Suchergebnisse

Mit dem Ziel der Qualitätssicherung von Energieausweisen durch stichprobenartige Kontrollen wurden die Mitgliedsstaaten gemäß Art. 18 der EU-Gebäuderichtlinie 2010 zur Einrichtung eines unabhängigen Kontrollsystems verpflichtet. Da dieser Auflage aus Sicht der Europäischen Kommission nicht alle Bundesländer Österreichs fristgerecht nachgekommen sind, folgte ein Vertragsverletzungsverfahren gegen die Nation. Um die im Falle einer Verurteilung drohenden Strafzahlungen zu vermeiden, wurde dieser Verpflichtung nach Art. 18 EU-Gebäuderichtlinie mit Einfügen des § 36a Oö. Bautechnikgesetz im Zuge der Bautechnikgesetz-Novelle 2016 legistisch Genüge getan. Die Abteilung Umweltschutz, Gruppe Bauphysik, des Amtes der Oö. Landesregierung ist im Auftrag der Landesregierung mit der operativen Durchführung dieser gesetzlichen Bestimmungen betraut, welche sie seit Mai 2017 umsetzt. Zu Beginn dieser Masterarbeit werden die rechtlichen Hintergründe zur Entstehung des unabhängigen Kontrollsystems in Oö. sowie alle relevanten Rechtsgrundlagen für dessen praktische Umsetzung erläutert. In Folge wird auf die korrekte Auslegung der inhaltlichen Verpflichtung nach unionsrechtlicher Vorschrift, deren konkrete legistische und praktische Umsetzung in Oö. sowie mit der Stichprobenkontrolle verbundene verwaltungsrechtliche Folgen eingegangen. Zum Schluss wird das in Oö. eingerichtete unabhängige Kontrollsystem mit der Methodik anderer Bundesländer verglichen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich der Oö. Gesetzgeber mit seiner Verpflichtung zur Option 1a des Anhangs II der EU-Gebäuderichtlinie für eine verwaltungsökonomische Umsetzung der unionsrechtlichen Vorgaben entschieden hat. Die praktische Durchführung der Stichprobenkontrolle ohne verpflichtende Online-Datenbank und im Umfang von ca. 400 Energieausweisen pro Jahr stellt die, aus Sicht des Aufwands für Verwaltung und Ausweisaussteller, ökonomischste Ausführung dar, und ermöglicht zudem eine statistisch korrekte Erfüllung der Vorgaben gemäß Art. 18 EU-Gebäuderichtlinie. ; With the aim of quality assurance of energy certificates by means of random checks, the member states were obliged to set up an independent control system in accordance with Art. 18 EU Building Directive 2010. As this requirement, from the point of view of the European Commission, has not been met in due time by all provinces of Austria, an infringement procedure against the nation followed. In order to avoid penalties in the event of a conviction, this obligation was introduced in accordance with Art. 18 EU Building Directive with the insertion of § 36a Oö. Bautechnikgesetz in the course of the Oö. Bautechnikgesetz amendment 2016. The department Environmental Protection, group Building Physics of the Upper Austria governments office, on behalf of the Upper Austrian government, is entrusted with the operational implementation of these legal provisions, which it has implemented since May 2017. At the beginning of this master thesis, the legal background to the emergence of the independent control system in Upper Austria and all relevant legal bases for its practical implementation are illustrated. Consequently, the correct interpretation of the substantive obligation under EU law, its concrete legal and practical implementation in Upper Austria as well as administrative control related to the sampling control are explained. Finally, the in Upper Austria established independent control system is compared with the methodology of other federal states. It turns out that Upper Austrias legislators, with their commitment to option 1a of the annex II to the EU Buildings Directive, have gone for an efficient implementation of the EU legislation. The practical implementation of random sampling without a compulsory online database and around 400 energy certificates per year represents the most economic execution, from the point of view of administration als well as exhibitor expense, and also allows statistically correct fulfillment of the specifications according to Art. 18 EU Buildings Directive. ; eingereicht von Markus Kürnsteiner, MSc ; Universität Linz, Masterarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2581872

