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Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Legal Approach on the Dual-Use Nature of On-Orbit Servicing Programs -- 1.1 Introduction-Recent Practice in Space Servicing Missions -- 1.2 Article IV of the OST in the Light of Military and Dual-Use Activities in Outer Space -- 1.3 OOS Maneuvers and Risks of Hostile Actions in Space: Issues Tackled by the International Community -- 1.4 Transparency and Confidence Building Measures for On-Orbit Servicing Missions -- 1.5 Closing Remarks-Towards OOS/RPO "Multi-use" Capabilities -- 2 Risk Management and Insurance of On-Orbit Servicing -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Risks Involved with On-Orbit Servicing -- 2.2.1 Technological Context and Risks of OOS -- 2.2.2 Legal Context and Risks of OOS -- 2.3 Insurance as a Risk Management Tool of On-Orbit Servicing -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 3 Legal Aspects of Space Recycling -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Applicable Law -- 3.3 Legal Status of the Recycling Targets -- 3.3.1 Object Launched into Outer Space -- 3.3.2 State of Registry -- 3.3.3 Jurisdiction and Control -- 3.3.4 Transfer of Ownership -- 3.4 Liability -- 3.5 3D-Printing -- 3.6 Conclusion -- 4 On-Orbit Servicing: Security and Legal Aspects -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Space Security and OOS: Setting the Appropriate Security Study Context -- 4.2.1 Challenges for Space Security Associated with OOS -- 4.2.2 Criteria on (De)Securitizing OOS -- 4.2.3 Dual-Use of OOS as a Potential Threat but not as Another Security Issue -- 4.3 Dealing with the Perception of "Others" and OOS -- 4.4 Legal Aspects Concerning OOS Activities -- 4.4.1 Liability, Responsibility and Licensing Issues -- 4.4.2 Space Insurance -- 4.5 What Is Next? A Bottom-Up Lawmaking Approach -- 4.6 Conclusion -- 5 On-Orbit Servicing: Space for Africa? -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 On-Orbit Servicing: Conceptualisation and Evolution -- 5.3 The African Context.

In October 2008, Judge Baltasar Garzón declared himself competent to open Spain's first criminal investigation of Franco-era atrocities. His decision formally classified the 114,000 executions and thousands of forced disappearances that occurred during the Spanish Civil War and ensuing dictatorship as crimes against humanity. It also accused Francisco Franco and thirty-four of his generals and ministers of having committed these crimes. Throughout Spain's transition to democracy and beyond, Spain has adhered to a "pact of forgetting," formalized by a 1977 amnesty law, in which political leaders agreed that regime members would not be prosecuted for their acts. Given this traditional silence and the fact that the majority of the acts concerned were committed seventy years ago, critics disputed Judge Garzón's jurisdiction over the action. This Note considers four jurisdictional obstacles to prosecution and whether international law provides a method through which they might be overcome.

Este trabajo se inscribe en el marco del Proyecto I+D+i del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Derechos Humanos, sociedades multiculturales y conflictos, DER 2012-31771. Y también ha sido realizado en el marco del programa Fernand Braudel-IFER (International Fellowships for Experienced Researchers) y la Comisión europea (Programme Action Marie Curie_COFUND-7éme PCRD) LabexMed, CERIC– UMR 7318 reference 10-LABX-0090 ; Desde el Consejo de Tampere, la Unión Europea ha promovido la integración de los inmigrantes por medio de dos mecanismos diferentes de acción. De un lado, con la coordinación de un marco programático de directrices para los Estados miembros y, de otro lado, desde el derecho migratorio europeo con la aplicación de ciertas condiciones o medidas de integración en casos de residencia de larga duración o por reagrupación familiar. Tras una breve introducción a las políticas de integración, esta propuesta se centra básicamente en el análisis de la articulación normativa europea de la integración para así cuestionar tanto su controvertida exigibilidad en términos de condición o medida como su coherencia interna con los principios básicos del Derecho de la Unión Europea ; Since the Council of Tampere, the European Union has promoted immigrant integration through two different mechanisms. On the one hand, through the coordination of a framework of guidelines for EU Member State and, on the other hand, from the European migration law through the application of certain conditions or integration measures in cases of long-term residence or family reunification permit. After a short introduction of integration policies, this proposal focuses mainly on the analysis of European legal rules for joint integration in terms of conditions or measures in order to discuss its controversial enforceability and the internal consistency respect to the basic principles of the European Union law ; 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. 2. LA CONFIGURACIÓN JURÍDICA DE LA INTEGRACIÓN DESDE EL DERECHO MIGRATORIO EUROPEO. 2.1. La posible ...

