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Research has confirmed the existence of a robust relationship between certain conditions of work (high demand/low control, high effort/low reward) and a variety of adverse health outcomes including cardiovascular disease, mental disorders, and immune system dysfunctions. Recently, these same conditions have been implicated in the defeat of certain capacities, such as adaptability, coping, ability, memory, and creativity. Such conditions appear also to influence the likelihood of making successful recovery from illness or injury and of returning to productive employment. The dynamic processes linking these conditions and outcomes nonetheless remains somewhat unclear. In this article, the role of fairness as a mediator of these connections is explored. In particular, the psychoneuro- immunological significance of promises explicit or implicit in the employment relationship is identified as being crucial to our understanding of how stress affects health and capacities. Practical implications are explored.

An Overview of ANSI/ASSP Z10.0-2019 and ANSI//ASSP/ISO 45001- -- Organizational Culture, Management Leadership and Worker Participation -- Safety Professionals as Culture Change Agents -- Essentials for the Practice of Safety -- A Primer on Systems/Macro Thinking -- A Socio-Technical Model for an Operational Risk Management System -- Innovations in Serious Injury, Illness and Fatality Prevention -- Human Error Avoidance -- On Hazards Analyses and Risk Assessments -- Three- and Four- Dimensional Risk Scoring Systems -- Hierarchies of Control -- Safety Design Reviews -- Prevention through Design -- Management of Change -- The Procurement Process -- Evaluation and Corrective Action -- Management Review/Improvement -- Audit Requirements -- Incident Investigation -- Incident Causation Models -- The Five Why Problem Solving Technique -- MORT - The Management Oversight and Risk Tree -- James Reason's Swiss Cheese Model -- On System Safety -- Achieving Acceptable Risk Levels: The Operational Goal.

The approach to traumatic craniocervical vascular injury has evolved significantly in recent years. Conflicts prior to Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom were characterized by minimal intervention in the setting of severe penetrating head injury, in large part due to limited far-forward resource availability. Consequently, sequelae of penetrating head injury like traumatic aneurysm formation remained poorly characterized with a paucity of pathophysiological descriptions. The current conflicts have seen dramatic improvements with respect to the management of severe penetrating and closed head injuries. As a result of the rapid field resuscitation and early cranial decompression, patients are surviving longer, which has led to diagnosis and treatment of entities that had previously gone undiagnosed. Therefore, in this paper the authors' purpose is to review their experience with severe traumatic brain injury complicated by injury to the craniocervical vasculature. Historical approaches will be reviewed, and the importance of modern endovascular techniques will be emphasized.

Tactical trainees, like those entering the police force, are required to undergo vigorous training as part of their occupational preparation. This training has the potential to cause injuries. In addition, the physical training, communal living and pressures of tactical training are known to induce immune suppression and have the potential to increase the risk of illness. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between leg power, as measured by a vertical jump (VJ), and rates of reported injuries and illnesses during police recruit training. Retrospective data from recruits (n = 1021) undergoing basic police recruit training at an Australian Police Force College was collected. Recruits completed a VJ assessment at the commencement of their second state of training. Formally reported illness and injuries were collected 12 weeks later, following completion of training. Correlations between VJ height and rates of reported illness and injury were low (r = −0.16 and −0.09, respectively) but significant (p < 0.005), with VJ height accounting for 2.6% and 0.8% of the variance in illness and injury rates, respectively. In terms of relative risks, recruits with the lowest recorded VJ heights were more than three times as likely as those with highest VJ heights to suffer injury and/or illness. Police recruits with lower VJ height are at a significantly greater risk of suffering an injury or illness during police basic recruit training.