Francisco Salinas' treatise on rhythm, the second part of his De Musica Libri Septem of 1577, is indicative of trends common to the entire European humanist movement of the sixteenth century. By restoring an "antique" model of musical rhythm, Salinas claims to solve the contradictions of the current mensural system, in the economy of arrangements of sound durations organized by a proportional beat, and follows a simplification imperative which also concerns the other sciences of the number. This epistemological reframing enterprise doubles as an aesthetic valuation of the simplicity of the "meter", by virtue of its power over the spirits, and in the name of extra-musical objectives shared by all reformist currents. The treatise also serves pedagogical and missionary ambitions, and is part of "meter policies" aimed at mastering tools of contrafacture, as at the creation of "new canticles". The know-how he promotes, and which culminates in the art of making musical verses and building up elaborate strophic forms, reveals his kinship with the research of French cultural elites at the same time, which formed a particularly favorable horizon for these theories. The impact that Salinas' text has had on the evolutions of the rhythmic conceptions between the Renaissance and the Baroque age affects both the typologies and notations of new musical languages, as well as the various expressions of a "crisis of rhythmic consciousness" appearing in French theoretical sources from 1581 to 1640. ; Le traité de rythmique de Francisco Salinas, seconde partie de son De Musica Libri Septem de 1577, est révélateur de tendances communes à l'ensemble du mouvement humaniste européen du XVIe siècle. En restituant une modélisation « à l'antique » du rythme musical, Salinas prétend résoudre les contradictions du système mensural en vigueur, dans l'économie des agencements de durées sonores organisées par une battue proportionnelle, et suit un impératif de simplification qui concerne également les autres sciences du nombre. Cette entreprise de recadrage épistémologique se double d'une valorisation esthétique de la simplicité du « mètre », en vertu de son pouvoir sur les esprits, et au nom d'objectifs extra-musicaux partagés par tous les courants réformateurs. Le traité sert parallèlement des ambitions pédagogiques et missionnaires, et s'inscrit dans des « politiques du mètre » visant à la maîtrise des outils de contrafacture, comme à la création de « cantiques nouveaux ». Les savoirs-faire dont il promeut l'exercice, et qui culminent dans l'art de faire des vers musicaux et de construire des formes strophiques élaborées, révèlent ses parentés avec les recherches des élites culturelles françaises à la même époque, qui formaient un horizon d'attente particulièrement favorable à ces théories. L'impact du texte de Salinas sur les évolutions des conceptions rythmiques entre la Renaissance et l'âge baroque affecte aussi bien les typologies que les notations des nouveaux langages musicaux, ainsi que les diverses expressions d'une « crise de la conscience rythmique » apparaissant dans les sources théoriques françaises de 1581 à 1640.

The article outlines the role of vocational education in solving the states social and economic tasks, aimed at integrating Ukraine into the European Union. The author informs about the topicality of introducing innovative competence and project-based technological approaches into the educational process. It was found out that practice oriented component of the competence approach involves changing the emphasis in future specialists professional training from traditional way of combining theoretical and practical training replacing it by project-based technological activities in order to form professional skills and practical training for professional activity in the conditions of high-tech production development. The author describes project-based technologies which provide correlation of professional training and innovation trends in the development of various industries, provides for the improvement of theoretical knowledge in the process of planning and implementing of practical work, consistent with the needs and abilities of the individual. The article discovers the value of STEM-education, which is naturally combined with the resources of project-based technological approach and is important for students to choose future profession. STEM-education promotes the development of an individual educational path at higher levels of education for students of vocational education institutions.In conclusion the author confirms that didactic, methodological, practical oriented capability of project-based technological approach is reflected in the educational process by systematic combination of theoretical and practical components of training, the content of which conforms to innovations in production, and is realized in educational institutions on the basis of active implementation of project-based technologies, STEM-programs, other modern pedagogical and informational technologies. ; У статті окреслено роль професійної освіти у розв'язанні соціально-економічних завдань держави, спрямованих на інтеграцію України до Європейського союзу. Заявлено про актуальність упровадження в освітній процес інноваційних підходів: компе¬тентнісного та проектно-технологічного.З'ясовано, що практико-орієнтована складова компетентнісного підходу передбачає зміну акцентів у професійній підготовці майбутніх фахівців: перехід від традиційної практики поєднання теоретичного та практичного навчання до навчальної проектно-технологічної діяльності, орієнтованої на формування у здобувачів освіти професійних вмінь і навичок з відповідної професії та практичну підготовку до професійної діяльності в умовах розвитку високотехнологічного виробництва. Схарактеризовано проектні технології навчання, використання яких забезпечує співвідношення професійної підготовки із інноваційними тенденціями розвитку різних галузей виробництва, передбачає удосконалення теоретичних знань у процесі планування і виконання практичних робіт, узгоджується із потребами та здатностями особистості. Розкрито значення STEM-освіти, яка органічно поєднується із ресурсними можливостями проектно-технологічного підходу та є важливою для учнів у виборі майбутньої професії, а для учнів/студентів закладів професійної освіти – сприяє розвитку індивідуальної освітньої траєкторії на вищих рівнях освіти.Узагальнено, що дидактичний, методичний, практико-орієнтований потенціал проектно-технологічного підходу віддзеркалюється в освітньому процесі системним поєднанням теоретичної й практичної складових навчання, зміст яких узгоджується із нововведеннями у сфері виробництва, й реалізується у закладах освіти на основі активного упровадження проектних технологій, STEM-програм, інших сучасних педагогічних та інформаційних технологій.