In the Spanish legal system, the workplace employee representation but may have certain similarities with the political representation (regulatory origin, not voluntary for the principal, democratic legitimacy) poses a specificity both the subjective perspective, to be circumscribed workers who make up the constituency, as a material arises as to represent the professional interests shared by a community of individuals united by an identical legal relationship derived from belonging to the same company. Its uniqueness is that this function can be assumed, concurrently, for two types: some representatives of elective basis; others, union base. This legal decision set a pluralistic model of subjects, but strongly interconnected functional dimension, due to differing legal natures. ; En el ordenamiento jurídico español, el modelo de representación de los trabajadores en la empresa aunque pueda tener ciertas similitudes con la representación política (origen normativo y no voluntario para el representado, legitimidad democrática) plantea una especificidad tanto desde la perspectiva subjetiva, al quedar circunscrita a los trabajadores que conforman la circunscripción electoral, como material pues surge para la representación de los intereses profesionales compartidos por una colectividad de sujetos unidos por una idéntica vinculación jurídica, derivada de la pertenencia a la misma plantilla. Su singularidad es que esta función puede ser asumida, de manera concurrente, por dos tipos de sujetos: unos representantes de base electiva; otros, de base sindical, configurando con esta decisión legal un modelo pluralista de sujetos que, aunque fuertemente interconectado en su dimensión funcional, obedece a naturalezas jurídicas distintas.

The anthropological orientation of the word law in Adam Mickiewicz's writingsThis article discusses the anthropological orientation of the word law in Adam Mickiewicz's writings. The author claims that this word is essential for the interpretation of the poet's historiosophical thought, in the context of legal culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The citizens of Lithuanian territories recognized the 16th century Statutes as a distinctive feature of the state's cultural identity, because they were still effective in the judicature under the Russian Partition, and in social awareness they remained a semblance of the independence from the foreign rule. The Romantic understanding of law, state and morality resulted in perceiving these values as "the spirit of the world" of which the image of virtue was born. In the dimension of legal discourse, law as an idea takes a real shape in its definition, in poetic tropes, and in scholarly discussions, but most of all in the actions of literary characters. The metaphorical and symbolic meanings of law manifest themselves in the topos of the court of law, judging what is right and what is wrong; good and bad faith; in family, social and political relations. The analysis of the texts has shown that the poet, by depicting the way of perceiving and understanding the organisation of political life in analogy to family life, enclosed his own personal vision of law and order in the structures of language. Антропологическая ориентация слова право в творчестве Адама МицкевичаСтатья посвящена антропологической ориентации слова право в текстах Адама Мицкевича. Автор утверждает, что слово является ключом к интерпрета ции главной историософической мысли поэта в контексте юридической культуры Великого княжества Литовского. Культурообразующим знаком государства для жителей литовских земель были статуты XVI века, которые были обязательны еще на территории аннексированной Россией, а в общественном сознании oни были символом зависимости от чужой власти. Понимание права, государства и моральности в Романтизме отражают ценности, олицетворяющие «дух мира», который рождает представление о добродетели. В юридическом дискурсе право как идея добра принимает реальную форму в определении, в поэтических тропах и в ученых выводах, а прежде всего в действиях литературных героев. Метафорическое и символическое значение права выражается в теме суда, устанавливающего правых и виноватых, выносящего решение о добрых и злых намерениях в семейных, общественных и политических отношениях. Анализ текстов показывает, что поэт, проводя аналогию между политической и семейной жизнью, в структурах языка реализует собственное представление о законности.

Given the importance of the functions of the legal product area in the exercise of governance in the region, then the role of the legal secretariat of the regional city of Padang in the process of formation of regional law product is the most important part in the achievement of a goal the establishment of a legal product area of the city of Padang. The formulation of a problem is (1) how is the position of the legal secretariat of the regions and parliament in the process of formation of regional legal product? (2) why the establishment of products set out in the Program area of the law of creation of the local government areas of Regulatory and legislative Propemperda? (3) Why there are areas of law product is cancelled by the Central Government. The research method used is the method of empirical legal research, a legal research methods serve to see in terms of real law and examines how law works in the neighborhood, a legal entity or a government agency. The technique of data collection is the study of the documents and interviews. Technique of data analysis i.e. descriptive qualitative analysis techniques. Research results can be inferred are (1) the position of the legal secretariat of the region and the Secretariat of the parliament has an important role and close working relationships as well as intertwined in the process of the formation of the product of the nonprofit area law regulations. 2) establishment of regional legal products defined in Propemperda because of the formation of regional law requires products cost budget that fit on the budget income of the Shopping area. 3) Why there are areas of law product is cancelled by the Central Government caused by: a. legal Products contrary to the hierarchy of legislation, b. legal Products are made is not an authority on City Government, c. Product law contains the rules of procedure that complicate third parties, investors or entrepreneurs in dealing with City Government.Keywords: Legal Department, Legislative, Legal Product, Local Governance

