimum values during the period with lowest food availability (i.e. 2005–2013). Recent sanitary legislation allowing carcass disposal by farmers coincides with a slight recovery in the observed body masses. Overall, this study shows that environmental changes of disparate origin can have synergistic effects on individual condition. Conservation of endangered vultures will require multi-targeted conservation plans aimed at ensuring nutritional requirements, in addition to detailed long-term monitoring, in order to detect obscure/masked drivers that affect body condition of fledglings. ; This research was funded by the Comunidad de Bardenas Reales de Navarra and the Projects CGL2015-66966-C2-1-2-R and RTI2018-099609-B-C21 (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and EU/FEDER), AAEE123/2017 (accions especials d'R+D Conselleria d'Innovació, Recerca I Turisme, Govern Balear). ACA was supported by a Post-Doctoral contract Juan de la Cierva Incorporación (IJCI-2014-20744) from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain and a post-doctoral contract Programa Viçent Mut of Govern Balear, Spain (PD/039/2017). EA was supported by La Caixa-Severo Ochoa International PhD Program 2015. ; Peer reviewed

Summary. The aim of the research is to determine the role of Ukraine in disrupting the plans of the Russian Bilshovyks, concerning the export of the communist revolution to Central and Western Europe and the Balkans in 1919. The research methodology is based on: the general scientific methods (analytical and synthetic, inductive and deductive); the general historical – (historical-comparative, problem-chronological, retrospective, synchronistic, diachronic). The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the newest Ukrainian historiography there has been analyzed the attempt disruption of the Russian Bilshovyks to export the communist revolution to Europe across the territory of Ukraine in 1919. Conclusions. In 1919 there was a real threat of the Russian Bilshovyk troops invasion to Central and Western Europe, as well as the Balkans. Hungary was to be their first victim. The preparation for the invasion was carried out under the slogans of «an international assistance», given to the Hungarian proletariat. There was no common border between Russia and the countries of Central and Western Europe, so the success of the military operations depended on the circumstance – how quickly the Russian troops would pass across Ukraine, which was seized by the national revolution, and would break through to Hungary. This attempt failed. The massive anti-Bilshovyk uprisings in Ukraine, a stubborn resistance of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR), the refusal of the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) to conclude an agreement with the Bilshovyks, A. Denikin's attack on Ukrainian lands was diverted by the significant Soviet military forces. It made the invasion plans for Hungary via Bukovyna into an impracticable project. As a result, the export of the communist revolution from Russia to Europe failed. So, the main obstacle on the path of communism to Europe was Ukraine, which stopped the Russian communist invasion in 1919.

The article aims to reconstruct the personality and the thought of Melchiorre Cesarotti (1730-1808) through the analysis of his scientific and moral works. In these texts it is possible to recognize the elements of a doctrine inspired by Rousseau's philosophy, based on the autonomy of intellect and sentiment. Following this idea Cesarotti developed: 1) an empirical conception of science, for which the "truth" is a production of human intelligence, articulated in a historically determined theory; 2) an intersubjective moral doctrine, constituted of a set of rules produced by the empathic encounter between subjects. While accepting the principles of radical individualism, Cesarotti feared, however, the consequences of this theory. Indeed, 1) scientific empiricism dissolves the reassuring unity of views among scientists, transforming science into an anarchic laboratory of opinions. 2) Ethical subjectivism provokes a radical rejection of the principle of authority, subverts the traditional forms of affective life and, at the same time, of public, social and economic norms. Cesarotti, partly inspired by Voltaire's doctrine, partly remaining well anchored in tradition, elaborated a philosophical proposal capable of inhibiting the extreme humanistic and individualistic instances of the Enlightenment, integrating them into a philosophical vision based on the idea of absolute order. In conclusion, the article shows through the comparative study of scientific and moral works a renewed profile of the writer, traces a direction for a new path of research, which can offer a complete reconstruction of Cesarotti's intellectual and political biography.