Purpose of the article. The article highlights the ties between the United Kingdom and Malta and it is shown that they are indissoluble. They run deep, go back centuries, and are founded on mutual respect in good times and bad. The author, Jesmond Grech, rightly dwells on the period from 1800, when the Royal Navy and the people of Malta struck up a friendship which was built to last throughout and beyond the period of British rule, and which embraced the Army and the RAF, through the dark years of World War II and to the present day. Today, Malta's self-evident European vocation and Britain's continuing friendship go band in the band. Among the visible signs are the English language, education choices, tourism, culture – including football – trade and investment. Not to mention Leyland buses, red pillar boxes, and phone kiosks, and abiding affection for things British. With the acquisition of Malta, the British had gained an indispensable Mediterranean naval base. The Grand Harbour area, especially the dockyard was given the utmost consideration. As technological developments constantly the Admiralty invested in the modernization of the harbour facilities. With the opening of the Suez Canal (1869) the naval traffic which passed through Malta on its way to or from India multiplied considerably. Consequently two docks, the Somerset Dock (1871) and the Hamilton Dock (1892) were constructed to meet the demands of heavier shipping. At Vittoriosa one can still see the hub of the Victualling Yard, the Naval Bakery. In this place the Navy's daily bread supplies were prepared by the use of steam-powered machinery. The building was constructed according to the design of William Scamp, a British architect and military engineer, between 1842 and 1845. Previously, the site served as the covered slipways from which the Order's ships were launched. Presently the building is the premises of the Maritime Museum and houses an interesting collection of naval memorabilia from Punic to modern times. In 1903 the construction of the breakwaters at the entrance of the Grand Harbour was commenced. The foundation stone of this project was laid by King Edward VII himself on April 20th 1903. Work on this massive construction project was to provide the livelihood to hundreds of workers and their families for the next three years. Consequently, the initial years of the 20th century augured well. Things, however, began to turn sour both in the local and international scene. Conclusions. The aim of the article is to highlight Malta`s benefit from increased defense spending by Britain. Although Malta remained heavily dependent on British military spending, successive British governors brought advances in medicine, education, industry and agriculture to Malta. The British legacy in Malta is evident in the widespread use of the English language in Malta today. English was adopted as one of Malta's two official languages in 1936, and it has now firmly replaced Italian as the primary language of tertiary education, business, and commerce in Malta.

Purpose of the article. The article highlights the ties between the United Kingdom and Malta and it is shown that they are indissoluble. They run deep, go back centuries, and are founded on mutual respect in good times and bad. The author, Jesmond Grech, rightly dwells on the period from 1800, when the Royal Navy and the people of Malta struck up a friendship which was built to last throughout and beyond the period of British rule, and which embraced the Army and the RAF, through the dark years of World War II and to the present day. Today, Malta's self-evident European vocation and Britain's continuing friendship go band in the band. Among the visible signs are the English language, education choices, tourism, culture – including football – trade and investment. Not to mention Leyland buses, red pillar boxes, and phone kiosks, and abiding affection for things British. With the acquisition of Malta, the British had gained an indispensable Mediterranean naval base. The Grand Harbour area, especially the dockyard was given the utmost consideration. As technological developments constantly the Admiralty invested in the modernization of the harbour facilities. With the opening of the Suez Canal (1869) the naval traffic which passed through Malta on its way to or from India multiplied considerably. Consequently two docks, the Somerset Dock (1871) and the Hamilton Dock (1892) were constructed to meet the demands of heavier shipping. At Vittoriosa one can still see the hub of the Victualling Yard, the Naval Bakery. In this place the Navy's daily bread supplies were prepared by the use of steam-powered machinery. The building was constructed according to the design of William Scamp, a British architect and military engineer, between 1842 and 1845. Previously, the site served as the covered slipways from which the Order's ships were launched. Presently the building is the premises of the Maritime Museum and houses an interesting collection of naval memorabilia from Punic to modern times. In 1903 the construction of the breakwaters at the entrance of the Grand Harbour was commenced. The foundation stone of this project was laid by King Edward VII himself on April 20th 1903. Work on this massive construction project was to provide the livelihood to hundreds of workers and their families for the next three years. Consequently, the initial years of the 20th century augured well. Things, however, began to turn sour both in the local and international scene. Conclusions. The aim of the article is to highlight Malta`s benefit from increased defense spending by Britain. Although Malta remained heavily dependent on British military spending, successive British governors brought advances in medicine, education, industry and agriculture to Malta. The British legacy in Malta is evident in the widespread use of the English language in Malta today. English was adopted as one of Malta's two official languages in 1936, and it has now firmly replaced Italian as the primary language of tertiary education, business, and commerce in Malta.