Frequent use of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970 (RICO)' by government and private litigants has prompted a chorus of criticism during the last five years. This criticism has not been restricted to the narrow confines of the legal profession;many respectable newspapers recently have issued calls for the outright repeal of RICO. Attorneys who regularly defend against criminal or civil RICO allegations cannot take credit for the increasing dissatisfaction with RICO. Rather, it is the successes, and indeed the excesses, of RICO's proponents that have tarnished the statute's image. RICO's revolutionary application to increasingly broad areas of human conduct has unsettled jurists, lawyers, and laypersons. Although Congress was driven in 1970 to devise a cure for the disease of organized crime, RICO has been applied almost exclusively in other contexts." While Congress often has enacted legislation that has unintended consequences, the gap between the legislative goals of RICO and its practical impact is dramatic, and these unintended consequences continue to mount. As RICO enters its third decade, it stands before the court of public opinion, indicted but not convicted. The charges against RICO come from all quarters. Repeal or meaningful reform is necessary. Clearly, it is time to reconsider RICO, its purposes, and its effects. Part II of this Article briefly will examine RICO's short history to identify both intended and unintended developments in its evolution and to highlight some areas that have given rise to public concern over RICO's growth. Part III of this Article will address the political and policy implications of these developments. Finally, after concluding that no satisfactory political resolution is likely, Part IV of this Article will suggest that the "void for vagueness" doctrine should play a significant role in repealing RICO or in restricting its currently overbroad reach.

Deutschland hat sich in einem Modell demokratisiert, das gesellschaftliche Konflikte vorrangig in Verhandlungsmustern auszugleichen versucht. Hiermit unterscheidet es sich deutlich von anderen westlichen Demokratien, vor allem den USA. Dieses verhandlungsdemokratische Modell, das sich vom Kaiserreich bis zur Bundesrepublik in mühsamen Kämpfen gegen die lange dominante autoritäre hierarchische Alternative durchsetzen musste, bestimmt nicht nur die formellen politischen Institutionen, sondern mit dem deutschen Wirtschafts- und Sozialmodell und der Religionsverfassung die gesamte Schnittstelle der Staat-Gesellschafts-Beziehungen. Dominik Rennert zeigt exemplarisch anhand des Religionsrechts, wie das Modell zunächst in Weimar scheiterte, um sich dann in Bonn zu stabilisieren, und wie das Staatsrecht der Zeit in langen Auseinandersetzungen auf seine Herausbildung reagiert hat. Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Promotionspreis der Juristischen Fakultät der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin 2023 ausgezeichnet

At a time when the insecurity of working people in the United States and Europe is being exploited by nativist forces, the concept of a global New Deal is more relevant than ever. But, instead of a global New Deal, the predominant force in international trade in recent decades has been spreading pre-New Deal, laissez-faire approaches to markets, without extending with equal vigor the regulations essential to providing ordinary people economic security. Adolf Berle recognized that if the economy did not work for all, the worst impulses in humanity could be exploited by demagogues and authoritarians, having seen this first hand in the 1930s. Berle believed in international trade and economic dynamism. But he understood that growth in each produces instability, the potential for lost jobs, and human insecurity that governments, preferably working in concert, have the duty and capacity to address. That is why he advocated for a global New Deal that would extend the key elements necessary to a fair economy to cover the full scope of the transnational economy. This Article identifies support in Berle's writing for addressing economic inequality and insecurity and ensuring that the advances for working people accomplished by the New Deal and social democracy in the OECD nations are preserved and extended to working people in developing nations. Because Berle was both a believer in facts and an optimist, one senses that he would now be arguing for a muscular and bold international agenda to increase the security of working people in the developed world while simultaneously strengthening trade and opportunities for people in the developing world. Berle's writings indicate that working people would be central to his focus, and signal his support for stronger minimum wages appropriate to the conditions of different tiers of the world economy, guarantees for workers to bargain for higher wages, and protections against child labor, unfair hours, and unsafe working conditions. Berle also advocated for other policies that have ...