Hospitalization data provide context to understanding abusive and non-abusive injuries and how these hospitalizations change over time. The purpose of this study was to utilize Texas inpatient hospitalization data to assess age-related differences among infants (<12 months of age) and toddlers (12–59 months of age) in injury trends and patterns of injury among abusive and non-abusive hospitalization encounters over a 15-year time period. For both age groups, pediatric hospitalizations for non-abusive injuries decreased significantly over time; however, hospitalizations for abusive injuries did not. Compared to non-abusive injury hospitalizations, abusive injury hospitalizations were statistically more likely to involve more body regions and were associated with fractures, internal organ injuries, and superficial wounds. Abusive injury hospitalizations had longer lengths of stay and resulted in higher illness severity scores. Toddler injury hospitalizations were associated with most of the body regions, with the exception of traumatic brain injury for which the odds of hospitalization were higher for infants. This study confirms the persistence of abusive injury hospitalizations and the age-related susceptibility to certain injuries comparing infants and toddlers. The findings reflect the clinical documentation and decision making of pediatric practitioners in a large state over 15 years and inform the trends in identification of injuries which are most common and consistent by age and intent.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal injuries are common during military and other occupational physical training programmes. Employers have a duty of care to reduce employees' injury risk, where females tend to be at greater risk than males. However, quantification of principle cofactors influencing the sex-injury association, and their relative importance, remain poorly defined. Injury risk co-factors were investigated during Royal Air Force (RAF) recruit training to inform the strategic prioritisation of mitigation strategies. Material and Methods: A cohort of 1,193 (males n=990 (83%); females n=203 (17%)) recruits, undertaking Phase-1 military training, were prospectively monitored for injury occurrence. The primary independent variable was sex, and potential confounders (fitness, smoking, anthropometric measures, education attainment) were assessed pre-training. Generalised linear models were used to assess associations between sex and injury. Results: 31% of recruits (28% males; 49% females) presented with at least one injury during training. Females had a twofold greater unadjusted risk of injury during training than males (RR=1.77; 95%CI 1.49 to 2.10). After anthropometric, lifestyle and education measures were included in the model, the excess risk decreased by 34%, but the associations continued to be statistically significant. In contrast, when aerobic fitness was adjusted, an inverse association was identified; the injury risk was 40% lower in females compared with males (RR=0.59; 95%CI: 0.42 to 0.83). Conclusions: Physical fitness was the most important confounder with respect to differences in males' and females' injury risk, rather than sex alone. Mitigation to reduce this risk should therefore focus upon physical training, complemented by healthy lifestyle interventions.

When record linkage efforts involve complex characteristics there is ample potential for general purpose machine learning (ML) techniques to succeed where traditional probabilistic approaches might fall short. However, there can still be pre-processing (e.g. geocoding) and hand-picked comparators that can further improve linkage outcomes using standard ML models. In this project we present a fusion of these sides we are calling an Augmented Twin Neural Network. This approach leverages the inherent flexibility of Twin Neural Networks in a record linkage context while adding additional layers to allow for hand curated comparators that may be difficult for ML optimizers to implicitly identify without sufficiently large, labeled data sets. The framework is used to match establishments from the BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses to establishments in the OSHA Injury Tracking Application data. The difficulties inherent in matching company names and addresses and the existence of multi-establishment firms make this a prime application for testing. Linkage outcome metrics of this augmented algorithm are compared both with results from probabilistic methods (e.g. Fellegi-Sunter) and standard machine learning methods to illustrate the added benefits.

To investigate the exposure of children in Croatia to war weapons, we surveyed random samples of children (n=986) aged 11 to 16 years and of parents (1469) of children aged 7 to 16 years in April 1994 in four war-affected districts in Croatia. The children's survey indicated that 57% of the boys and 36% of the girls had access to weapons at home, at some other place, or at both. Eighteen percent of the boys and 5% of the girls reported playing with weapons. The parents' survey showed that 68% of the households possessed weapons, with 19% of the children having access to weapons at home. Influenced by preliminary findings of these surveys, the Croatian government modified its national campaign (one partially supported by international aid) to prevent war-related injuries among children. This study demonstrates the feasibility of scientific evaluation of humanitarian aid programs.