У статті досліджена проблема формування законодавчо-нормативного забезпечення соціального партнерства у професійній підготовці фахівців сфери послуг у Німеччині та Австрії. Проаналізовано федеративні і земельні закони про професійну освіту Австрії та Німеччини. Розглянуто ключові аспекти взаємодії міністерств та освітніх об'єднань для налагодження співпраці на міністерському, регіональному, локальному та міжнародному рівнях. На підставі аналізу законодавчо-правових документів зроблено висновок, що всі соціальні партнери приймають спільно рішення й несуть спільну відповідальність за професійну підготовку майбутніх фахівців, загалом і сфери послуг зокрема. ; The problem of forming and normative support of social partnership in vocational training of service sector specialists in Germany and Austria has been studied in the article. Federal and state laws in vocational education in these countries have been analyzed. The key aspects of interaction between educational units in order to organize collaboration at the ministerial, regional, local and international levels have been considered. Based on the results of the study undertaken, it has been found out that the dual system of primary vocational training of specialists in vocational education in Germany and Austria is continuing and consists of two stages, namely: 1) theoretical training in vocational schools and practical training at enterprises; 2) further vocational education/further research-based vocational education. The author has characterized vocational secondary schools: part-time vocational schools that comprise dual training system and full-time vocational schools: specialized vocational schools, advanced vocational schools and vocational gymnasia. It has been found out that technical universities and higher vocational education institutions training service sector specialists belong to higher education system, too. It has been highlighted that the system of social partnership in vocational education in Ukraine is being dramatically developed and significantly reformed. Therefore, study, generalization and analysis of European experience in organizing social partnership in vocational training of specialists, particularly in service sector, is becoming rather relevant. Based on the analysis of legislative documents on vocational education in Germany and Austria, it has been concluded that social partnership in education may be considered as a reliable and approved social mechanism that stipulates for economic stability and development, establishment of competitive, flexible and dynamic education system in each country; the mentioned problem in Ukraine requires the need for complex development of social partnership system as an interdisciplinary problem related to social, cultural, political and economic factors of social development to be taken into consideration; sustainable development of researches on the problem of theory and methodology of vocational education and implementation of its results in practice to be ensured; German and Austrian experience in organizing vocational training in the dual education system that presupposes the combination of proportional correlation between vocational theoretical and practical components to be studied. Rather perspective for further researches is the study of foreign experience in developing and implementing vocational education standards that is the field of social partnership functioning.

Plastics are versatile, cheap and durable materials that are omnipresent in modern society. Since most of them are derived from crude oil and are not biodegradable, their production leads to the depletion of fossil fuels and the accumulation of enormous amounts of plastic waste that pollutes ecosystems worldwide. For this reason, the European Union and other organisations are investing in research aimed at developing eco-friendly alternatives such as bioplastics.Poly-3-D-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a type of biodegradable bioplastic that is naturally synthesized and used by specific microorganisms as an energy source and for carbon storage under stressful environmental conditions. However, these micro-organisms are not well suited for growth in biomass hydrolysates. Baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, might represent an interesting host for PHB production since it is a well-known industrial platform for the effective conversion of various carbon sources into key precursor metabolites, and has high tolerance to low pH and fermentation inhibitors that are present in biomass hydrolysates. The aim of the present work was to use synthetic biology tools to "rewire" S. cerevisiae metabolism, and to investigate whether it can be used for the efficient production of PHB from xylose feedstock.Recombinant S. cerevisiae strains carrying the oxido-reductive xylose pathway from Scheffersomyces stipitis were engineered for heterologous gene expression of the biosynthetic PHB pathway from Cupriavidus necator. This enabled PHB production from xylose as the sole carbon source, although the production was low and oxygen-dependent. Further improvements were achieved by modification of the cofactor balance through the introduction of alternative enzymes with different cofactor requirements. The introduction of a xylose reductase variant with increased affinity for NADH cofactor enabled better redox homeostasis, allowing PHB production from xylose under anaerobic conditions. PHB biosynthesis was also improved by the substitution of the NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl-CoA reductase by an NADH-dependent counterpart.As the availability of cytosolic acetyl-CoA, which is the precursor of PHB, remained a major challenge, several strategies were tested to redirect the carbon flux towards acetyl-CoA, such as the use of alternative pathways and the downregulation of the ethanol route. However, the production of PHB could only be improved under aerobic conditions due to tight cell regulation at the cytosolic NADH and acetyl-CoA levels.The xylose-fermentation capabilities of different Spathaspora species were ex¬plored in parallel, with the aim of finding better enzymes for further improvement of anaerobic xylose fermentation by S. cerevisiae. The xylose reductase gene XYL1.2 from Sp. passalidarum was found to encode an enzyme with a high affinity for NADH. When transferred to S. cerevisiae, xylose fermentation and ethanol production were improved under anaerobic conditions.This work demonstrates how the S. cerevisiae genome can be reprogrammed for PHB production from sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass. However, further modification of the metabolism will be necessary before industrial implementation is possible.