The Modern Corporation and Private Property (MCPP) by Adolf A. Berle Jr. and Gardiner Means, published in 1932, is undisputedly the most influential work ever written in the field of corporate governance. In a nutshell, Berle and Means argued that corporate control had been usurped by a new class of managers, the result of which included (1) shareholder loss of control (a basic property right), (2) questionable corporate objectives and behavior, and (3) the potential breakdown of the market mechanism. In this paper, I examine the origins of MCPP, paying particular attention to the authors' underlying motives. I argue that shareholder primacy was not the principal motive. Rather, the principal underlying motive was the well-documented growing gap between potential gross domestic product (GDP) and actual GDP in the 1920s, a problem they, like myriad other period writers, attributed to managerial behavior—in short, a breakdown of governance. In this regard, MCPP should be seen as analogous in scope to the period writings of Thorstein Veblen, Paul Douglas, Henry Ford, Edward Filene, Rexford Tugwell, and many others in the 1920s.

This Article demonstrates three things. First, an examination of Berle's work and thinking in this critical period reveals the ways in which public problems and the need to "know capitalism," to borrow a phrase from Mary Furner, converged in the post-WWI era in remarkable and unprecedented ways that would shape New Deal and post-New Deal politics and policy. Berle's gift for synthesizing evidence and constructing narratives that explained complex events were particularly well suited to this era that prized the expert. Second, identifying a problem and developing a persuasive narrative is one thing, but finding solutions is another. Berle joined in a collective effort to "grope"—to use a term he employed often—for new ways of ordering the relationship between the state, shareholders, managers, workers, and the corporation. In a related and third point, a close examination of this critical period in Berle's intellectual development helps us to better understand Berle's embrace of the corporation as a progressive and stabilizing force in the post-WWII era. The Berle of the pre-New Deal period was ideologically predisposed to more associational—rather than statist—solutions to public problems. As the Great Depression took hold, Berle recognized the necessity of government taking on new powers, but his correspondence and writings prior to the Roosevelt administration reveal someone never at ease with precisely how the state should regulate the corporation. When post-WWII concerns about the inevitable return to the Great Depression failed to materialize, Berle returned to this more associational approach and celebrated the ensuing prosperity as a victory for now socially responsible corporate managers who had taken the lessons of the Great Depression to heart.

This Article presents new evidence on the evolution of the business corporation in America and on the emergence of what is commonly termed the "Berle and Means corporation." Drawing on a wide range of sources, I investigate three major historical claims of The Modern Corporation: that large corporations had displaced small ones by the early twentieth century; that the quasi-public corporations of the 1930s were much larger than the public corporations of the nineteenth century; and that ownership was separated from control to a much greater extent in the 1930s compared to the nineteenth century. I address each of these claims with new data and present analyses of nineteenth century corporations that mirror Berle and Means's analysis of the corporations of the 1930s. The conclusions I draw from these analyses revise the historical claims of The Modern Corporation in important ways.

The introduction of technology in the commercial, labor, personal, everyday field of human beings; laws around the world have been forced to venture into this new era of the 21st century, which transcends borders, limits of language and ideological. Updating and learning of the Venezuelan legislator in this matter is what has driven the development of the present investigation, in which study generically of the conceptualization of the electronic document; birth of the electronic contract, the same development standards; signature electronics with their respective theories and application in Venezuela; concluding the importance of the law governing the matter as soon as it opens the possibility of technology to provide legal certainty to both national and foreign investment and trade relations. ; La introducción de la tecnología en el ámbito comercial, laboral, personal, cotidiano del ser humano; ha obligado a las legislaciones a nivel mundial a incursionar en esta nueva era del siglo XXI, la cual traspasa fronteras, límites ideológicos y de lenguaje. La actualización y aprendizaje del legislador venezolano en esta materia es lo que ha impulsado el desarrollo de la presente investigación, en la cual se estudia de manera genérica la conceptualización del documento electrónico; nacimiento del contrato electrónico, perfeccionamiento del mismo, normas aplicables; firma electrónica con sus respectivas teorías y la aplicación en Venezuela; concluyendo la importancia de la Ley que rige la materia en cuanto abre la posibilidad de brindar al ámbito tecnológico un seguridad jurídica a las relaciones comerciales y a las inversiones tanto nacionales como extranjeras.

Italy has specific, sectoral representative procedures familiar in other European states, especially on consumer protection. Lengthy debate resulted in a general law being passed in 2007, which was postponed by a new government in 2008. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]