Summary. The aim of the research is to determine the role of Ukraine in disrupting the plans of the Russian Bilshovyks, concerning the export of the communist revolution to Central and Western Europe and the Balkans in 1919. The research methodology is based on: the general scientific methods (analytical and synthetic, inductive and deductive); the general historical – (historical-comparative, problem-chronological, retrospective, synchronistic, diachronic). The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the newest Ukrainian historiography there has been analyzed the attempt disruption of the Russian Bilshovyks to export the communist revolution to Europe across the territory of Ukraine in 1919. Conclusions. In 1919 there was a real threat of the Russian Bilshovyk troops invasion to Central and Western Europe, as well as the Balkans. Hungary was to be their first victim. The preparation for the invasion was carried out under the slogans of «an international assistance», given to the Hungarian proletariat. There was no common border between Russia and the countries of Central and Western Europe, so the success of the military operations depended on the circumstance – how quickly the Russian troops would pass across Ukraine, which was seized by the national revolution, and would break through to Hungary. This attempt failed. The massive anti-Bilshovyk uprisings in Ukraine, a stubborn resistance of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR), the refusal of the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) to conclude an agreement with the Bilshovyks, A. Denikin's attack on Ukrainian lands was diverted by the significant Soviet military forces. It made the invasion plans for Hungary via Bukovyna into an impracticable project. As a result, the export of the communist revolution from Russia to Europe failed. So, the main obstacle on the path of communism to Europe was Ukraine, which stopped the Russian communist invasion in 1919.

Summary. The aim of the research is to determine the role of Ukraine in disrupting the plans of the Russian Bilshovyks, concerning the export of the communist revolution to Central and Western Europe and the Balkans in 1919. The research methodology is based on: the general scientific methods (analytical and synthetic, inductive and deductive); the general historical – (historical-comparative, problem-chronological, retrospective, synchronistic, diachronic). The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in the newest Ukrainian historiography there has been analyzed the attempt disruption of the Russian Bilshovyks to export the communist revolution to Europe across the territory of Ukraine in 1919. Conclusions. In 1919 there was a real threat of the Russian Bilshovyk troops invasion to Central and Western Europe, as well as the Balkans. Hungary was to be their first victim. The preparation for the invasion was carried out under the slogans of «an international assistance», given to the Hungarian proletariat. There was no common border between Russia and the countries of Central and Western Europe, so the success of the military operations depended on the circumstance – how quickly the Russian troops would pass across Ukraine, which was seized by the national revolution, and would break through to Hungary. This attempt failed. The massive anti-Bilshovyk uprisings in Ukraine, a stubborn resistance of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR), the refusal of the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) to conclude an agreement with the Bilshovyks, A. Denikin's attack on Ukrainian lands was diverted by the significant Soviet military forces. It made the invasion plans for Hungary via Bukovyna into an impracticable project. As a result, the export of the communist revolution from Russia to Europe failed. So, the main obstacle on the path of communism to Europe was Ukraine, which stopped the Russian communist invasion in 1919.

The objective is to assess the impact that the Valletta 2018 Foundation's four major infrastructural projects are having on the city's community and architectural heritage. The study aims to expose the effect of cultural infrastructure on the physical urban fabric and seeks to understand the manner with which the behaviour of the community and users is altered. It therefore ultimately deals with the conditions for liveability of the urban space. The main research question of this study is: What role can cultural infrastructure play in the achievement of culture-led regeneration? ; N/A

This dissertation aims to depict the daily life of early seventeenth-century common soldiers in as much detail as possible. It is based on intensive statistical study of common soldiers in Electoral Saxony during the Thirty Years War, through which I both analyze the demographics of soldiers' backgrounds and discuss military wages in depth. Drawing on microhistory and anthropology, I also follow the career of a single regiment, headed by Wolfgang von Mansfeld (1575-1638), from mustering-in in 1625 to dissolution in 1627. This regiment was made up largely of people from Saxony but it fought in Italy on behalf of the King of Spain, demonstrating the global, transnational nature of early-modern warfare. My findings upend several assumptions about early seventeenth-century soldiers and war. Contrary to the Military Revolution thesis, soldiers do not appear to have become more disciplined during this period, nor was drill particularly important to their daily lives. Common soldiers also took an active role in military justice.