Актуальность исследования обусловлена постоянными изменениями в структуре острых отравлений химической этиологии, что требует от врачей быстрого принятия решений о назначении антидотов или средств фармакологической коррекции, особенно на догоспитальном этапе. С целью ускорения процесса принятия решений по поводу причин отравления и вида токсиканта в токсикологических центрах многих стран мира широко используется синдромологический подход. Целью настоящего исследования явилось изучение и обобщение современных подходов к практическому применению основных токсичных синдромов (токсидромов) в практике врача-токсиколога. Материал и методы исследования. Изучены классификации токсичных синдромов, используемые в практической работе врачей-токсикологов США, стран Евросоюза, Российской Федерации в течение последних 30 лет. Результаты и их обсуждение. С середины 1970-х годов в процессе диагностики острых отравлений широко используется понятие токсидрома, отражающее сущность и масштаб медиаторных изменений в организме под влиянием одного или нескольких токсических веществ. Определение основных токсидромов (адренергического, антихолинергического, холинергического, опиоидного, седативно-гипнотического и серотонинового) позволяет врачам своевременно начать посиндромную терапию, которая во многих случаях при отравлениях совпадает с патогенетической. Синдромологический подход ускоряет процесс принятия врачами решений относительно выбора антидота или средства фармакологической коррекции функциональных нарушений, что особенно важно на догоспитальном этапе. Выводы. Сегодня актуально внедрение современных научных подходов, касающихся диагностики острых отравлений на догоспитальном этапе с помощью основных токсидромов, в учебные программы дои последипломной подготовки врачей экстренной медицинской помощи и врачей-токсикологов в Украине. ; Relevance of the study was determined by the constant changes in the structure of acute chemical poisonings, so doctors should quickly make a decision about the administration of antidotes or means of pharmacological correction, especially in the prehospital phase. To speed up the decision-making process regarding the cause of the accident and the type of toxicant, syndromologic approach is widely used in toxicological centers around the world. The aim of this study was to examine and summarize the modern approaches to the practical application of major toxic syndromes (toxidromes) in the physician's practice. Material and methods. We have studied toxic syndrome classifications used in the practice of toxicologists in the USA, countries of European Union, Russian Federation over the past 30 years. Results and discussion. Since the mid-1970s, in the diagnosis of acute poisonings, the concept of toxidrome is widely used that reflects the nature and extent of transmitter changes in the body under the influence of one or more toxic substances. Determination of basic toxidromes (adrenergic, anticholinergic, cholinergic, opioid, sedative-hypnotic and serotonin ones) allows doctors to promptly begin syndromic treatment, which in many cases of poisonings matches the pathogenetic one. Syndromologic approach accelerates decision making on the choice of antidote by doctors or a drug for pharmacological correction of functional disorders, especially important in the prehospital phase. Conclusions. Today, the introduction of modern scientific approaches regarding the diagnosis of acute poisonings in the prehospital phase using basic toxidromes into the training programs of preand postgraduate training of emergency physicians and toxicologists in Ukraine is important.

Focusing on the expanding realm of international adjudication, this paper approaches justice from the domain of the empirical and shows - through a careful, interview-based case-study analysis in the WTO-EU context - that justice in the transnational context is not only a contested concept, but also a multi-faceted one, deeply embedded in notions such as the rule of law, fairness, equality, transformation, and cooperation. Whereas in the past, the primary, if not the sole role of international courts was that of settling disputes, in their modern legalized reincarnation these empowered international institutions have come to be seen primarily as enforcement mechanisms; mechanisms that have been put in place by states in order to give effect to their originally negotiated commitments and to hold states (or other entities) accountable for the international rules agreed-upon. Within this common enforcement-centered discourse of international courts, in turn, the natural tendency has so far been to think of 'justice' mainly through its 'legal' or 'rule of law' dimension. This paper challenges this enforcement-centered discourse. Focusing on the vibrant WTO dispute settlement system (DSS) and the rich experience of the EU in that system, the paper argues that the current enforcement-oriented debate of international courts, and the WTO DSS in particular, is lacking in several fundamental aspects. First, it brushes aside other important roles served by the DSS, and consequently overshadows the manifold social outcomes - beyond rule-compliance - produced by this system. Second, the prevalent rule-enforcement discourse further works, in turn, as to mask the multiple challenges of justice encapsulated in international disputes reaching the DSS's docket, and obstructs the need to explore other conceptions of justice - beyond its formal legalprocedural meaning - such as global distributive, corrective, or transformative justice, through which the outcomes generated by this international adjudicatory system may (and should) be evaluated. Against this backdrop, the paper puts forwards a broad multifunctional account of the WTO DSS, which goes beyond the prevalent view of the system as primarily an enforcement mechanism, portraying it instead as a system of multiple, competing, and shifting roles. Among them, and at the center of the paper, the role of providing an orderly mechanism of renegotiation, redistribution, and settlement, that essentially allows WTO Members to readjust their original WTO commitments and reallocate their burdens and benefits of international cooperation, and thereby to arrive at new - at times not fully legally-compliant - but not necessarily 'unjust' cooperative and sustainable social outcomes. This discussion paper is part of a series of contributions to the conference "Towards a Grammar of Justice in EU Law', which took place on 6-7 November 2014 at VU University Amsterdam, sponsored by ACCESS EUROPE Amsterdam, VU Centre for European Legal Studies and the Dutch Research Council VENI grant.

The hydrogenation of nitro compounds is an industrial process that has experienced a renovated interest in the last 10 years due to the discovery of highly selective and environmentally friendly solid catalysts. Particularly, the performance of chemoselective reactions in the presence of very sensitive groups such as double and triple CC bonds, with H2 as reductant and no soluble additives needed, had been elusive for decades. The discovery that gold nanoparticles on solid supports could carry out such a reaction very selectively invigorated this area of research and claimed gold as an outstanding catalyst beyond oxidation processes. Subsequent work, devoted to understand how gold catalysts operate, established a strong basis for the design of more efficient materials and the development of new routes for the synthesis of nitro derivatives. Here, we present three generations of materials that allowed improving the performance of the original gold catalysts. The relatively low activity of the initial Au/TiO2 catalysts could be first boosted, without practical loss of selectivity, by the design of a material that incorporated two catalytic functions on the support: small amounts of platinum to enhance H2 dissociation and a greater amount of gold to activate the −NO2 group. Later, we learned how to control the catalytic structures and induce chemoselectivity to traditionally unselective metals such as platinum, ruthenium, and nickel nanoparticles. Recently, Fe2O3 nanoparticles surrounded by a nitrogen-doped carbon layer have erupted as a promising alternative. A remarkable outcome from all that work is that the final pool of catalytic alternatives has been markedly expanded. Diversity is important because different solutions may open new gates to different catalytic processes, and we summarize here how the scope of new reactions and products could be expanded by means of properly designed metal catalysts in which the support and metal work in a concerted way to direct the reaction toward the desired product. For example, whereas Au/TiO2 is a chemoselective catalyst that drives the reaction efficiently to the fully reduced reaction product (aniline), the reaction could be tuned to obtain azocompounds in high yields by using nanoparticulated ceria to support the gold nanoparticles. On the other hand, whereas nitrobenzenes and aldehydes react in H2 to afford imines in the presence of Au/TiO2, the product distribution can be switched toward a more oxidized condensation product (a nitrone) using a chemoselective Pt/C catalyst, or to produce cyclohexanone oxime directly from nitrobenzene by means of supported Au and Pd metal catalysts. These and other examples represent some notable achievements, which are possibly, just the tip of the iceberg. ; The research was supported by Project CONSOLIDER INGENIO (MULTICAT), PROMETEO, the SEVERO OCHOA Program for centers of excellence. P.S. thanks the "Subprograma Ramon y Cajal" for the contract RYC-2012-10662. The European Union is also acknowledged by ERCAdG-2014-671093 - SynCatMatch. ; Peer Reviewed

Статья ставит своей целью проанализировать международные подходы к законодательному определению статуса общественной пользы, дающего право негосударственным некоммерческим организациям на получение государственной поддержки, в сопоставлении с основными положениями российского законодательства о социально ориентированных некоммерческих организациях. В рамках сопоставительного анализа рассматривались следующие основополагающие компоненты статуса общественной пользы (далее ОП): концепция и цели общественно полезной деятельности; нормативные правовые подходы к статусу ОП; регулирование деятельности организаций общественной пользы, их льготы и обязательства. В результате сопоставления в российском законодательстве выявлены существенные лакуны, связанные в первую очередь с условиями регулирования деятельности социально ориентированных некоммерческих организаций (далее СО НКО), получающих государственную поддержку. Сделан вывод о том, что целостный, системный подход к законодательному определению статуса СО НКО, лежащий в плоскости ликвидации выявленных лакун, является важным условием повышения эффективности государственной поддержки социально ориентированных организаций. В итоге предложены следующие рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательного определения статуса СО НКО: уточнение перечня видов социально ориентированной деятельности; определение государственного органа, наделенного полномочиями присвоения и лишения статуса СО НКО и контроля за их деятельностью; разработка исчерпывающего перечня критериев для признания некоммерческой организации социально ориентированной; установление срока, на который присваивается статус; обязательство публичной отчетности СО НКО. В приложении представлена типология видов общественно полезной деятельности и органов, регулирующих деятельность организаций общественной пользы в европейских странах. ; The article aims at analyzing international legislation approaches to defining the public benefit status which entitles nongovernmental noncommercial organizations to government support. International definitions of public benefit status are examined in comparison with major provisions of the Russian law on socially oriented NGOs. The analysis focused on the following key components of the public benefit status: the concept and goals of public benefit activity, legislative and statutory approaches to the status of public benefit organizations, regulation of public benefit organizations activity, benefits and responsibilities of public benefit organizations. The analysis has identified essential lacunas in Russian legislation which are mostly associated with the conditions of regulating activities of socially oriented NGOs receiving government support. The article makes a conclusion that a holistic, systemic approach to the legal definition of the status of socially oriented NGOs in the Russian law, primarily addressing the identified lacunas, is an essential condition of improving the effectiveness of government support for socially oriented organizations in Russia. Suggested recommendations on improving the legal definition of the status of socially oriented organizations include: a more specified description of types of public benefit activity; the establishment of a government body charged with awarding and withdrawing the status of socially oriented organizations and monitоring their activities; a specific list of criteria for an organization to receive the status of socially oriented and the term during which this status is valid; the responsibility for socially oriented organizations to make their reporting open to public access. The annex contains the typology of public benefit activities and regulating bodies in European countries. Keywords: public benefit status; public benefit organizations; public benefit; public benefit activity; socially oriented NGOs; government support.

Focusing on the expanding realm of international adjudication, this paper approaches justice from the domain of the empirical and shows -through a careful, interview-based case-study analysis in the WTO-EU context- that justice in the transnational context is not only a contested concept, but also a multi-faceted one, deeply embedded in notions such as the rule of law, fairness, equality, transformation, and cooperation. Whereas in the past, the primary, if not the sole role of international courts was that of settling disputes, in their modern legalized reincarnation these empowered international institutions have come to be seen primarily as enforcement mechanisms; mechanisms that have been put in place by states in order to give effect to their originally negotiated commitments and to hold states (or other entities) accountable for the international rules agreed-upon. Within this common enforcement-centered discourse of international courts, in turn, the natural tendency has so far been to think of "justice" mainly through its "legal" or "rule of law" dimension. This paper challenges this enforcement-centered discourse. Focusing on the vibrant WTO dispute settlement system (DSS) and the rich experience of the EU in that system, the paper argues that the current enforcement-oriented debate of international courts, and the WTO DSS in particular, is lacking in several fundamental aspects. First, it brushes aside other important roles served by the DSS, and consequently overshadows the manifold social outcomes -beyond rule-compliance- produced by this system. Second, the prevalent rule-enforcement discourse further works, in turn, as to mask the multiple challenges of justice encapsulated in international disputes reaching the DSS's docket, and obstructs the need to explore other conceptions of justice -beyond its formal legalprocedural meaning- such as global distributive, corrective, or transformative justice, through which the outcomes generated by this international adjudicatory system may (and should) be evaluated. Against this backdrop, the paper puts forwards a broad multifunctional account of the WTO DSS, which goes beyond the prevalent view of the system as primarily an enforcement mechanism, portraying it instead as a system of multiple, competing, and shifting roles. Among them, and at the center of the paper, the role of providing an orderly mechanism of renegotiation, redistribution, and settlement, that essentially allows WTO Members to readjust their original WTO commitments and reallocate their burdens and benefits of international cooperation, and thereby to arrive at new -at times not fully legally-compliant- but not necessarily "unjust" cooperative and sustainable social outcomes. This discussion paper is part of a series of contributions to the conference "Towards a Grammar of Justice in EU Law', which took place on 6-7 November 2014 at VU University Amsterdam, sponsored by ACCESS EUROPE Amsterdam, VU Centre for European Legal Studies and the Dutch Research Council VENI grant. (author's abstract)

Abstract. Most fire protection agencies throughout the world have developed forest fire risk forecast systems, usually building upon existing fire danger indices and meteorological forecast data. In this context, the daily predictability of wildfires is of utmost importance in order to allow the fire protection agencies to issue timely fire hazard alerts. In this study, we address the predictability of daily fire occurrence using the components of the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System and related variables calculated from the latest ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts) reanalysis, ERA-Interim. We develop daily fire occurrence models in peninsular Spain for the period 1990–2008 and, considering different minimum burned area thresholds for fire definition, assess their ability to reproduce the inter-annual fire frequency variability. We based the analysis on a phytoclimatic classification aiming the stratification of the territory into homogeneous units in terms of climatic and fuel type characteristics, allowing to test model performance under different climate/fuel conditions. We then extend the analysis in order to assess the predictability of monthly burned areas. The sensitivity of the models to the level of spatial aggregation of the data is also evaluated. Additionally, we investigate the gain in model performance with the inclusion of socioeconomic and land use/land cover (LULC) covariates in model formulation. Fire occurrence models have attained good performance in most of the phytoclimatic zones considered, being able to faithfully reproduce the inter-annual variability of fire frequency. Total area burned has exhibited some dependence on the meteorological drivers, although model performance was poor in most cases. We identified temperature and some FWI system components as the most important explanatory variables, highlighting the adequacy of the FWI system for fire occurrence prediction in the study area. The results were improved when using aggregated data across regions compared to when data were sampled at the grid-box level. The inclusion of socioeconomic and LULC covariates contributed marginally to the improvement of the models, and in most cases attained no relevant contribution to total explained variance – excepting northern Spain, where anthropogenic factors are known to be the major driver of fires. Models of monthly fire counts performed better in the case of fires larger than 0.1 ha, and for the rest of the thresholds (1, 10 and 100 ha) the daily occurrence models improved the predicted inter-annual variability, indicating the added value of daily models. Fire frequency predictions may provide a preferable basis for past fire history reconstruction, long-term monitoring and the assessment of future climate impacts on fire regimes across regions, posing several advantages over burned area as a response variable. Our results leave the door open to the development a more complex modelling framework based on daily data from numerical climate model outputs based on the FWI system.

Ein massives Verkehrsaufkommen birgt eine Reihe an negativen Auswirkungen, welche die Lebensqualität in Städten beeinträchtigen: Lärm, CO-Ausstoß, Zersiedelung, Staus, Unfallgefahr. In der Stärkung des Fuß- und Radverkehrs sowie einer geänderten Verkehrsmittelwahl hin zur aktiven Mobilität besteht großes Potential zur Reduktion der Verkehrsbelastung. Das URBACT-Projekt "Active Travel Network" setzt es sich zum Ziel diese Probleme durch nachhaltige Mobilitätsprojekte zu verringern. In acht europäischen Klein- und Mittelstädten (Weiz, Ljutomer, Norderstedt, Novara, Riccione, Sebe?, Serres, Skanderborg) wurden lokale Unterstützungsgruppen (LSG) gebildet, um die Ausgangssituation und die geplanten Mobilitätsprojekte in einem lokalen Aktionsplan (LAP) als strategisches Planungsinstrument darzulegen. Die LAPs und qualitativen Leitfadeninterviews mit Experten bilden die Grundlage zur Analyse der Zusammensetzung der verschiedenen LSGs. Die Kooperation von politischen Entscheidungsträgern, Verwaltungsbehörden, Bildungseinrichtungen, externen Experten, NGOs und aktiven Bürgern erscheint grundlegend. Als Erfolgsfaktoren für eine gelungene Implementierung von Mobilitätsprojekten lassen sich eine Vision, die Synergie der Stakeholder, umfassende Bürgerbeteiligung und politische Unterstützung identifizieren. Fehlende finanzielle Mittel, Kompetenzprobleme und mangelnde Partizipation stellen hingegen Barrieren dar. Aus den Ergebnissen wird eine Handlungsempfehlung für zukünftige Mobilitätsprojekte abgeleitet. Die Maßnahmen sollen auf Zielgruppen und die lokalen Gegebenheiten der Städte angepasst werden. Einerseits führen Investitionen in die Infrastruktur (Errichtung eines Radwegenetzes, Stellplätze für Fahrräder, Fußgängerzonen, etc.) zum Erfolg und andererseits sorgen bewusstseinsbildende Initiativen (Verkehrserziehung in Schulen, Imagekampagnen für aktive Mobilität, autofreie Tage, etc.) für eine breitere Akzeptanz in der Bevölkerung. ; There are a lot of negative consequences following huge volumes of traffic: noise, CO-emission, land consumption, urban sprawl, congestions and risk of accidents. This leads to an impairment of the quality of life of urban residents. Potential in the reduction of the traffic load is seen in the reinforcement of walking and cycling as means of active travel. The URBACT project "Active Travel Network" targets to tackle transport problems by sustainable mobility projects. It is the goal of that masterwork to analyze the processes and results of these individual projects. Local support groups (LSG) were formed in eight small and medium sized European cities to define the status quo and the planned mobility projects in a local action plan (LAP) as a strategic planning tool. The LAPs and qualitative guideline-interviews with experts form the basis for the analysis of the structure of the different LSGs from the partner cities. The contribution of political decision makers, administrative departments, educational facilities, interest groups, external experts and active citizens seem essential. A vision, synergy of stakeholders, broad participation of citizens and political support are identified as success factors for an effective implementation of mobility actions. A lack of funds, problems of competence and absence of participation turned out to be barriers. An operating recommendation for future mobility projects is deduced from the results. The planned measures and initiatives should be adapted for the target groups and the local conditions of the cities. On the one hand, infrastructural investments (i.e. construction of cycling networks, bike-parking facilities, pedestrian zones) are successful and on the other hand awareness-raising campaigns and initiatives (i.e. mobility education at school, image campaigns for active mobility, car-free actions) ensure a broad public acceptance. ; Steinbacher Martin ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in engl. und dt. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2014 ; (VLID)242530

In current financial, economical and political crisis, with the progressive downgrading of the States and the world's GDPs dropping, the strong flows of financial, social and relational capital that powered urban regeneration over the last fifteen years are no longer available to be tapped in on in an indiscriminate manner as it seems was the case until just a few years ago. The most dynamic cities in the near future will no longer be those that are able to attract urban projects driven by the real estate market, or hedge funds, but the cities that have extensive cultural and identifying resources and that are able to use them as the basis for creating new culture and new urban value. Today, within the "smart cities" scenario, the paradigm of the creative city calls for a further evolutive leap forward – the third – because it is capable of producing multiplication and regeneration effects on urban development. The Creative City 3.0 is therefore no longer simply a category used for interpretation among economists and sociologists or an urban planning challenge, but rather calls on decision-makers to take action and demands a vigorous commitment on the part of town planners and architects, as the development of nations and wellbeing of the community will only be measured according to the cities that tackle the financial global change in a creative manner. The urban century in which we live is not filled by only "hyper cities", but also shows the emergence of medium metropolises and networks of micropolises. Especially in Italy, the network of the "innovative cities" is supporting by middle cities, the "small capitals" that produce alternative visions – founded in quality and powered by culture – to that of the explosion of megalopolises. One commitment that cannot be put off by governors and managers, planners and designers, promoters and communicators, entrepreneurs and investors, will be that of creating dynamic, vibrant cities that generate new urban values and multipliers of invested capital. These cities must be places people want to live, work, and train in and get to know, productive places that attract investments. In European vision, the evolution of creative cities towards a network of "smart cities" able to redefine the urban age identity, is founded on three competitive factors: Culture, Communication, and Cooperation. Inside this evolutive background, with an highly dynamic of change, it has become necessary to understand and evaluate how cities and territories are changing, convinced that it is not only necessary to recognize the role of the "creative agents" in the development of the cities, but also the commitment to this urban creativity being one of the primary factors in the evolution of communities and economic development. The city must once again become a powerful "generator of value" starting with its own spatial, social, cultural and relational resources, able to transform the global network in local resources.